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三 . 非谓语动词 (Non-finite forms) English verb have three non-finite forms:

infinitive, participles and gerund. In this lecture we are going to talk about the uses of the non-finite forms.

1)Forms of the infinitive There are different types of infinitive based on

different criterion such as “ to-infinitive”and “bare infinitive”,simple infinitive and perfective infinitive,and passive infinitive,etc. In the following part, we’ll discussed them respectively.

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A)Grammatical forms The infinitive has no tense distinctions, nor person

or number contrasts. But they can be passive and take the simple, progressive, perfective and perfective progressive forms.Now let’s take verb “do”for example:

主动形式 被动形式一般式 to do to be done

完成式 to have done to have been done

进行式 To be doing ——

完成进行式 To have been doing ——

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B) to-infinitive and bare infinitive Infinitives commonly occur with to, but in some

contexts it it necessary to use the bare infinitive, (the bare infinitive is just the infinitive without “to”, which is identical in form with the base of the verb)and in some other cases the infinitive sign is optional. Following is a summing up of the situations in which the bare infinitive is used:

a) the bare infinitive is generally used to follow the modals including “need”and “dare”, eg:

You must do as you are told. Who should come in but the mayor himself! In case of “need”, it should be followed by a bare

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infinitive when it acts as a modal, but by a to-infinitive when it is used as a main verb, eg: We needn’t stay here this evening. Do we need to stay here? In the case of “dare”, it is followed by a bare

infinitive when it is used as a modal, but the infinitive sign is optional when dare functions as a main verb, eg:

She dare not go there alone. Does she dare ( to ) go there alone. b) the bare infinitive is used to combine with such

modal idioms as would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon( 宁愿 ), may/might ( just ) as well( 不妨、可以 ),

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cannot but, cannot help but （不能不、不由得不） , etc. eg: We could not but weep at the sad news. I would rather stay at home. Since it’s a fine day, we might as well walk. Likewise, the bare infinitive is also used to follow

“would rather … than” and “would as soon …as” （宁愿……而不愿） , eg:

He would rather listen to others than talk himself. I’d just as soon go by train as drive. I would sooner play than work. c) The bare infinitive is commonly used to follow

rather than /sooner than( 宁可…而不 ), especially when rather / sooner than takes the initial position.

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For example: Rather than cause trouble, he left. Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a

waitress. But when rather than takes other positions in the

sentence, the following infinitive may be with or without to, eg:

He decided to go fishing rather than stay in the dormitory. The manager believes it is important to invest in new

machinery rather than to increase wages. d)The bare infinitive is often combined with a

main verb to form some fixed combinations such as:

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make believe 假装 let slip无意说出，错过机会

make do (with/on)

凑合，将就，靠…维持 let go (of)

放开，放手let drop

有意无意说出leave go (of)

let fall hear tell (of) 听说

let fly (at) 发出，射出 (let …) go hang

见鬼去吧，才不在乎

•For example:He did all that just to make believe.We hadn’t time for luncheon, but we made do with sandwiches.

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Don’t let go (of ) the handle. He let fall a hint of his intentions.

e) The bare infinitive usually appears after “causative verb (let, have, make) + object”, eg ：

We can’t let this go on. Abbey made him stay to tea. He won’t have us criticize his work. But when the causative verb occurs in the passive,

the bare infinitive should be turned into a to-infinitive, eg:

Jim made her tell him everything. =She was made to tell him everything.

