1. lesson learn metlit-trs

8/14/2019 1. Lesson Learn Metlit-TRS

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LESSON LEARN MET LIT

Dr. Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati, MAppSc

Sunday, November 10,20131


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METODE PENELITIAN

1. BELAJAR DARI KESALAHAN DALAM PROPOSALPENELITIAN

2. PEMILIHAN JUDUL PENELITIAN DANPRIORITAS PENELITIAN

3. KEBERLANJUTAN TEMA PENELITIAN4. MEMBANGUNAN KERJASAMA PENELITIAN

5. PERSOALAN DANA PENELITIAN


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LESSONS LEARNEDKESALAHAN PROPOSAL

TIDAK ADA KESESUAIAN ANTARA JUDULDENGAN TUJUAN PENELITIAN

LATAR BELAKANG PENELITIAN KURANGMENGGIGIT

TUJUAN TIDAK JELAS DAN TIDAKRUNTUT


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TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

YANG DIREVIEW ADALAH MASALAH ATAU TOPIKNYABUKAN PENELITINYA/ORANGNYA

TIDAK RUNTUT DAN SISTEMATIKA KURANG BAIK

JARANG DIULAS ATAU DIBERIKAN KOMENTAR/EVALUASI

TIDAK ADA KESESUAIAN ANTARA DAFTAR PUSTAKA DAN

PUSTAKA YG DIACU SEBAGIAN BESAR TESIS, BUKAN JURNAL TERBARU.


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KERANGKA TEORI

HARUS DIBANGUN DARI HASIL TINJAUANPUSTAKA

MASIH DIJUMPAI ADANYA TULISAN (SITIRAN)DARI PUSTAKA

JARANG DIMULAI DARI MEBUAT DIAGRAM ALIR

KERANGKA TEORI (THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK) HARUS SELALU DIKAITKAN DENGAN TUJUAN

PENELITIAN


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METODE PENELITIAN

BAHAN DAN METODE

METODE PENDEKATAN

TEKNIK PENGUMPULAN DATA (PRIMER DANSEKUNDER) DAN PETA (PETATEMATIK/SINTETIK/ANALISIS)

TEKNIK PENGOLAHAN DATA METODE PENGAMBILAN SAMPEL

TEKNIK ANALISIS (LABORATORIUM,STATISTIK, GRAFIS, DLL)

TENTATIF HASIL PENELITIAN


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DESKRIPSI WILAYAH

LETAK, LUAS, BATAS (PETA ADMINISTRASI)

KONDISI GEOGRAFI (IKLIM, HIDROLOGI, GEOLOGI,GEOMORFOLOGI, TANAH, PENGGUNAAN LAHAN, TATA RUANG,KEPENDUDUKAN, SOSIAL-BUDAYA, DLL)

DESKRIPSI WILAYAH JARANG DIGUNAKANDALAM PEMBAHASAN

TABEL, PETA, FOTO,DLL YANG DIANGGAPPENTING SEBAIKNYA DIMASUKKAN DALAMTEKS

TABEL HASIL PENGOLAHAN DATADIMASUKKAN PADA LAMPIRAN


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HASIL PENELITIAN KEMUKAKAN HASIL-HASIL YANG MENONJOL (MAGIC

INFORMATION)DIURUTKAN DENGAN TUJUANPENELITIAN

GUNAKAN TABEL, GRAFIK, PETA ANALISIS/SINTESIS

JELASKAN MENGAPA ADA PERSAMAAN DANPERBEDAAN ANTARA FENOMENA SATU DENGAN YGLAIN, MENGAPA DAPAT TERJADI ?

GUNAKAN HASIL TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DANBANDINGKAN DENGAN HASIL RISET ANDA


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KESIMPULAN

KESIMPULAN BUKAN RINGKASAN TIDAK ADA RUMUS MATEMATIKA DAN

SEJENISNYA

TIDAK PERLU DIBERI NOMOR NAMUNDISESUAIKAN DENGAN TUJUANPENELITIAN


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LAMPIRAN

BERUPA TABEL HASIL OLAHAN DATA

BERUPA PETA-PETA PENDUKUNG, FOTO DLL

TABEL STATISTIK (UJI HIPOTESIS, SPSS,STATGRAPH, DLL), ANOVA

HASIL ANALISIS LABORATORIUM YANG SYAH

FOTO PENGAMBILAN SAMPEL LAPANGAN DANINSTRUMENTASINYA (LAP. ATAU LAB.)


