1 public communication public communication as enlarged conversation (james winans, 1938) ...
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Public Communication
Public communication as enlarged conversation (James Winans, 1938) Preparation time Turn-taking delay
Public speaking in everyday life: A means to three important goals Personal satisfaction to give voice Being effective citizens Linking to professional success ( Stanford study)
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Types of Public Speeches Speaking to entertain
To engage, interest, amuse listeners May include information about occasion Humor and offense Narrative speaking
Speaking to inform To increase listeners’ understanding, awareness May take form of demonstration
Speaking to persuade To change attitudes, beliefs, behaviors
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Features of Public Speaking
Greater responsibility to plan and prepare Evidence Reasoning Structure of ideas Delivery practice
Less interaction Speaker dominates Listeners still participate “actively”
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Preparing and Presenting Effective public speaking is a process, not an
isolated event. The process begins with understanding of credibility and ways to earn it.
Earning credibility Listener believing in a speaker and trust what is said Based on listeners perceptions of speaker’s position,
authority, knowledge, dynamisms, and trustworthiness Initial credibility: Titles, experience Derived credibility: During presentation Terminal credibility: Cumulative combination of two
above
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Preparing and Presenting
1. Planning Public Speeches
2. Researching and SupportingPublic Speeches
3. Organizing Speeches
4. Developing Effective Delivery
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Planning Public Speeches
Selecting a topic Topic that you care about Appropriate to listeners Appropriate to situation Limited in scope
Defining the purpose General and specific purpose
Developing the thesis Clear thesis statement – “I want listeners to buckle up.”
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Researching and SupportingPublic Speeches
Evidence To make ideas more clear, more compelling To fortify speakers opinions (more persuasive) To heighten speaker’s credibility Effectiveness depends on whether listeners
accept. Five forms of evidence:
Statistics, Examples, Comparisons, Quotations, Visual aids
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Researching and SupportingPublic Speeches
Checking on evidence Statistics still valid? Quoted person’s personal interest (biased?) Quoted person an expert? Example representative? Comparison fair? Visual aids clear?
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Organizing Speeches Effectiveness can be increased:
Structure - Ideas coming in some order Organized speech more persuasive than disorganized
one Organization reflects preparation and enhances
credibility. Organization:
The introduction The body Conclusion Transitions
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Organization of Speech The introduction
To gain attention, state the thesis, preview the claims The body of the speech
To organize content into related points Temporal (Time) pattern Spatial pattern Topical pattern Comparative pattern Problem-solution pattern Cause-effect; effect-cause pattern Motivated sequence pattern: Order of human thought
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Organization of Speech
Motivated sequence pattern: 5 sequential steps Attention step Need step Satisfaction step Visualization step Action step
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Organization of Speech
Conclusion A good speech ends on a strong note. Summarizing main ideas Leaving a memorable final ideas
Transitions Moving from one idea to another Words, phrases
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Developing Effective Delivery
Speaker’s credibility Oral style is more personal than written: I vs.
The speaker Eye contact Immediacy; short sentences rather than long
ones Rhetorical questions, interjections,
redundancy
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Four Styles of Delivery
Impromptu delivery Little or no preparation; not for novice speaker
Extemporaneous delivery Substantial preparation; relying on notes not exact
words; politician, attorney Manuscript delivery
Presenting written manuscript; precision Memorized delivery
Presenting memorized text; risk of canned delivery lacking dynamism; forgetting
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Challenges in Public Speaking
Understanding and controlling anxiety Causes of communication apprehension Reducing communication apprehension
Adapting to audiences Learning about listeners Tailoring speeches to listeners
Listening critically to speakers Four checking questions (p. 298)
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Understanding Anxiety
Causes of apprehension Unfamiliar with people (audience) Uncertain situations Being in the spotlight Being evaluated Past failure Chronic; Learned apprehension
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Reducing Anxiety
Methods of reducing apprehension Systematic desensitization
Relax and reduce psychological features
Cognitive restructuringIdentify and challenge negative self-statement
Positive visualizationEnact positive mental pictures in speaking situation
Skills training