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f ) The bare infinitive usually occurs after “sense verb + object”. The sense verbs include see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch, look at and listen to, eg:

I didn’t hear you say that. We felt the house shake. He doesn’t like listening to other people talk. But when the sense verb occurs in the passive, it

should be followed by a to-infinitive, eg: They saw him enter the building. =He was seen to enter the building.

g) the bare infinitive is used after “have known +

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object”( 看过、听过 ), eg: Have you ever known （ =heard ） him tell a lie? I have never known （ =seen ） that man smile. h) The bare infinitive often appears after help or

“help + object”, but to-infinitive is also possible, eg:

Can I help (to) lift that box? I’ll help you (to) solve the problem. i) The bare infinitive usually appears after the

preposition except /but when there is a form of the main verb do before the preposition, which is otherwise followed by a to-infinitive, eg:

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They did nothing but wait. There’s no choice but to wait. Likewise, in some SVC ( 主语 + 谓语 + 补语 )

constructions, if the subject contains a form of the main verb do, the infinitive in the complement may be with or without to, eg:

What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing. The only thing I can do now is (to) go on by myself. j) The bare infinitive also appears after “why/why

not? eg: Why argue with him? Why not give Mary some flowers?

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k) The bare infinitive can also be used in the following idiomatic expressions:

Go post a letter for me. Come have a chat with me. Come look 。 Try eat a little. I’ll try help him. I must go telephone 。 This use of the bare infinitive is restricted to

combination with these few verbs.

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2) 动名词（ Gerund ） 动名词的构成与现在分词相同，即 -ing A ） Forms of the Gerund:

B) Uses of the Gerund

主动形式 被动形式一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

功用 例 句

作主语Swimming is good exercise.

Collecting stamps is a good hobby.

作宾语He enjoys fishing.

I’m fond of swimming.

作表语Teaching is learning.( 教学相长 )

His hobby is listening to music.

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C) Contrast between the Gerund and the infinitive 动名词与不定式都可作动词的宾语。但有些动

词之后须接不定式，有些动词仅能以动名词作为宾语，又有些动词既可用不定式也可用动名词作为宾语。

a. 下列动词通常以动名词为宾语

用法

admit appreciate avoid complete consider delay deny enjoy escape finish mind miss postpone practice quit

例

句

I must avoid doing such a thing.

He admitted having seen the man before.

He postponed visiting his friend.

We are considering taking a trip to Europe.

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b. 下列动词可接动名词或不定式为宾语：

用法

like love hate dislike begin start cease intend prefer (can’t) bear/endure

例

句

It began raining /to rain.( 开始下雨了。 )

He likes studying /to study with us.( 他喜欢和我们一起研读。 )

I can’t bear to see/seeing her cry.( 我不忍心看她哭。 )

说

明

begin 如果本身是进行时态时，其后只能接不定式：It’s beginning to rain.( 对 )

It’s beginning raining.( 错 )

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c. 下列动词可接动名词或不定式为宾语，但意义不同：

stop stop+V-ing( 表示停止原来的动作 )

stop+ to+V( 表示停下来做另一件事 )

例如： He stopped smoking.( 他戒烟了。 )

He stopped to smoke.( 他停下来抽烟。 )

forget forget +V-ing( 表示以忘记做过 )

forget +to +V( 表示忘记要做 )

例如： I forgot mailing your letter. （信已寄出） I forgot to mail your letter .( 信尚未寄出 )

remember remember+V-ing( 表示记得做过 )

remember+ to+V( 表示记得要做）

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remember 例如： I remembered mailing this letter.

I remembered to mail this letter.

regret regret + V-ing ( 后悔以前曾做过某事 )

regret + to+ V( 很遗憾要做某事 )

例如： I regret having done so.

I regret to say that I cannot help.

try try + V-ing ( 试着在做某事 )

try + to+ V( 设法去做；企图去做 )

例如： He tried playing the piano.

