1 plagiarism lesson ppt

8/11/2019 1 Plagiarism Lesson PPT

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Write it right,in your own words

Plagiarism: What it isand how to avoid it


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What exactly does plagiarism mean?

1)To use and pass off the ideasor writings of another (person) asone's own. (American HeritageDictionary)

2) To use anothers production

without crediting the source. Tocommit literary theft To presentas new and original an idea or

product derived from an existing

source. (Merriam-WebsterDictionary)

Note: To attributeand to citebothrefer to giving credit to someone

for using their words, ideas,opinions, images or other work.

Image: ncsu.edu


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It is stealing, then lying about it

Some actions can clearly belabeled plagiarism:

Buying or copying essays orother papers from online sites

and passing them off as yourown work.

Copying large sections ofanother persons work including text in print or online

without properly quoting andciting the source.

Having someone else writeyour paper for you.


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A powerful tool, too easily misused

The World Wide Web and searchengines like Google have made it

easy to find and use informationabout almost any topic or subject.

But cutting and pasting from the

Internet can lead to intentionally orunintentionally misusing the ideas,words, images and work of others

by passing them off as your own.

Note: The same rules apply to using

a source on the Internet as in usinga printed source.

So keep this principle in sight:When you use information from a

web site, you must citeyour source.

Image: geekosystem.com


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The temptation of easy informationThe amount of informationavailable on the Internet is

virtually inconceivable. On almostany subject,you can findthousands, if not millions, ofweb pageswith often detailedinformation about the subject.

Here are the number of results asimple Google search turned upon four possible essay topics.

! Should same-sex marriage belegal? 111 million hits

!

We are becoming toodependent on computers.

40 million hits

! Software, music and moviepiracy is not really a crime.

15 million hits

! We do not need religion to act

morally. 4 million hits

Scores of web sites offer essays

on every topic sometimes at aprice but often free. Here are ajust a few of the many choices:

essayforum.com / debatewise.org

teenink.com / freeessays123.com

essaydepot.com / antiessays.com

termpaperwarehouse.com


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Plagiarism by copying and not citing

From an essay titled Smokingshould be banned in publicplaces on antiessays.com:

On the other hand smokers saythat smoking in their own officeor whatever is harmless toother people, but on the other

hand the air conditioningsystem distributes the smoke inthe whole building and finallyeverybody is affected. One mainargument of the smoker lobbyis that not letting smokers andaddicted smokers smoke wherethey want to is an infringement

of there right is ridiculous,becausethey can choose wherethey smoke, but non-smokerscannot decide where theybreathe.

From a students essay titledSmoking should be bannedworldwide:

On the other hand smokers saythat smoking in their own officeor whatever is harmless toother people, but on the other

handthe air conditioningsystem distributes the smoke inthe whole building and finallyeverybody is affected. One mainargument of the smoker lobbyis that not letting smokers andaddicted smokers smoke wherethey want to is an infringement

of there right is ridiculous,because they can choose wherethey smoke, but non-smokerscannot decide where theybreathe.


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Plagiarism by patchwork copying

This type of plagiarism may bethe most common. It occurswhen the writer weaves insentences, phrases or even whole

paragraphs without usingquotation marks or giving credit

to the source material.

The resulting text is like apatchwork quilt.

Here is an example of patchworkplagiarism.

With regard to children, they aretotally insensitive to their parents'shyness. It is rare for child tolabel a parent as shy. It is easy tounderstand this, since the parentsare in positions of control andauthority in their own home. Theymay not show their shy side totheir children. Moreover, sinceshyness is viewed as unfavorable bymost children, it may bethreateningfor them to think of

their parents in that way. Duringthe formative years, the parent isidealized as all-knowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or weak.

Source: University of Louisiana MonroeLibraryImage: openhouseart.co.uk


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Plagiarism by improper paraphrasingProper paraphrasing means

putting the ideas or opinions ofthe original text into your ownwords, and citing the source.

Even if you change the words alittle or use synonyms but stillessentially retain the thoughtsor sentence structures of the

original, this is still consideredplagiarism whether you citethe source or not.