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INTISARI

TIDAK LEBIH DARI 250 KATA, SATUSPASI, KEYWORDS/KATA KUNCI, JUDULTESIS, NAMA PENELITI

MEMUAT :

1. TUJUAN PENELITIAN

2. METODE PENELITIAN

3. HASIL PENELITIAN (KESIMPULAN)


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The Research Process

MSc /PhDresearch is one small part of the scientificenterprise. It must be grounded in the scientific methodand follow a logical research plan.

In this chapter we first discuss the scientific method, i.e. howto approach true knowledge. This involves logical

thinking, and an understanding of what we mean byknowing. Then we go through the steps of the researchprocess, emphasising how to prepare a good researchproposal.


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2.1. Types of sciences

Experimental: controlled conditions under which measurements

are made (e.g. laboratory experiments in physics or chemistry);variable level of control of the context, but always quantifiable (e.g.temperature can be controlled to a certain precision) Observational: uncontrolled or semicontrolled conditionse.g. we cant order up an earthquake or extreme rainfall evente.g. we cant manufacture survey respondents with certainCharacteristics.

Historical: we have evidence from the past, which can never bere-created experimentally (e.g. geology, archaeology)can relate to current processes, assuming that the laws ofphysics etc. have not changed in the meantimerelies heavily on inference and weight of evidence


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A simplified view of thescientific method

1. Observe

2. Invent a theory to explain the observations induction

3. Use the theory to make predictions deduction

4. Design experiments to test these

5. Modify the theory in the light of results

6. Repeat from step 3 until you cant think of any newpredictions that might falsify or modify the theory


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2.2 Levels of certainty

Fact: something directly observable and measurable (but alwayswith some uncertainty!). Hypothesis: a tentative theory, not yet tested Theory: a conceptual framework:

which explains existing facts;

allows predictions;

and is in principle falsifiable (some experiment could contradictit).

Law: a theory with overwhelming evidence including the boundaryconditions under which it is true.For example, Newtons laws of motion are valid in cases whererelativistic effects are not important (velocities low compared tothe speed of light)


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2.3 Logical thinking

In science we use a combination of strict deductive logic and probabilisticinductive reasoning. How we actually think logically in scienceis a fascinating topic [9]; here we give only a simplified view.Induction vs. deduction Induction: generalise from observations to theoriesLogical process of inferencethis is how we make theories and laws

Deduction: specialise from a general law to a specific caseprovides ideas for experiments or observationsIf this theory is true, then the following should occur or beobserved


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Assumptions

Taken as true in the context of this research;

Can not be tested within the time, budget or experimental design; If they are not true, the research is not valid; Often difficult to express, taken for granted at many levels; Establish laws are often taken as assumptions, without explicitmention (e.g. we dont repeat the laws of universal gravitation eachtime we model landslide hazard);

The more problematical should be made explicit; Could an assumption be a good research question? I.e. maybe theassumption should be tested!


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2.4 The research process

This can be broken down into six sequential steps:1. Identify a research problem; Original: contributes something new to what we know or toour techniques; Within the competence of your study programme2. Decide how to attack the problem; Research objectives; Research questions; Hypotheses; Experimental / observational design.

3. Carry out the experiment or observation; Good technique, clear documentation; Must be replicable by others/4. Data processing (mechanical, just reported and summarised);5. Data analysis (inferential, discuss and draw conclusions);6. Reporting (thesis writing).


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2.5 Research problem,

objectives, questions, andhypotheses

The sequence is:

Problem ) Objectives QuestionsHypotheses

Following these concepts in order is a systematic way to approach yourresearch. It must first fit a known problem (so that it is important), then

you must have a defined objective (so that you know what you want todo), which is then specified as a list of questions that the research shouldanswer. For each question, you must have a hypothesis, i.e. what youthink the answer will be.