He tried to play the piano.( 他想要学弹钢琴 )

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Note: go on + V-ing 继续做（相同的事） go on with + N 继续做（相同的事） go on to+ V 接着做 ( 不同的事 ) 例如： He went on talking for two hours. After writing, he went on to read. Go on with your work.( 继续你的工作 )

“allow, permit ” 之后如再接动词时，则该动词改为V-ing; 如宾语为人时，则接 to +V, 如 : They don’t allow /permit (our ) smoking here. 他们不许（我们）在此抽烟。 They don’t allow /permit us to smoke here. 他们不许我们在此抽烟。

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D) 动名词语意上的主语 a. 在下列情形，动名词“语意上的主语”可以

省略

用法

“ 一般性”的 事情。与“主句的主语” 相同时。

例句

Keeping early hours is good for heath.( 一般性的 事情 )

He is ashamed of being careless.( 与主句的主语相同 )

He denied having known anything of our plan. ( 与主句的主语相同 )

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b. 在下列情形，动名词“语意上的主语” 须表示出来

用法

“ 语意上的主语” 与“主句的主语”不同时，须用所有格表示“语意上的主语” 。

例句

He is proud of his father’s being eloquent.

( = He is proud that his father is eloquent .)

说

明

试比较下列各句：He insisted on paying the money.( 和主句主语相同 )

He insisted on my paying the money.( 和主句主语不同，须用所有格 my 表示付钱的人。 )

“ 语意上的主语”是无生物时，不必用所有格，用“主格” 即可：I’m glad of the examination being over .

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Note: 代 / 名词当主语时，必须用所有格；但当宾语时

可用所有格或宾格。 a) 当主语： John’s being absent gave me a lot of trouble. His being rich is true. Sophia’s having seen them did not surprise us. b) 当宾语： I don’t like their/them speaking ill of others. I’m sure my brother’s/brother passing the examination. I’m not in favor of mother/mother’s selling the old

house… I hate people/people’s being unhappy.

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F) 动名词的时态 a) 一般时动名词所表示的时间与主要动词之时

间一致，或表示将来。 For example ： He insists on his being right. = He insists that he is being

right.( 表示现在 ) I am sure his being coming. = I am sure that he will come.

( 表示将来 ) b) 完成时动名词用以表示动名词的时间比主句

的时间更早。 For example ： She is ashamed of having done that. = She is ashamed that

she has done that. Allan repented having shot the bird.( 阿伦后悔不该射死

那只鸟。）

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G ）动名词的惯用法 句型 1 ： There is no +V-ing =It is impossible to +V, eg. There is no knowing what will happen. There is no telling where he will go 句型 2: It is no use + V-ing =It is of no use +to V It is no use crying over spilt milk. 句型 3 ： can’t help +v-ing (不得不；忍不住 ) can’t but +V = can’t help but +V (不得不；忍不住 ) I can’t help telling her the truth.= I can’t （ help ） but tell

her the truth. I can’t help it. ( 我无能为力。 ) 句型 4 ： feel like +V-ing ( 想要 ) Do you feel like taking a walk? 表示“想要做…”的句型有下列几个 :

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would like to + V like/want to + V I would like to try again. = I want to try again. = I feel like

trying again. 句型 5: be busy (in) + V-ing ( 忙于 ) He is busy doing his homework. 句型 6: be worth + V-ing The book is worth reading . = The book is worthy of being read. = The book is worth your while to read. = It is worth( your )while to read/reading the book. 句型 7: S + need /want /require +V-ing /to be +p.p. ( 某物需要…… )

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This house needs repairing . = This house needs to be repaired. Note: need, want, require 等动词，其后接 V-ing ， 是

以主动形式表示被动意义，做“需要；应该”解。 其他主动形式表示被动意义的句型有以下几个： S +deserve/merit + V-ing/N /to be p.p.( 值得，应

受 ) He deserves praising.= He deserves to be praised.

S( 无生命 ) +bear/stand +V-ing ( 经得起… ) Your jokes bear repeating.( 你的笑话百听不厌。 ) S( 无生命 ) +be past +V-ing/N ( 无法… ) The machine is past repairing .

