Chapter 10: Lifespan Development

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Research on DevelopmentCross Sectional Research *Compares people of different ages at one

time.Longitudinal Research *Follow the same individual or group over a

long period of timeCompare the variable of interest at different

times

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Prenatal Development1. Germinal Period - Zygote (fertilized egg) Conception – Implantation; First 10-14 days2. Embryo - 2-8 weeks

Major internal and external organs developAmniotic sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord

3. Fetus - 9 wks (less than one ounce) to birth (6-8 pounds);Growth and maturation of organsSenses and preferences

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Problems During Prenatal Development

Teratogens : Harmful material affecting developmentDrugs, alcohol, toxins, viruses, smokingCan affect physical, behavioral, and mental

development.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Physical abnormalities, retardation

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Infancy and Early ChildhoodContact Comfort(Harlow): The infant’s

need for physical contactAttachment: Infant’s need to be with

caregiver; built on contact comfortStranger Anxiety : Fear of unknown

people; 5/6 mo, lessens at 12 moSeparation Anxiety : Fear of being left

by caregiver; 8mo – 30mo

Monkey video

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Patterns of AttachmentSecure Attachment: 60%; explores room;

cries when mother leaves; goes to mother and is comforted when she returns

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment (Disorganized): No consistent method of coping

Avoidant Attachment: don’t explore, avoid or ignore mother

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Baumrind’s Parenting Styles *Authoritarian: Strict rules, punish to

controlKids unhappy, rebellious or depressed

Permissive (2 kinds)a) Negligent – ignore kids: kids wild,

confused b) Loving –spoiled, lack boundaries

Authoritarive (Democratic): Supportive; caring,respectful; clear expectations. Kids more mature, successful

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages1. Trust v. Mistrust – Infant; hope, security2. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt – toddler;

control, will3. Initiative v. Guilt – 3-6y; assertiveness,

purpose4. Industry v. Inferiority – 6-12y; competence5. Identity v. Role Confusion – teen; “Who am I?”6. Intimacy v. Isolation – young adult; love7. Generativity v. Stagnation – mid-adult; care

and contributions to next generation8. Ego Integrity v. Despair – old age; reflection

on a good life

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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

schemasframeworks of

knowledge in long-term memory

assimilationschemas allow

understanding of new experiences or

situations

Situations or experiences

accommodationschemas change in

response to new experiences or

situations

Piaget’s Stages

Stage Age Range

Description

Accomplishes

Sensorimotor 0-2 years

Experiences worldThrough senses

Object Permanence

Preoperational 2-7 years Egocentrism symbolic thought; mental images

Theory of mind;Language

Concrete Operational

7-11 years

Logical Thinking; Real World Skills

Conservation

Formal Operational

11-adult Scientific reasoning

Abstract logic 10

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Kohlberg’s Levels and Stages of Moral DevelopmentI. Level 1 – Preconventional

Stage 1 – Punishment & ObedienceStage 2 – Rewards and Self Interest

II. Level 2 – ConventionalStage 1 – Social ApprovalStage 2 – Social Norms or Laws

III. Level 3 – Post ConventionalStage 1 – Social ContractsStage 2 – Universal Ethical Principles

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Alzheimer’s Disease *One form of dementiaPhysical, mental, emotional, social effectsGradual deterioration of memory, personalityPossible causes, inc. genetics, environment,

diet, inflammation in brain.Amyloid plaques; tau proteins, tangles

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Theories of Gender Role Development

Social Learning Theory

Modeling; MediaReinforcement for

gender appropriate behaviors

Punishment when not appropriate behavior

Gender Schema Theory

Gender is an important category

Child seeks information

Child develops expectations for gender roles.

Sex (biology) Gender (Culture) Gender Roles (Expectations)

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