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MPARWorking Group
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm. (NOAA)Department of Defense (DoD)
Office of Federal Coordinator for Met. (OFCM)
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR):
Potential to Support Homeland Defense and Security Missions
Presented to: Interagency Air and Maritime Surveillance Summit II
By: The MPAR Working Group
Date: 05 June 2008
Dr. James Kimpel
Director,
National Severe Storms Laboratory
(NOAA)
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MPAR Working GroupNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm. (NOAA)
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Department of Defense (DoD)Office of Federal Coordinator for Met. (OFCM)
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Background - MPAR Program Origin• NRC Report Beyond NEXRAD (2002), recommends PAR technology be
developed as replacement for legacy weather radars
• In 2004, Federal Committee for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (FCMSSR) directed an interagency Joint Action Group (JAG) be convened to assess R&D priorities for phased array radar
• OFCM-sponsored JAG published report, “Phased Array Radar R&D Needs and Priorities” in June 2006
DOC / NOAADOC / NOAA
DOT / FAADOT / FAA DOD / DHSDOD / DHS
SINGLE MPAR
SYSTEM
SINGLE MPAR
SYSTEM
Weather & Aircraft
Surveillance
Weather & Aircraft
Surveillance
Weather SurveillanceWeather Surveillance
Noncooperative Aircraft Surveillance
Noncooperative Aircraft Surveillance
Today: OFCM-sponsored MPAR Working Group is working R&D Risk Reduction Strategies / Activities
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Why Consider Weather Radar?
1. Multi-mission capability is possible
2. Weather radars already exist at ~190 locations
3. Same technology holds promise for dramatically improving weather surveillance
4. Can detect biological scatterers (birds, insects), smoke, volcanic ash, etc.
5. Large potential cost savings
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TDWRsNEXRADs
Existing Locations
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Currently Testing Multi-mission Capability
Spy-1
Antenna
Nat. Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT)
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Current Research at the NWRT
• Improved weather surveillance (NOAA, FAA)• Simultaneous weather and aircraft surveillance (DHS, FAA,
NOAA)• Wind farm clutter mitigation (DHS, NOAA)
Long-Range Surveillance
Severe Weather
Non-Cooperative Targets
Weather Fronts
Terminal SurveillanceChemical
Dispersion
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ARSR-4ARSR-4ARSR-3ARSR-3ARSR-1/2ARSR-1/2
Today Future Concept
510* Radars, 8 Types 334 Radars, 1 Type
Joint Action GroupRecommendations
NEXRADNEXRAD TDWRTDWR
ASR-9ASR-9 ASR-11ASR-11
•Sustain
•PartiallyModernize
•Replace
5000 ft AGL, Blue, weather only
Affordable MultifunctionPhased ArrayRadar (MPAR)
Stove-pipedApproach:
• NWRT Proof-of-concept tests
• Develop scaled prototype and critical technologies
• NWRT Proof-of-concept tests
• Develop scaled prototype and critical technologies
Mid 2007-2012:
• Full-scale prototype &operational test
• Full-scale prototype &operational test
2010 - 2016:
2007:
• Define concept and R&D roadmap
• Define concept and R&D roadmap
Reduced number of radars - potentially saves $2B
Consolidated maintenance and logistics infrastructure – potentially saves $3B
Includes Operational CONUS radar only
ASR-8ASR-8
Potential Cost Savings
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)905 June 2008
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MPAR Operational View
Severe Weather
Terminal Surveillance
Chemical Dispersion
Long RangeSurveillance
Weather FrontsNon-Cooperative targets
Potential Users:
DOT/FAA/FHA NOAA/NSSL/NWS
DOD/Navy/Army/USAF, DHS
NASA, DOA, DOE, DOI, Others
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Mr. William Benner
Weather Group Manager
AJP-B400 (FAA)
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Air Traffic Control Radar Snapshot• Air Traffic is expected to more than
double by 2025 and will exacerbate the air traffic delay problem
• Weather accounts for 70% of all delays
• Current weather and surveillance radar networks are aging (new to 40 years old)
• Many are nearing the end of their service life
• FAA Enterprise Architecture Roadmaps include investment decision points for terminal radars (e.g., replacementvs. SLEP)
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NextGen Motivation• NextGen Air Transportation System
Integrated Plan stipulates:– “Develop a system-wide capability to
Reduce Weather Impacts”– “Research areas to develop enhanced
weather observations and forecasts, and integrate them with decision support tools to enhance capacity and efficiency of the airspace while improving safety.”