Here is an example of aplagiarized paraphrase fromClassZone.com. Though somewords and phrases have been

changed, the writer did notsummarize the original in his orher own words or credit theoriginal source:

Sources: University of Louisiana MonroeLibrary, ClassZone.com

Original: Among other

equipment, hurricane huntersuse a dropsonde. This is asmall, round tube. It is droppedinto the eye of the hurricane. Aparachute at the top of thetube opens and slows it down.The dropsonde falls toward theocean. It picks up information

about the storm. It then radiosthis information back to theplane.

Paraphrase: Among otherinstruments, hurricane huntersuse a dropsonde. A dropsondeis a small, round tube that is

dropped into the eye of thehurricane. A parachute opensand slows it down. As thedropsonde detects informationabout the storm, it radios thatinformation back to hurricanehunters in the plane.


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Perhaps it was done unintentionally

1)A student may carelessly orincorrectly cite ideas andwords borrowed from anothersource. This is not intentionalplagiarism.

2)A student who tries to

identify and credit the sourcebut has not been taught howto properly cite sources hasnot intentionally plagiarized.

Ethical writers make everyeffort to attribute theirinformation and credit theirsources fully and properly.

Source: Council of Writing Program

Administrators

Why students plagiarize

Lack of research skills Lack of time Careless note-taking Confusion about how to cite

sources properly

Survey: WritingShield.com


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Knowing when you must give credit

The key to avoiding plagiarism is

to be sure you give credit wherecredit is due. You must cite:

Words or ideas presented in amagazine, book, web page,

newspaper, song, TV program,movie, computer program,

advertisement, letter or email.

Information you gain throughinterviewing or talking with

another person, face to face, overthe phone, or in writing.

The use of the exact words of asentence or unique phrase.

When your words reproduce a

writers style of expression, wordorder, artistic turn of phrase oruse of metaphor and figures of

speech.

When you reprint diagrams,illustrations, charts, pictures or

other visual materials.

When you use any electronicimages, audio, video or other

media.

Bottom line: Give credit for

something that someone elsesaid, wrote, emailed or created.

Source: Purdue University Online

Writing Lab


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Is it plagiarism? You be the judge

Here is the original passage:

Students frequently overusedirect quotation in takingnotes, and as a result theyoveruse quotations in the finalpaper. Probably only about 10

percent of your finalmanuscript should appear asdirectly quoted matter.Therefore, you should strive tolimit the amount of exacttranscribing of source

materials while taking notes.

Source: Lester, James D. WritingResearch Papers. 2nd ed. (1976):

46-47. Print.

On the handout, you will find

three examples of studentparaphrases of the passageby Lester. Read them andanswer the followingquestions for each example:

1)Has the student plagiarizedthe original passage?

2)If so, how?

3)What could her or she havedone to avoid plagiarizing?

Adapted from Quote, Paraphrase andSummarize Properly! Paola Brown,

Mesa Community College.www.mesacc.edu


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Proper paraphrasing: A high-level skillExample 1is mostly well done, but

the student should have usedquotation marks on the part of thethird sentence he or she used wordfor word. Also the writer didntinclude the source page number.

Example 2is plagiarism. Thewording of the paraphrased firstsentence is too close to theoriginal. The second is copiedverbatim and would have to be putin quotes. The third is almostidentical. Nor has the student citedthe source of the paragraph.

Example 3is well done. Theparaphrases are in the studentsown words. He or she properly usesa signal phrase according toLester to credit the author, andcites the page number inparentheses.


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Once more, just to be perfectly clearTo avoid plagiarism, you must

attribute properly whenever youuse:

1)Another personsidea, opinionor theory.

2)Quotations of another personsactual spoken or written words.

3)A paraphrase or summary ofanother persons spoken orwritten words.

4) Facts, statistics, graphs,drawings or any pieces ofinformation that are notcommon knowledge.

Source: Indiana University Writing TutorialServices

Image: care2.com


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Some things may not need to be cited

Writing about your ownexperiences, your ownobservations and insights,your own thoughts, your ownconclusions about a subject.

Recording your own results

obtained through lab or fieldexperiments

Using your own artwork,photographs, video, audio orother media.

Generally accepted facts, forexample: Pollution is bad forthe environment. Mammalsare warm-blooded. Fish havegills.

What is considered

common knowledge, suchas folklore, common senseobservations, myths, andwell-known historical events.

But note that historicaldocuments must be cited.

Source: Purdue University OnlineWriting Lab


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Just what is common knowledge?Knowledge known by everyone

or nearly everyone.

