1 programming section 3 2 importing classes purpose packages classpath creating and using a package
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Programming section 3
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Importing classes
purposepackagesCLASSPATHcreating and using a package
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Importing classes
Purpose
Serious Java programming deals with many classes … … and so some sort of organisation is needed. Organisation in Java is achieved using the concept of a package (c.f. the use of folders or directories to
organise files).
A program can import classes from a package
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Importing classes
Packages
Packages are collections of classes and sub-packages. (c.f. directories can hold files and subdirectories)The standard package or collection of classes used in Java is called java.lang
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Importing classes
Standard classes
Standard classes in java.lang can be used directly e.g. System.out.println(“Hello world”);out is a member variable
(attribute) of the System class. It is of class PrintStream
println is a method of the PrintStream class
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Importing classes
A number of package classes
If a number of classes required are in some other package then import all the public classes in the package.e.g.
import java.awt.*;
:
Font f = new Font();
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Importing classes
Name clashes
This fails if FTP is in both packagesimport com.naviseek.web.*;import com.prefect.http.*;
:FTP out = new FTP();
This succeeds since ambiguity removed:com.prefect.http.FTP out = new com.prefect.http.FTP();
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Protecting methods and attributes
Basic Java Language Section
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Protecting Your Class
Usually you don’t want other objects directly changing your attributes because if you modify the type of name of the attributes you have to modify the other classes…So you can protect any method or attribute from outside interference.. by providing a setter to change its valueYou can also protect parts of your class using private and protected in their declaration
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Problems with Accessing attributes directly
class Hero{int bullets=10;}
Hero h=new Hero();h.bullets=-20;
This is a silly value for the number of bullets but
because the variable is accessed directly no error
checking can be performed by the hero class
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Using setters to change attributes
class hero{ int bullets=0;void set_Bullets(int b){
bullets=b;}}
Hero h=new Hero();h.set_Bullets(-20);
before we change the bullets attribute we
could add error checking to detect bad
values for b
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Protecting Your Class
Private – this means the method or attribute is not available outside the class it is defined in not even subclasses can access itProtected – only subclasses and classes in the same package can access itPublic - anyone can access itAny class can always access the attributes and methods it defines
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Protection
class Hero{protected int bullets;public set_Bullets(int b)
{bullets = b}
private boolean spy;}
now bullets cannot be accessed from outside the class
from another package directly...
... so the setter must be used to modify
bullets and can provide error
checking
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Example of protectionpackage examples;class Example1
{void doit(){Hero john = new Hero();john.set_bullets(10); // legal because set_Bullets is publicjohn.bullets=20; // illegal because height is protectedjohn.spy=true; // illegal because spy is private}}
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Protection with inheritancepackage examples;class Hero2 extends Hero
{void doit()
{set_bullets(10); // legal because grow is
publicbullets=20; // legal because height is
protected and we are a subclass of Personspy=true; // illegal because spy is private}
}
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Arrays
Mass Storage
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ArraysArrays allow large numbers of simple data types such as int or instances of classes to be easily accessed.
int array[]=new int[10];
array[0]=4;
array[9]=1234;
System.out.println(array[0]);
indicates that the array will hold 10 items
accessing an element of an array also uses [] arrays start at 0
this is the last element of the array
indicates variable is an array
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Arrays holding Objects
Arrays can also hold instances of a class or any of its subclass
Monster array[]=new Monster[10];
array[0]=new Monster();
array[9]=new Dragon();
array[0].take_damage();
indicates that the array will hold 10 instances of the Monster class or
subclass
Dragon is a subclass of Monster so this is fine
array[0] is an instance of Monster so we can call take_damage on it
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Dangers of Arrays of Objects
with an array of simple types such as ints every element in the array exists even if we don’t assign a value to them
int array[]=new int[2];System.out.println(array[0]);
with an array of Objects elements are null until we assign an instance to them
Monster array[]=new Monster[2];array[0].take_damage();
null pointer exception!
no problem!!
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Initialising Object Arrays
unlike arrays of simple types arrays of any type of object require each element to be instantiated and inserted into the array...
Monster array[]=new Monster[2];array[0]=new Monster();array[1]=new Monster();array[0].take_damage();
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Finding the number of elements in an array
Fortunately we can ask the array how long it is using .length
int array[]=new int[10];int index;for (index=0;index<array.length;index=index+1)
{array[index]=0;}
Now we can make the array bigger or smaller and the code will not crash and will initialise the entire array
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Problems with Arrays I
The single biggest problem with an array is that it is not variable length. You have to declare the length of the array as a constant and you can not tag on extra elements
int array[]=new array[20];array[30]=1234;
array out of bounds exception!
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Problems with arrays II
You also can not remove elements in an array even if they are no longer needed. For instance suppose I have an array of 4 Monsters which the Hero is fighting. If the Hero kills 2 it would be nice to remove two from the array... the only thing you can do is to replace the dead instance with null.
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Strings
Mass Storage
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Strings
The String class allows you to store and manipulate sequences of charactersLike chars, Strings are case sensitive so “hello” is not the same as “Hello”Strings are in fact ObjectsThe length method tells you the length of a string in chars e.g. “hello”.length()==5You can get a copy of the character at any position in a string using charAt() “hello”.charAt(0)==‘h’ “hello”.charAt(4)==‘o’
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Relationship between String and Arrays
It is possible to get a copy of the contents of a String as a char arrayString s="hello world";
char con[]=new char[s.length()];
s.getChars(0,s.length(),con,0);
make sure the array is large enough to store the entire
String
Starting char in the String
ending char +1 in the String
array to copy chars intostarting position in the
array
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Relationship between String and Arrays
It is also possible to create a string from a char array
String s="hello world";char con[]=new char[s.length()];s.getChars(0,s.length(),con,0);con[0]='H';s=new String(con);System.out.println(s);
However, manipulating char arrays is not easy so in general it is better to manipulate the String by keeping it in its String format
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Manipulating Strings
There are many manipulation functions defined for the string object one of the most useful is subStringYou can get a copy of part of a string using subString
“hello”.subString(0,2)==“hel”
“hello”.substring(2,3)==“ll”
starting indexending index
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Adding to your String
Unlike arrays, Strings can be appended and pre-pended to easily
String s=“world”;s=“hello “+s;s=s+”!”;
This gives the String “hello world!”
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Seeing if Two Strings are Equal using ==
For simple types you can use == and != to see if something is equal or not equal.== and != do not work correctly for objects
String s=“hello there”;String s1=“hello there”;s==s is trues1==s1 is trues==s1 is false!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
This is because for objects == and != check where the instance is in memory and not the contents of the instances
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Seeing if Two Strings are Equal using equals
To see if two Strings are identical you need to use equals() or equalsIgnoreCase()
String s=“hello there”;String s1=“hello there”;s.equals(s) is trues.equals(s1) is trues.equals(s1) is true
This is because equals and equalsIgnoreCase check the contents of the instances and not their locations in memory
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Converting other types into Strings
Java will convert almost any simple type into a String for you
String s=“”;int i=166;s=“”+i;
This does not work for Objects because Java can not work out how to convert an object into a String
“” converts a copy of i into a String
“” is an empty String
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Converting Strings into other types.
Java provides static methods in classes called Integer, Long, Float and Double to help you:
int i=Integer.parseInt("100");long l=Long.parseLong("100");float f=Float.parseFloat("100");double d=Double.parseDouble("100");
If and only if the entire String looks like another type can the conversion take place.
int i=Integer.parseInt(“hello 100"); Exception
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More String Functions
There are many more String manipulation functions than we have time for to look at hereTake a look at the Java documentation for the String class and have some fun!