1-owa200002 wcdma ran fudamental
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA RANFundamental
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Page2Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the development of 3G
Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
Characterize code sequence
Outline the fundamentals of RAN
Describe feature of wireless propagation
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Page3Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Fundamental
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Page4Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Fundamental
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Page5Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Different Service, DifferentTechnology
AMPS
TACS
NMT
Others
1G 1980sAnalog
GSMGSM
CDMACDMAIS-95IS-95
TDMATDMAIS-136IS-136
PDCPDC
2G 1990sDigital
Technologiesdrive
3GIMT-2000
UMTSUMTS
WCDMAWCDMA
cdmacdma20002000
Demandsdrive
TD-
SCDMA
TD-
SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers
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Page6Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Different Service, DifferentTechnology
AMPS
TACS
NMT
Others
1G 1980sAnalog
GSMGSM
CDMACDMAIS-95IS-95
TDMATDMAIS-136IS-136
PDCPDC
2G 1990sDigital
Technologiesdrive
3GIMT-2000
UMTSUMTS
WCDMAWCDMA
cdmacdma20002000
Demandsdrive
TD-
SCDMA
TD-
SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers
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7/54Page7Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile
communication system
The third generation mobile communication was firstproposed in 1985 and was renamed as IMT-2000 in
the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000
Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
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Page8Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3G Spectrum Allocation
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Page9Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan) 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
Frequency channel number central frequency5, formain band:
UL frequency channel number
9612
9888 DL frequency channel number : 10562 10838
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Page10Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3G Application Service
Time Delay
BER
background
conversational
streaming
interactive
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Page11Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Core technology of 3G: CDMA
CDMA
WCDMAWCDMACN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA - FDD/TDD
TD-SCDMACN: based on MAP
RTT: TD-SCDMA
cdma2000CN: based on ANSI 41 and
MIPRTT: cdma2000
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Page12Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA Protocol Version Evolution
3GPP Rel993GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel5
2000 2001 2002
GSM/GPRS CN
WCDMA RTT
IMS
HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
MBMS
HSUPA
2005
CS domain change toNGN
WCDMA RTT
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Page13Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA System Architecture
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Iu-CS Iu-PS
Iur
Iub IubIub Iub
CN
UTRAN
UEUu
CS PS
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Page14Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Protocol Mode for UTRAN TerrestrialInterface
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and
planes are logically independent of each other.
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
ALCAP(s)
Transport
Network
Layer
Physical Layer
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Control Plane User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Radio
Network
Layer
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Transport Network
User Plane
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Page15Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Fundamental
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Page16Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multiple Access and DuplexTechnology Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
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Page18Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multiple Access and DuplexTechnology Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)
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Page19Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Duplex Technology
Time
Frequency
Power
TDD
USER 2
USER 1
DL
UL
DL
DL
UL
FDD
Time
Frequency
Power
UL DL
USER 2
USER 1
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Page20Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Fundamental
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Page21Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Processing Procedure of WCDMASystem
SourceCoding
Channel
Coding
Spreading Modulation
SourceDecodin
g
ChannelDecodin
g
Despreading
Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chipmodulated
signalbit symbo
l
Service
Signal
RadioChannel
Service
Signal
Transmitter
Receiver
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Page22Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Process Gain
Process Gain
Process gain differs for each service.
If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is
smaller, UE needs more power for this service, then
the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.
)ratebit
ratechiplog(10GainocessPr =
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Page23Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech A integrated speech codec with 8
source rates.
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by
the RAN depending on the system load
and quality of the speech connections.
Video Phone Service
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS
domain. Includes: video codec, speech codec,
data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
AMR_10.20 10.2
AMR_7.95 7.95
AMR_7.40 7.4 (CDMA EFR)
AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
AMR_5.90 5.9
AMR_5.15 5.15
AMR_4.75 4.75
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Page24Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal
when interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of
the delay
Types
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
Code Block
of N Bits
No Coding
1/2 ConvolutionalCoding
1/3 Convolutional
Coding
1/3 Turbo Coding
Uncoded N bits
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coded 3N+24 bits
Coded 3N+12 bits
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Page25Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA Interleaving
Effect Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
1110
1.........
............
...000
0100
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 0 1 1 1
1110
1.........
............