Generally, you can regardsomething as common

knowledge if you find the sameinformation used undocumented

in at least five credible, reliablesources.

It might be common knowledge if

the information is something a

person could easily find ingeneral reference sources, such

as atlases or encyclopedias.

Widely known scientific facts,

such as: The molecular structure ofwater (H2O).

Widely known historical facts,such as: Abraham Lincoln was

assassinated in 1865 by John

Wilkes Booth.But note that opinions andinterpretations generally arenotconsideredforms of commonknowledge.

When in doubt, cite the source.

Sources: Purdue University OnlineWriting Lab, Harvard Writing Program


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Deciding what to cite: An example1)The elevation of Sumpter, atown in Oregon, is 4,424 feet

above sea level.

2)Though it is part of thepicturesque history of Sumpter,

the gold mining dredge has leftthe little valley a granite-strewn

ruin.

3)Now less than 4 percent of thepopulation of Sumpter is involved

in mining or other naturalresource industries.

4)The best time to visit Sumpteris in the winter, when everyone

can enjoy snowmobiling, skiing

and dog-sledding.

Source: Oregon Department of Education

A gold mining dredge in Sumpter.wikipedia.com


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Private domain or public domain?1)The elevation of Sumpter, a

town in Oregon, is 4,424 feetabove sea level.

Public domain, does not requirecitation. Easily looked up in many

sources. A fact not under dispute.

No distinctive sentence structure.2)Though part of thepicturesque history of Sumpter,

the gold mining dredge has left

the little valley a granite-strewnruin.

Private domain, requires citation.Opinion, a particular perspective.

Also, the sentence structure and

phrasing are distinctive and belongto the author.

3)Now less than 4 percent of the

population of Sumpter is involvedin mining or farming.

Private domain, requires citation.This may be a statistical fact, but itis the result of a particular studyconducted on a particular date. It isdata not necessarily widely known

or accessible.4)The best time to visit Sumpteris in the winter, when everyonecan enjoy snowmobiling, skiingand dog-sledding.

Private domain, requires citation.

Opinion, represents a particularpoint of view. (Some people wouldbe of the opposite opinion, valuingfishing, hiking or other summersports more than the winter ones.)

Source: Oregon Department of Education


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Good reasons to cite your sources

Citations reflect the careful andthorough workyou have put intofinding and exploring your sources.

Citations are an obligation and acourtesy to the reader. They helpreaders understand the context of

your argument or point of view.

Citations allow you to acknowledgeauthorswho made possibleparticular aspects of your work.

Citations draw attention to theoriginality of your own ideas andlend credence to your work.

Source: Dartmouth College Institute for Writingand Rhetoric

Image: jafaloo.com


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Arms race: Detecting web plagiarism

You can always check a passagewith a Google search. Its easy,fast, free and effective.

But if intentional plagiarism issuspected, computer-assisteddetection allows vast collectionsof documents to be compared.

The document to be checked isuploaded to the detectionsoftware web site, where it iscompared to a database ofdocuments. The detectorsearches the web and compilesarticles, journals, books andother sources for comparison.

Here are just five of the manyplagiarism detection services:

Turnitin.com, the best-known butalso the most expensive

WriteCheck.com, a citationchecker for students

Turnitoutsafely.com, a plagiarism

checker, citation manager, and aparaphrase helper

Grammarly.com, anautomatedproofreader and plagiarismchecker.

PlagiarismChecker.com, another

tool to compare papers to searchengine results.

Sources: National Council of Teachersof English, wikipedia


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The right ways to use anothers work2) Paraphrasingis putting a

passage from a source into yourown words. Paraphrases usuallycondense and shorten the

original passage.

3) Summarizinginvolves puttingthe main points or ideas into

your own words. You mustattribute summarized ideas to

the original source. A summary

takes a broad overview of theideas in the source material.

Source: Purdue University OnlineWriting Lab

There are three main methods of

incorporating another writerswork into your own writing.

They differ according to how

closely you use the original

material.

But with all three methods, youmust give credit to the source.

1) Quotationsmust be identicalto the original, but are usually

shorter. They must match theoriginal word for word and be put

in quotation marks.


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Recognizing and avoiding plagiarism

Source Text 1The ways in which domesticatedanimals have diverged from theirwild ancestors include the

following. Many species changedin size: cows, pigs, and sheep

became smaller under

domestication, while guinea pigsbecame larger.