• The FAA is migrating to Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) concept
• The Surveillance/Positioning Backup Strategy Alternatives Analysis Report : – “recommends that the FAA retain approximately
one-half of the Secondary Radar Network as a backup strategy for ADS-B”
– “terminal area primary radar coverage will not be reduced from current levels”
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MPAR Approach
• Potential for radar consolidation and fleet reduction (ASR, TDWR, NEXRAD, ARSR)
• Multi-mission capable
• Scalable to mission(s) needs
• Reduced O&M cost and consolidated maintenance, logistic and training programs.
• Improved reliability (electronically scanned vs. rotating)
Weather Aircra
ft
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)1405 June 2008
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MPAR Assessment• PAR performance is not an issue • Major cost driver is the active
array antenna• PAR ‘Active Array’ development
should exploit advances in:– Military R&D– Commercial technology/process
• Continue investigating advances in technology– New semi-conductor materials– Chip integration– T/R module packaging– Digital architectures
• Research & Development Goals– Demonstrate affordability– Verify technology performance (using COTS)– Verify multifunction capability
Achieves an Affordable Phased Array Radar
Achieves an Affordable Phased Array Radar
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)1505 June 2008
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FAA Enterprise Architecture
Surveillance and Weather Roadmaps
2011 - Decision Point (77) to implement NextGen primary radar system including weather surveillance requirements (aligns with JRC-1, Initial Investment Decision)
2014 - Decision Point (104) to replace legacy primary radars (ASR-8, ASR-9) based on air traffic safety, security and weather surveillance requirements
2018 - Decision Point (91) to SLEP Wind Shear systems, ASR-9/11 Wx Channel and NEXRAD or replace with NextGen Wx Surveillance Capability
2020 - Establishment of Acquisition Program Office (aligns with JRC-2B, Final Investment Decision)2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 20132010 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
77 104 91 New Primary Radar (Replaces ASR)
NextGen Wx Radar Capability
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Conclusion
• National primary radar network required for foreseeable future
• FAA requirement is a subset of the National Requirement
• Collaboration with other agencies is essential for best value solution
• MPAR is a technology research effort
• MPAR could be part of a multi-agency Family of Solutions
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)1705 June 2008
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Dr. Jeffrey Herd
Dr. Mark Weber
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
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Outline
• Terminal MPAR Capabilities
• Technology Risk Reduction Program
• Summary
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)1905 June 2008
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Terminal Area Primary Radar Missions
• ATC terminal radars support unique missions
– Low altitude wind shear protection at airports
– Thunderstorm monitoring (30 sec update)
– Non-cooperative aircraft surveillance (DoD, DHS)
• FAA Architecture identifies decision points for future terminal area primary radar
2011 - Decision to implement NEXTGEN primary radar system which includes weather surveillance requirements
2014 - Decision for replacement of legacy primary radar (ASR-8, ASR-9), based on air traffic safety, security and weather surveillance requirements
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Terminal MPAR
Surveillance TypeMaximum
RangeMaximum Altitude
Position AccuracyMinimum
SensitivityUpdate IntervalLateral Vertical
Aircraft 60 nm 20,000’ 600’ 600’ 1 m2 < 4.8 s
Weather Microburst 5 nm Surface < 750’ N/A 0 dBZ60 s
(surface
scan)
Gust Front 20 nm Surface < 750’ N/A 0 dBZ60 s
(surface scan)
Storm Structure
60 nm 20,000’ < 8500’ < 8500’ 30 dBZ60 s
(volume scan)
Aircraft & Weather Surveillance Goals
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Candidate Terminal MPAR Concept
• Active Array (planar, 4 faces)Diameter: 4 mTR elements/face: 5,000Dual polarizationBeamwidth: 1.2 (broadside)
2.0 (@ 45)Gain: > 40 dB
• Transmit/Receive ElementsWavelength: 10 cm (2.7–2.9 GHz)Bandwidth/channel: 1 MHzPulse length: 80 s (1 s fill)Peak power/element: 5 W linear pol
10 W circular pol