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句型 8: have + difficulty /trouble /a hard time /fun /a good

time +(in ) + V-ing I had a hard time learning English. We have fun playing tennis. I had no trouble getting in touch with him.( 我毫无困难

就 与他联系上了。） 句型 9 ： do /would you mind + V-ing / if clause Do you mind my opening the window ？ = Do you

mind if I open the window ？ Do you mind waiting for me ？ 句型 10 ： S + spend + 时间 / 金钱 +(in)+ V-ing 或 on +N

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She spends three hours watching TV every day.

He spent a lot of money buying books / on books.

句型 11: S +be /get / become + used to + V-ing

I am used to sitting up late.

He is used to taking a walk after dinner. 句型 12: It goes without saying that…( 不用说… ;

自不待言… )

It goes without saying that knowledge is important.

句型 13: come near (to) + V-ing ( 几乎 ; 差一点 )

He came near (to) being drowned.

The sun is near setting. (end)

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3）动词分词 分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分

词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以用作定语（ a ）、表语（ b ）、或是状语（ c ） , 有时也可以用在复合结构（如复合宾语）中（ d ） :

（ a ） This is an amusing story. 这是个有趣的故事。 Throw away this broken cup. 把这破杯子扔掉。 （ b ） The story is amusing. 故事很有趣。 The cup is broken. 杯子破了。 （ c ） They came into the room laughing and talking.

他们说说笑笑地走进屋来。

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He came into the room supported by his daughter. 他由他女儿搀着走了进来。

（ d ） They found the story amusing. 他们发现这故事很有趣。

They found the cup broken. 他们发现杯子给打破了。 动词分词也可用在谓语中帮助构成进行时态或

被动语态。 A) Contrast between present participle and past

participle 现在分词和过去分词在意思上有主动被动之分，现在

分词一般有主动的意思， 过去分词一般有被动的意思，有时表示的时间也不相同。归纳如下图：

现在分词 (V-ing) 过去分词 (V-ed.)

表示“主动、进行” 表示“被动、完成”

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比较一下下面的句子，我们可以看出两种分词的主要差别：

用现在分词的句子 用过去分词的句子This news is exciting.

这消息很激动人心。We were excited to hear it.

听了这故事我们很激动。He is an interesting man.

他是个有趣的人。Interested members will meet at two. 有兴趣的成员两点钟碰头。

Taking a dictionary, she began to prepare he lessons. 她拿了本字典，开始准备功课。

Taken separately, the problems are not difficult to solve. 分开解决，这些问题不难解决。

I heard someone opening the door. 我听见有人开门。

I heard the door opened. 我听见门给谁打开了。

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Note: a) 个别过去分词（多数是一些不及物动词）并

不表示被动的意思而有完成的意思，如： the risen sun(升起了的太阳）， fallen leaves(落叶 ) ， faded flowers(萎谢的花）， returned students （归国留学生） , retired workers （退休工人） , departed friends （离去的朋友） , escaped prisoners （逃犯） , the abdicated emperor （退位的皇帝） , his deceased wife（他死去的妻子） , the exploded bomb （爆炸了的炸弹） , the vanished jewels （失去的珠宝） , the newly arrived visitors （新到的客人）。

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b) 有些过去分词用于句中并非表示“被动”的意思，而是属于该词的用法，如：

The girl in read is my sister.

(穿红衣服的那女孩是我妹妹。）

When I got there, I found him at the desk.

( 当我到那里时，发现他坐在书桌旁。）

dressed

dressing herself

Seated

sitting

seating himself

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Our school on a hilltop has a good view.

（我们学校位于山顶上，有很好的视野。） B ） Some few notes on “dangling participles”

（悬垂分词） First of all ， let us take a look at the

“attachment rule” （依着法则） for identifying the subject.

a) “Attachment rule” and “dangling participles”

located

situated

standing

sitting

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When an –ing or –ed participle construction is used as a relative or adverbial clause, its logical

subject is usually identifiable with the subject of the main clause.