Source: Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs,and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies.New York and London: W. W. Norton &

Co., 1999. Print. Page 159.

Student 1There are many differences

between domesticated and wild

animals.

Student 2Domesticated animals divergedfrom their wild ancestors innumerous ways. Animals such as

cows became smaller, whileanimals such as guinea pigs

became larger.

Student 3A careful examination of the

ways in which domesticated

animals have diverged from theirwild ancestors shows that cows,

pigs, and sheep became smallerunder domestication, while

guinea pigs became larger.

Adapted from Recognizing andAvoiding Plagiarism. Cornell University

College of Arts and Sciences. Web.


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Use quotes, paraphrase, cite a source

Student 1OK: By definition, domesticatedand wild animals are different;thus, the student has notreproduced an idea or piece ofresearch unique to Diamond'swork. But neither is the

statement very informative.

Student 2

Not OK: This sample usesinformation and ideas fromDiamond's passage that are not

common knowledge. The writersimply rephrases each ofDiamond's sentences in theoriginal order. Since the studentuses no documentationwhatsoever, this sample involvesplagiarism.

Student 3Not OK: This writing samplequotes two passages verbatimfrom Diamond: "the ways inwhich domesticated animals havediverged from their wildancestors and "cows, pigs, and

sheep became smaller underdomestication, while guinea pigsbecame larger." Although thestudent strings these quotationstogether in his/her own sentence,both the ideas and phrasingbelong to Diamond. Without

quotation marks or an attributionto Diamond, this writing sampleclearly constitutes plagiarism.




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Be careful in quoting, summarizing

Source Text 2In Gothic writings, fantasypredominates over reality, thestrange over the commonplace,and the supernatural over thenatural, with one definiteauthorial intent: to scare. Not,

that is, to reach down into thedepths of the soul and purge itwith pity and terror (as we saytragedy does), but to get to thebody itself, its glands, epidermis,muscles and circulatory system,quickly arousing and quickly

allaying the physical reactions tofear.

Source: Moers, Ellen. "Female Gothic:The Monster's Mother." Frankenstein.Ed. J. Paul Hunter. New York andLondon: W. W. Norton, 1996. 214.

Student 1According to Ellen Moers, Gothicwritings "get to the body itself, itsglands, epidermis, muscles, andcirculatory system, quicklyarousing and quickly allaying thephysical reactions to fear" (214).

Student 2

Gothic novels were written withone definite authorial intent: toscare (Moers 214).

Student 3

While tragedy affects the soul,Gothic writings affect the body.




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Remember: Not just words, but ideas

Student 1OK: This sample introduces thequote with an attribution toMoers, then puts her words in

quotation marks and gives the

page number. The reader knows

which words belong to Moers andwhere to find the quote.

Student 2

Not OK: The student cites Moersand the page number, but there

is an unmarked direct quotationin the sentence. Without quotemarks to set off this phrase, the

reader assumes that only the

idea comes from Moers, not theactual words.

Student 3Not OK: This writing samplesummarizes Moers opinionabout the difference betweentragic and Gothic writing. Herdefinitions of tragedy and Gothicare not common, dictionary

definitions. Instead, she proposesa specialized way of viewing bothgenres as part of her overalltheory. In addition, the studentborrows Moers oppositionbetween soul and body, tragedyand Gothic. This writing sample

therefore needs to document itssources.




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Source: United Nations Population Division Briefing Packet, 1998 Revision of World

Population Prospects. Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth Population Growthand Distribution. Population Reference Bureau. Web. 12 May 2005. www.prb.org

World Population Distribution by Region, 1800-2050

Student Text: According to the United Nations briefing packet titled1998 Revision of World Population Prospects, Latin America will

account for 9.1 percent of global population by 2050. (prb.org)

Cite sources of charts, tables, figures


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Source: United Nations Population Division Briefing Packet, 1998 Revision of WorldPopulation Prospects. Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth Population Growthand Distribution. Population Reference Bureau. Web. 12 May 2005. www.prb.org

World Population Distribution by Region, 1800-2050

Student Text: According to the United Nations briefing packet titled1998 Revision of World Population Prospects, Latin America willaccount for 9.1 percent of global population by 2050.

OK: The writer gives the title and source of the original UN briefingpacket within the sentence, and the information is accurate.


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Cartoon by Brian Fairrington / Cagle Cartoons

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