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2.5.1 Research problem

A general statement of why the research shouldbe done

Something that is not well-understood or solvedand can be addressed by research

Not a social problem (poverty, environmentaldestruction, war,. . . ), but social problems canmotivate research (relevance)


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2.5.2 Research objectives

These are statements of what is expected as theoutput of the research.

Each of the objectives must be at least partiallymet at the end of the project.

There is usually a single general objective which is

not operational,which is then broken down intoa list of specific objectives which can beaddressed by operational research methods.


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2.5.3 Research questions

These specify what the research will actually address.

Each research question must be answered by the thesis,therefore it must be a specific question to which ananswer can be given.

Questions are of two types: observational (what orwhere questions) and analytical (why questions).Questions follow objectives and may be simple re-statements in operational form, i.e. where an experimentor sample can answer it.


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2.5.4 Hypotheses

These are your ideas on what the research willshow, before you do it.

They are statements that can be proved or dis-proved by your research.

They are based on previous work, usuallydiscovered in the literature review.

They should match the research questions one-to-one.


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The hypothesis must be specific, not a general statement.

For example,given the research question What is theeffect of grazing intensity onvegetation density? we canformulate the corresponding hypotheses:

Wrong: Grazing affects vegetation density Right: Above a threshold (to be determined), vegetation

densityis reduced linearly (coefficient to be determined)with grazing intensity,measured as animal-months.

The first hypothesis is too general, affects could beanything.


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Badan air terbukaPertumbuhahn tebu rawa

(Hanguana malayana) ke

tengah badan air

Meningkatkan biomassa dan

berkembang menjadi gambut

Rumput pisau, menginvasi lahan

gambut

Diikuti semak, herba, Melaleuca

yang tumbuh di lahan gambut

Pemanfaatan lahan

untuk pertanian

tradisonal

Badan rawa

menjadi kering

Proses Perubahan Ekosistem di Rawa Biru


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ZONE/

landscapeDIRECT

IMPACT

INDIRECT IMPACT

MANGROVE

UNCONTROLLEDEXPLOITATION A

AND DEVELOPMENT

UNCONTROLLED

EXPLOITATION A

AND DEVELOPMENT

UNCONTROLLED

EXPLOITATION A

AND DEVELOPMENT

UNCONTROLLED

DEVELOPMENT

UNCONTROLLED

EXPLOITATION

MOUNTAINS

STEEP HILLS

LOW HILLS

LOW LANDS

Mangrove

destruction

Increase

sedimentation

Reduce

tourism

Reduce

Income/

unemployment

Coral

destructio

Reduce

Mangrove

production

???

???

???

???

DEVELOPING THE ENVIRONMENT L PROBLEMS UNDER PRESENT TRENDS


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Watershed

Practices

To improveWater quality

Effect on Production of

Wood, Foods, etc.

Reduce

Disease

Reduce

BOD

Reduce

Nutrient

Concentration

Reduce

Input of

Chemical

Improve

Stream

temp

Reduce

Sediment

loading

Improve

Quality of

Drinking

water

Changes

In aquatic

organism

Improve

Fish spawning

habitat ImproveQualityof

Irrigation

water

Improve

Health

Increase in

Waterbased

recreation

Increased

Fish

production

Increased

Crop

production

PHYSICAL EFFECTS AND BENEFITS FROM IMPROVEMENT WATER QUALITY

(WITH AND WIHOUT PROJECT)


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ZONE/

landscapeDIRECT

IMPACT

INDIRECT IMPACT

MANGROVE

UNCONTROLLEDEXPLOITATION A

AND DEVELOPMENT

UNCONTROLLED

EXPLOITATION A

AND DEVELOPMENT

UNCONTROLLED

EXPLOITATION A

AND DEVELOPMENT

CORAL

PROTECTION

MANGROVE

CONSERVATION

MOUNTAINS

STEEP HILLS

LOW HILLS

LOW LANDS

Sustain

production

Tourism

development

Habitat

protection

increasing

Income/

employment

Sustain

develop

Genetic

conservation

???

???

???

???

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