For example: Sitting at the back as we were, we couldn’t hear a word. Jolted(颠簸 ) by the collision, Harry suffered a

sprained back and a broken knee. He was lying in the couch, enjoying his pipe. It is through this relationship that the participle

construction is “attached” to the main clause. This is known as the “attachment rule”(依着法则 ).

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Violation of the “attachment rule” will result in a “dangling participle”: eg:

Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out. Grilled on charcoal, we liked the fish much better. Having eaten our lunch, the car pushed its way through the

tortuous canyon. 以上这些结构往往在理解上会引起歧义或者在表意

上会引起混乱 , 所以是不被人们接受的，应该避免使用。 C) Absolute construction 在用分词短语做状语时，它逻辑上的主语一

般必须与句子的主语一致。但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立

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结构（ absolute construction) 。在很多情况下，它都表示一种伴随的动作或情况：

Then, her eyes sparkling again, she added, “you should see what the people eat today.”

（ 然后她又目光炯炯地接着说，“你应当看看今天人们的饮食。”）

We explored the caves, Peter acting as guide. （由彼德作向导，我们探查了那些洞穴。）

He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.

（他满脸是汗跑进屋来。） There a group of peasants, their pants rolled up to their

knees, were weeding the paddy fields.

（ 那儿有一群农民，裤腿卷到膝盖，在稻田里除草。）

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有时还可以表示时间 (a) ，原因 (b) ，条件(c):

a) The shower being over (when the shower was over), we

continued to march. （ 阵雨过去之后我们继续行进。） Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to

his institute. （ 深秋时，他工作结束了，就准备回学院去。）

b) Christmas Day being a holiday (As Christmas Day was in

holiday), the shops were all closed. （由于圣诞节是一个节日，所有商店都关门了。）

Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.

（泪水模糊了她的眼睛，他进来时她没有看见。）

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c) Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow. （天气如果允许，我们明天要出去郊游。）

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. （ 各方面考虑起来，她的论文比你的论文更有价值一些。）

这种结构有的接近同位语，对前面一个名词加以解释：

There are two doors, one leading to the living-room, the other (leading) to the kitchen. （ 有两扇门，一扇通向居室，另一扇通向厨房。）

There were 180 entrants for this contest, the youngest being a boy of 12. （有一百八十人参加这项比赛，最小的一个是个十二岁的少年。）

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The dance featured groups of girls, each trying to pick more cotton than the rest. （这个舞蹈描写一群群的少女，每人都想法比别人多摘些棉花。）

There were two small gatherings, each attended by some students. 有两个小小的集会，每一个都有些学生参加。

Note:

介词“ with” 可以引导一个短语 , 作为附带说明前面句子中主语的状况，这个短语中的动词一律以分词出现，做“ with” 后面宾语的补语。这个短语中除了分词外，还可以用形容词或介词短语，其句型如下： V-ing / p.p

S + V …(,) with + O + Adj.

Prep. phrase

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如： He enjoys listening to music with his eyes closed.

他喜欢闭着眼睛听音乐。 He came out of the room with his eyes shining.

他走出房间时，眼睛闪着亮光。 Don’t speak with your mouth full.

嘴里吃着东西时不要讲话。 Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes.

母亲含着泪看着我。 D) 现在分词的形式：

主动形式 被动形式一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

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a) 现在分词的完成形式： 现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示这

个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生： Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.

这地方他去过多次，因此他主动提出要给我们作向导。 Not having made adequate preparations, they thought it

better to postpone the excursion till next week. 由于准备工作没有做好，他们想还是把远足延期到下周举行较好。

They moved away speedily, having annihilated all the encircled enemy. 把包围的敌人全部歼灭后，他们就迅速转移了。

b) 现在分词的被动形式：

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在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作时间上是正在进行的 (a) ，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的 (b) ，我们可以用现在分词的一般被动形式。这种形式可以用来：