• ArchitectureOverlapped subarray beamformersNumber of subarrays: 24 Maximum # concurrent beams: 24
334 MPARS required to duplicate today’s airspace coverage. Half of these are scaled “Terminal MPARS”
Weather Surveillance
Aircraft Surveillance
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Polarization Requirements
Weather Aircraft
Mode Polarization
Weather Dual Linear
Aircraft (clear) Single Linear
Aircraft (rain) Circular
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)2305 June 2008
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Adaptive Beam Clusters
R max
20,000 ft
Low Elevation
2°
Transmit
Receive
High Elevation
R max = Max_Alt / sin (Ө)
6°
2°Aircraft
(linear pol)Weather
(dual pol)
12°
2°
Aircraft (up to 24 linear pol beams)
Weather (up to 12 dual pol beams)
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)2405 June 2008
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Function Scan Update Period (sec)
Aircraft “Track While Scan” 4
Rapid Update Weather Volume Scan 4
High Fidelity Weather Volume Scan 60
1.62.41.62.41.62.41.62.4
TMPAR Scan Timing Summary
Time, sec0 4 8 56 60 4
High fidelity weather scan update period
Aircraft and rapid update weather scan update period
Mode scheduling example:
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Clutter
Fuselage
Engine Harmonics
Clutter
Fuselage
Engine Harmonics
Notional TMPAR Air Vehicle ID Modes
• RFID Mode:
– High Doppler resolution (~1 Hz) to discriminate type (jet vs propeller vs bird), velocity spectrum, types of engines, number of engines
– High pulse repetition frequency (~15 kHz)
• High Range Resolution (HRR) Mode:
– Small range gates to discriminate length and image target
– Wide operating bandwidth (2.7 - 2.9 GHz)
• TMPAR hardware supports both RFID and HRR modes
– Capable of detecting < -20 dBsm targets out to 50 nm
Aircraft Range-Doppler Image
Minimum Detectable RCS vs Range
• 5000 elements10 W peak80 μs pulsesSwerling type 1
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Wind Farm Effects Mitigation
• Wind farm effects on primary radars– High reflection levels causes automatic limiting
•RCS of 20 - 40 dBsm (aircraft is 10 – 30 dBsm) – Doppler modulation causes false target signatures
•Blade tip velocities of 80 – 160 knots
• Narrow elevation beam of TMPAR suppresses low angle clutter return
– >35 dB improvement over ASR-9 in signal to clutter ratio for 5 kft target and wind farm at 10 nm
Wind FarmRadar Return Windmill Doppler Spectrum*
* from ‘Feasibility of Mitigating the Effects of Wind Farms on Primary Radar’, Alenia Marconi Systems Limited
TMPAR vs ASR-9 Windmill Suppression
> 35 dB
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Outline
• Terminal MPAR Capabilities
• Technology Risk Reduction Program
• Summary
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)2805 June 2008
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Terminal MPAR Challenges
Challenges:• Ultra-low cost array (~ $50k / m2)• Multiple independent beam clusters• Scalable aperture sizes • Open architecture• Low operations and maintenance costsEnablers:• Highly integrated T/R chips• Design for manufacturability
TMPAR
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Commercial vs Military MMIC* Costs
* Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit** Non-Recurring Engineering
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
MMIC Unit Volume/Year
Re
lati
ve
Co
st
($/s
q m
m)
NRE** Dominates
Military Commercial
Production Dominates
DDG-1000VSR
Typical Commercial Single Part Volume
TMPAR
Typical military procurement volume is too small to fully amortize engineering development costs
Typical military procurement volume is too small to fully amortize engineering development costs
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)3005 June 2008
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Approach Impact
Minimize HPA Power Lowers T/R module costs, allows air cooling
Minimize # BeamsSimplifies beamformers, reduces interconnects,
reduces backend processing
Scalable PanelsEnables same array hardware for full scale and
terminal area radars
Tile ArchitectureReduces interconnects, enables higher level of
integration onto array face
Custom T/R Chipset Lowers T/R module cost
Cost Reduction Strategies
Terminal MPAR
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Technology Risk Reduction Program
• Program Objectives: – Design, fabrication, and testing of a prototype MPAR active phased
array panel– Detailed cost estimate utilizing best commercial practice for a
large quantity procurement of panels