...000
00100 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Inter-columnpermutation
Output bits
Input bits
Interleaving periods:
10, 20, 40, or 80 ms
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Page26Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
Identical and Orthogonal signals:
Correlation = 0
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 11 1 1 1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
Correlation = 1Identical signals
-1 1 -1 11 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1
C1
C2
+1
+1
C1
C2
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Page27Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
UE1: 1 1
UE2: 1 1
C1: 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
C2: 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1UE1c1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
UE2c2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
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Page28Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Orthogonal Code Usage -Decoding
UE1C1 UE2C2: 2 0 2 0 2
0 2 0
UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 2 0 2 0 2
0 2 0
Integral judgment: 4 (means 1) 4
(means 1)
UE2 Dispreading by c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
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Page29Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading &Dispreading
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise & Other Signal
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
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Page30Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading &Dispreading
Max allowedinterference
Eb/NoRequirement
Power
Max interferencecaused by UE
Processing Gain
Ebit
Interferencefrom other UE Echip
Eb / No = Ec / Io PG
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Page31Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data bit
OVSF
codeScrambling
code
Chips after
spreading
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Page33Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF
Speech 4.75 UL 128 Speech 4.75 DL 256
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32
Data 128 kbps UL 8 Data 128 kbps DL 16
Data 144 kbps UL 8 Data 144 kbps DL 16
Data 384 kbps UL 4 Data 384 kbps DL 8
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Page35Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different
transmitters
For downlink, Scrambling code is used to separate
different cells For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate
different UE
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Page36Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used
for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH. Uplink
scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, 8192 scrambling codes
are used.
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Page37Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Downlink Scrambling Code
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are
included in a set.
Scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Set 0
Set 1
Set 511
Primaryscrambling
code 0
Secondaryscrambling code
1
Secondaryscrambling code
15Primary
scramblingcode 511*16
Secondaryscrambling
code511*16+15
8192scrambling
codes512 sets
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Page39Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling codeScrambling code
Channelization code 1Channelization code 1
Channelization code 2Channelization code 2
Channelization code 3Channelization code 3
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
NodeB
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Page40Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
NodeB
Scrambling code 3
User 3 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 1
User 1 signal
Channelization code
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Page41Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Modulation Overview
1 00 1
time
Basic steady radio
wave:
carrier =A.cos(2 Ft+ )Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2 Ft+ )Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2 Ft+ )Phase Shift Keying:
A.cos(2 Ft+ )
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input
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Page42Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - BPSK
1
t
1 10
1
t-1
NRZ coding
fo
BPSK
Modulated
BPSKsignal
Carrier
Informationsignal
=0 = =0
1 102 3 4 9875 6
1 102 3 4 9875 6
Digital Input
High Frequency
Carrier
BPSK Waveform
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Page43Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - QPSK
-1 -1
1 102 3 4 9875 6
1 102 3 4 9875 6
NRZ Input
I di-Bit Stream
Q di-Bit Stream
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1
1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
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Page44Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Modulation Overview
NRZcoding
90o
NRZcoding
QPSK
Q(t)
I(t)
fo
A
A Acos( ot)
Acos( ot + /2)
1 1 /41 -1 7 /4-1 1 3 /4-1 -1 5 /4
)cos(2: +oAQPSK
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Page45Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram
1 102 3 4 9875 6
QPSK Waveform
1,1
-1,-1
-1,1
1,-1
1 -11 -1 1 -1-11-1 1
-1,1
NRZ Output
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Page46Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to
different transmitting abilities in air interface
HSDPA: adopt 16QAMR99/R4: adopt QPSK
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Page47Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wireless Propagation
Received
Signal
TransmittedSignal
Transmission Loss:
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Time
Amplitude
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Page48Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Propagation of Radio SignalSignal at Transmitter
Signal at Receiver
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20-15
-10
-5
dB
0
0dB
m
-20-15
-10
-5
5
10
15
2
0
Fading
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Page49Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fading Categories
Fading Categories Slow Fading
Fast Fading
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Page50Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelatedsignals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
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Page51Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Diversity
Time diversity Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum
Space diversity Receive space diversity
Transmit space diversity
Polarization diversity
Vertical polarization
Horizontal polarization
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Page52Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Principle of RAKE Receiver
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher
correlator
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
CombinerThe
combined
signal
tt
s(t) s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
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Page53Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Summary
In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of
WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle
UTRAN Voice Coding
UTRAN Channel Coding
UTRAN Spreading Code
UTRAN Scrambling Code
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
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