1 ）作定语： That building being repaired is our library.(a) 现在翻修

的那座楼是我们的图书馆。 This is one of the experiments being carried on in our

laboratory.(a) 这是我们实验室里正进行的试验之一。 He asked who was the man being operated on.(b) 他问此

时给动手术的人是谁。 2) 构成复合宾语：

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You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(b) 你会听到到处都在讨论这个问题。

He often watched the boats being unloaded.(b) 他常常看轮船卸货。

As we approached the village we saw new houses being put up. （ a ） 走进村子时我们看到正在盖新房。

They successfully put an end to the danger of crops being buried by wind-blown sand. （ a ） 他们成功地克服了庄稼给风沙淹没的危险。

3 ）作状语： Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well

refuse.(b) 有人请她表演一个节目，她不好拒绝。

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Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe.(b) 有一堵厚墙掩护着，他们感到很安全。

有时还有完成被动形式，用以强调“以完成的动作”：

Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? 人家给了她这样一个好机会，她怎么能轻易放过？

The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. 决议既已做出，下个问题就是如何制定一个好的规划了。

有时现在分词的一般式的被动式与其完成式的被动式完全同义， 皆表示已完成的动作，这时用一般式的被动式较好：

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Being written in haste ， the composition is full of mistakes.

（这篇文章仓促写就， 故错误百出。） Being surrounded, the rebel troops were forced to

surrender.

（叛军被包围了 , 结果被迫投降。） 但现在分词一般式的被动式有歧义时，则应

用现在分词完成式的被动式表已完成的动作： She rebuked herself for forgetting what she really

knew quite well ， having been told it often.

（她常被通告此事 , 所以她责备自己忘记了她其实熟知的事。）

E ）分词惯用语

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Generally speaking 一般说来Strictly speaking 严格地说Frankly speaking 坦白地说Roughly speaking 大约地说Speaking of 说到…

Judging from 由…看来Seeing that 既然Provided that 假如Concerning 关于…Considering 以…而论

For example:Generally speaking,the climate of Yunnan is mild.Considering her age, she looks young.Judging from his abilities, he can finish that work in time.Seeing that he says so, it must be true. ( end)

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Conclusion Up to now we’ve finished talking about Non-

finite forms of verbs.We’ve covered their forms and types, their usage and some patterns and exceptions. Now let’s practice:

Exercises:1. My son asked me___smoke so much. a. not to b. don’t c. that I don’t d. that I won’t2. Tom said he didn’t want to have anything___with the boy. a. doing b. do c. to do d. to doing( 不定代词 anything ， everything ， nothing ， something

用不定式作定语。）

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3. John hasn’t decided ___ home or stay at school. a. to go b. whether to go c. going d. having gone [ 有些动词，如： inquire(打听 ) ， decide ， discover ， see

( 明白 ) ， learn ， find out ， understand ， show ， ask ， tell ， advise ， inform ， teach ， explain ， wonder ， consider 等用不定式作宾语，但不能直接用不定式作宾语，而需要有连接代词或连接副词（ why 除外）一起做宾语。 ]

4. Henry planned___Lake Michigan during the day, but he had no time.

a. to have crossed b. to be crossing c. crossing d. that he crossed ( 有些动词，如： plan, expect, intend, mean, suppose, think,

want, wish 等后跟完成体可表示原来打算、计划要做的事情因客观情况而为做。）

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5.She was annoyed at___this. a. you say b. your say c. your saying d. your’s saying 6. Building that railway was very difficult and involved___ ten

tunnels. a. dig b. to have dug c. digging d. having dug 7. ___to the office was very slow this morning because of the

traffic. a. Driving b. To drive c. I drove d. That I drove 8. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper___it

closely. a. followed b. following c. to follow d. being followed

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9. Never___ faith in himself, James watt went on with his experiment.

a. losing b. to lose

c. lost d. to be lost

10. You can drink___water but not ___water.

a. boiling / boiled b. boiled / boiling

c. having boiled / boiled d. boiled / being boiled