1 psychology 320: gender psychology lecture 22. 2 social learning explanations of gender...
TRANSCRIPT
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Psychology 320: Gender Psychology
Lecture 22
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Social Learning Explanations of Gender Differences:
1. What theories illustrate the social learning view? (continued)
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Models may be “real-life” models or symbolic models. Common models include:
parents.
peers.
toys.
books.
television programs.
advertisements.
What theories illustrate the social learning view? (continued)
1. Social Learning Theory
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The Berenstain Bears
Little Bear
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Children, Family, and Adult TV SeriesDesperate Housewives
Flashpoint
The Young and the Restless
Mighty Machines
The Office
Sex and the City
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Signorielli & Lears (1992), Rivadeneyra & Ward (2005): Found a positive correlation between time spent watching television and the extent to which children held gender-role stereotypes.
Zurbriggen & Morgan (2006): Found a positive correlation between frequency of watching reality dating programs and traditional attitudes regarding heterosexual romantic relationships.
6Reality Shows
America’s Next Top Model
The Bachelor
The Bachelorette
7Advertisements
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Coltrane & Messineo (2000): Found that men were more likely than women to be depicted as aggressive and instrumental and women were more likely to be depicted as sex objects or in domestic settings.
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%
Percentage of Characters in Commercials by Sex, Activity and Race (Coltrane & Messineo, 2000)
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2. Socialization (Operant Conditioning) Theory
Maintains that the characteristics of females and males diverge because they are reinforced and
punished by their caregivers and peers for exhibiting different characteristics.
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Many studies have documented the differential patterns of reinforcement and punishment of females and males by caregivers and peers. Moreover, a number of these studies have demonstrated the influence of reinforcement and punishment on the behaviour of females and males. Examples:
Theorists distinguish between two types of reinforcement and two types of punishment: Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
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Raag & Rackliff (1998): Found that boys were more likely than girls to say that their fathers would think cross-gender-typed play was “bad.” Moreover, found that boys’ perceptions of their father’s expectations influenced their toy choice.
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Perceptions of Social Expectations Regarding Gender-Typed Play
(Raag & Rackliff, 1998)
Source
Response Category
Good Bad Doesn’t matter
MotherBoysGirls
1413
00
1915
FatherBoysGirls
169
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1517
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Perceptions of Social Expectations Regarding Cross-Gender-Typed Play
(Raag & Rackliff, 1998)
Source
Response Category
Good Bad Doesn’t matter
MotherBoysGirls
25
83
2320
FatherBoysGirls
26
144
1617
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Mean Time (seconds) Boys Played With Tool Set as a Function of Perceptions of Father’s Expectations Regarding
Cross-Gender-Typed Play (Raag and Rackliff, 1998)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Bad
Good/Doesn'tMatter
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Mean Time (seconds) Boys Played With Dish Set as a Function of Perceptions of Father’s Expectations Regarding
Cross-Gender-Typed Play (Raag and Rackliff, 1998)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Bad
Good/Doesn'tMatter
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Lamb, Easterbrooks, & Holden (1980): Found that, with respect to teachers and peers:
(a) Boys and girls were more likely to be reinforced for gender-role congruent activities than gender-role incongruent activities. Types of peer-reinforcement identified: praise, join play, imitation, approval, observe, comply, covet toy.
(b) Boys and girls were more likely to be punished for gender-role incongruent activities than gender-role congruent activities. Types of peer-punishment identified: criticize, divert, abandon play, disapproval, disrupt activity.
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(c) Boys and girls continued gender-role congruent activities that had been reinforced for a longer duration than gender-role incongruent activities that had been punished.
(d) Older children were more likely than younger children to engage in intentional punishment (e.g., criticism, disapproval) of peers for gender-role incongruent activities.
(e) Boys were more likely than girls to receive intentional punishment from other boys and girls for gender-role incongruent activities.
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Social Learning Explanations of Gender Differences:
1. What theories illustrate the social learning view? (continued)