• Critical Development Tasks:– Antenna elements and beamformers* – Prototype panel with custom T/R chip set**– Risk Definition and Mitigation Plan*,**– Prototype panel test and evaluation*
* MIT LL** Subcontract to Tyco Electronics
2008 Terminal MPAR
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Low Cost Panel DemonstrationAperture Face Panel: Including 64 Radiators, Beamformers, 64 T/R Elements, DC and Logic Distribution, Low Level Power Conditioning
Heat Exchanger
Backplane: Includes Beam Controller, Logic Fan Out, High Level Power Conditioning
* Funded under Tyco Electronics IR&D
Performance Testing
Custom T/R Chipset*
RX chipTx chip
LNA / Limiter chip
Custom Radiators and Beamformers
Dual Pol Radiator
Overlapped Subarray
0.43
m
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TMPAR Prototype Radar
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Scaled Aperture Radar Demonstration
Scaled Aperture Radar Demonstration
Full Scale FabricationFull Scale
FabricationTesting and Evaluation
Testing and Evaluation
CDRPDR Testing CDR
• 8 x 8 Element Panel• Array Measurements
• Waveform Design• Systems Analysis
• 768 Element Array• Radar Functionality
• Algorithm Dev • System Simulation
• 4864 Element Array• 48 Receiver Channels
• System Simulation• Test Planning
• Collect Multimode
Data
• Process Data • Report Results
Analog and Digital Hardware:
Systems Analysis & Signal Processing:
Panel Multiple Panel Array Full Scale Array Data Collection
Concept Development, Design, and
Low Cost Scalable Panel Demonstration
Low Cost Scalable Panel Demonstration
Notional Development Schedule
Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR)3405 June 2008
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Summary• Specific concept for a Terminal Multifunction Phased Array
Radar developed– Provides primary radar services in lieu of ASR-8/9/11 and TDWR– Can support backup or integrity verification for ADS-B
• TMPAR has the potential to support key needs of the DHS, DoD, FAA, and NWS with a single radar network
– Flexible electronic beamforming– Multiple simultaneous high gain receive beams– Open architecture signal & data processing
• Affordability being addressed through exploitation of commercial microwave technology
– Critical subsystems development and test underway – Mitigate risk and advance ultra low cost design through industry
partnership
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Mr. Kevin “Spanky” Kirsch
Director,
DHS S&T Special Program
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• Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
• CBP Air and Marine Operations Center (AMOC)
• US Coast Guard
• Secret Service
• Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
DHS Primary Radar Usage
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• Implementation Strategy:
• Initial Priority Risk Reduction Areas
• Technolgy Demonstration & Testing
• Multi-functionality and Testing
• System Costs – Business Case
• Trade Studies
Discussion Areas for Consensus
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• Interagency Management Approach
• Address Urgency Issues
• PD/Congressional Mandated
• Format:
• Past NEXRAD process (OFCM / NEXRAD Program Council / JSPO)
• Multi-Lateral Agency
Discussion Areas for Consensus
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QUESTIONS?
40
BACKUPS
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Terminal MPAR Weather Sensitivity
80 s pulse80x compression
1 s pulseno compression
5,000 modules @ 5 W per module provides 0 dBZ sensitivity to 60 nm5,000 modules @ 5 W per module provides 0 dBZ sensitivity to 60 nm
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Target ID Mode Operating Parameters
ModePRF (kHZ)
Bandwidth (MHZ)
Range Resolution (m)
Doppler Resolution
(Hz)
Wide Area Surveillance
(WAS)1 2 100 10
RFID 15 2 100 2
HRR 1 200 1 10
Radio Frequency Spectrum:
2.9 GHz
200 MHz
2 MHz
WAS and RFID modesHRR mode
2.7 GHz
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ATC Cooperative Surveillance (ADS-B)
• Backup needed in the event of a wide-area GPS outage (e.g. jamming, solar storms) or single-aircraft avionics failure
• Integrity monitoring needed to guard against “spoofing”
• FAA ADS-B backup strategy calls for retention of many legacy radars
– All primary radars
– Secondary radars in high density terminal airspace
• Backup strategy will be re-evaluated as experience with ADS-B is gained
– Alternatives under investigation include wide-area multilateration, DME, e-Loran and other non-radar alternatives (but these are all “cooperative”)
Backup and Integrity Monitoring