1.pathology -2 points-loss of calcium from the bones-porous bone is formed

-affects primarily women -1point

Caused by –eg menopause -1-point

Effects- hip fractures-1 point

2.increased LDL-c and small dense LDL – increases fat deposition into artery walls- increased atherosclerosisdecreased HDL-c – decreases fat removal from arteries- increased atherosclerosisDecreased platelet reactivity- less atherosclerosisDecreased LDL oxidation- decreased atherosclerois (controversial)

-high saturated fat diets – decrease HDL-c, increased LDL-c and increased triglycerides leading to increased small dense LDL

-increased polyunsaturated fatty diets- increased HDL-c, decrease LDL-c and decrease triglycerides leading to decreased small dense LDL

-increased dietary fibre- increased HDL-c, decreased LDL-c

-increased omega 3 fatty acids (eg EPA and DHA)-decreased platelet reactivity

-increased antioxidant vitamins ( eg C, E)-decreased LDL oxidation-controversial

3.

Diet- no shown link with prevention or management of rheumatoid arthritis (2 points)

Functional foods- no shown link with prevention or management of rheumatoid arthritis (2 points)

Nutraceuticals-no known link with prevention however, omega 3 fatty acids (ALA eg in borage converted to EPA, EPA eg in fish oil)-EPA converted to anti-inflammatory leukotrienes and prostaglandins- reduce inflammation and hence pain, swelling and stiffness post onset

3.Following Canada’s food guide helps to reduce obesity because intake proportions of carbohydrates, fats and proteins are in line with requirements for normal body weight

-obesity increases waist circumference

-increased waist circumference increases blood FFA

-increased blood FFA causes insulin insensitivity -increased insulin insensitivity results in higher blood glucose which results in dyslipidemia which causes increased blood pressure

5.-eat in accordance of Canada’s food guide-reduces chances of obesity-obesity linked to colon cancer in males and females

-decrease red meat consumption- high red meat consumption associated with colon cancer

-increased dietary fibre- suggested to block absorption of carcinogens into the body

-reduce alcohol consumption- increased alcohol consumption elevates estrogen levels and elevated estrogen levels associated with increased breast cancer

-reduce foods containing nitrite preservatives-such nitrites form

nitrosamines which are carcinogenic

6.Nutritional issue that needs to be addressed presently because:

-public needs to know about a nutritional issue because it is of great significance to the public

-is an issue which has been shown to be potentially manageable pre- or post-onset by nutritional intervention and therefore needs research

-is an issue that is immersed in considerable controversy that only continued research will address such

controversy