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Fig. 16.— The calculated extinction for the present grain model (heavy solid line) and the observedaverage (Rv » 3.1) interstellar extinction curve (dotted line: Fitzpatrick 1999; open circles: Mathis1990). Model results are the sum of 4components: «Bail» (silicate, a>250A; long-dashed line);"Ssii" (silicate, 3.5 < a- < 250A; short-dashed line); «Bcarb» (carbonaceous, a> 250A; dot-dashedline); and "Scarb" (carbonaceous, 3.5 <a<250A, including PAHs; thin solidline). The upper-rightinset illustrates the aromatic 6.2//m absorption feature and the 9.7/mi silicate band. The narrowfeature at 11.5/zm is due to a lattice mode of crystalline graphite (Draine 1984) and would likelybe smoothed out in an imperfect polycrystalline sample. The lower-left inset plots the extinctioncurve against A-1 (/mi-1).

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Fig. 3.— Equilibrium temperatures for graphite (dotted lines); arid silicate grains (sblid lines) in environments withvarious starlight intensities.

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7.2 Interstellar Dust Emission 165

Grain temperature

Time

Fig. 7.10. Scheme for the time evolution of the temperature, hence of the emitted intensityfor grains of different sizes, submitted to the interstellar radiation field. The big grains(broad horizontal line, 3), are in thermal equilibrium and their temperature, hence the emittedintensity, does not vary. The smallest grains experience an immediate, very strong increasein temperature after absorption of a photon, and rapidly cool down to a low temperature (1).The temperature of intermediate-size grains increases slightly after each photon absorption,causing temperature fluctuations less pronounced than in the preceding case (thin line, 2).The scales are arbitrary and different for each case.

T (K)

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Fig. 7.11. Temperature distributions dP/d\n T for graphite grains of various radii a exposedto the interstellar radiation field near the Sun. P(T) is the probability that a grain will havea temperature larger than T. Note that the big grains are approximately in equilibrium ata temperature ofabout 20K. Reproduced from Draine &Anderson [135], with the permissionof the A AS.