1 intro to road safety engineering
TRANSCRIPT
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Semarang 23rd & 24th April 2012
An introduction to road safety
engineering
Phillip Jordan, Consultant
Road Safety International Pty Ltd
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My Objectives:
• To outline briefly the problem of road safety -
globally and in Indonesia
• To outline “road safety engineering”
• To emphasise the important role of the road in
road safety
• To encourage you to design, construct and
manage safer roads
Introduction to road safety engineering
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A Global Problem
• 1.3 million deaths each year on roads of the world (about
3600 per day, or 150 per hour, or more than 2 per minute !)
• Over 15 million are seriously injured
Introduction to road safety engineering
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The WHO predicts that by 2020 there will be 2.3 million
traffic crash deaths worldwide, constituting 27.4% of all
injury related deaths
90% of these will occur in low and middle income
countries
For example, Indonesia had 34,000 fatalities in
2011(Police figures)
By 2020 that may be up to 60,000 deaths
A Global Problem
Global road safety - Phillip Jordan
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An Indonesian Problem
• Some 34,000 deaths each year on the roads of Indonesia
• Over 250,000 are injured (that’s 700 per day)
• 61% of deaths are motorcyclists
• 15 -20% of deaths are pedestrians
• Numbers are increasing!
Introduction to road safety engineering
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Motorcyclists Males
An Indonesian Problem
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An Indonesian Problem
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Victoria had a serious safety problem 40 years ago
• In 1970, 1061 people died on the roads of Victoria (a rate of about 9 deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles)
• Legislation, public awareness, engineering and co-ordination between agencies has reduced this figure.
• In 2011, 287 people died on Victoria’s roads
(a rate of 0.9 deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles)
There is hope !
Introduction to road safety engineering
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What is road safety engineering?
Road safety engineering is:
“the modification of the physical road environment, using proven processes and techniques, that endeavours to reduce risk for all road users”
Introduction to road safety engineering
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What is road safety engineering?
A profession that combines:
• Traffic engineering
• Road design
• Human factors
• Detailed analysis
• Reactive processes
• Proactive processes
• Lots of judgment
Introduction to road safety engineering
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What is road safety engineering?
The two main processes in RSE are:
• Blackspot investigation (a reactive process) – relies on the
crash record for a site, and aims to reduce the crash frequency
and/or severity at that site.
• Road safety audit (a proactive process) – takes the same skills
but applies them during the design stages of a new road project
to prevent crashes.
Introduction to road safety engineering
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• manual 1 - Road Safety Engineering
Manual and accompanying DVD
An Indonesia-specific document and audio-visual aid to assist in improving safety on Indonesian roads using low-cost measures, including blackspot investigations.
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Some engineers in the past have blamed all crashes
on the human – the drivers, the pedestrians, the
motorcyclists.
These engineers have not understood that they have
a vital role to play in reducing crashes.
Improvements to the road are some of the most cost-
effective things to do to improve safety.
For example – in Australia, the National Road Safety Strategy has road
improvements (blackspots etc) to be the highest priority
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Crashes involve....
• Humans
• Vehicles
• Roads Introduction to road safety engineering
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Road safety involves....
• Police
• Engineers
• Teachers
• Health professionals
• Politicians
• More
Introduction to road safety engineering
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Introduction to road safety engineering
The Haddon Matrix
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If you have a location on a highway where many crashes occur, you might.....
• Do nothing – its not your job!
• Blame the drivers/riders
• Ask the Police to enforce the road rules there
• Work with the local community and teachers to educate drivers/riders and pedestrians about road safety
• Ask DGLT to inspect all the vehicles at the location and take the unsafe ones off the road
• Ask the local hospital to improve their emergency services
Introduction to road safety engineering
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If you have a location on a highway where many crashes occur, you might.....
• Or maybe you are enlightened and you will understand that you have a blackspot on your highway.
• You will get as much Police crash data as possible.
• You will read it, prepare a collision diagram and a crash factor grid.
• You will be a detective and look for patterns in the crashes (types of crashes, time of day, weather conditions, day vs night)
• Then you will develop low cost countermeasures that address the main patterns of crashes
Introduction to road safety engineering
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• If so – you will be acting responsibly and will be helping to reduce the crashes and the crash severity at your problem site
• This is what crash investigation is all about.
Introduction to road safety engineering
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Many differences, many
similarities
• There are many different roads around the world
• There are many different road users also
Introduction to road safety engineering
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Many differences, many
similarities
• Some countries drive on the left side, some drive on
the right side.
• A few drive on both sides!!! - joking
• Some countries have good crash reporting systems,
some do not.
• Some have many motorcycles – some do not
• Some have many different road users – some don’t.
• What lessons are there for Indonesia from other
countries?
Introduction to road safety engineering
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Roads and users may differ, but safety is a global problem
Which country is this?
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Many differences, many
similarities
What lessons are there for Indonesia from other countries?
1. Road safety is a business – you must show economic benefits from your
work.
2. Road crashes cost the Indonesian community a lot of money – almost
3% of GDP.
3. Road safety takes a long time to improve – but the sooner we start, the
sooner Indonesia will benefit from safer roads and lower trauma costs.
4. You can have a life long career in road safety engineering.
5. Improving blackspots is one of the most cost effective things you can do.
Introduction to road safety engineering
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What is a Road Crash?
“a rare, random, multi-factorial event in which one or more road users has failed to cope with their environment.”
Introduction to road safety engineering
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Road crash definition
road crashes are :-
rare - 1 in 200 people injured every year
random - impossible to predict where and when
the next crash will happen
multi-factor - combination of behavioural, vehicle
and highway factors.
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Accident implies that :
• the cause was unpredictable
• no human could have done anything to prevent it
• it is outside of our “control”
• It was in the “hands of the gods”
Introduction to road safety engineering
These are crashes –
they are not “accidents”
We should use the word “CRASH”
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But a road crash:
• Can have “things” done to prevent it
• Is within our “control”
• Can be prevented
• Is related closely to risk, and is predictable
Introduction to road safety engineering
We should use the word “CRASH”
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Road safety is a global problem
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Road safety is a global problem
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Road safety engineers can make a vital contribution to road safety in Indonesia.
Please remember…….
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Putting the road into road safety
Introduction to road safety engineering
LESSON 1: Engineers can improve safety by
making low cost improvements at blackspots
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We eliminate blackspots with treatments such as:
• Signs
• Line markings
• Intersection improvements
• Street lighting
• Barriers and roadside hazard improvements
• These can be summarised into 5 actions.....
Introduction to road safety engineering
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Introduction to road safety engineering
warn
inform
guide
control
forgive
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..... create a road
environment which warns,
informs, guides and
controls all road users, but
forgives them when they
make a mistake
Road safety engineers should....
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warn
inform
guide
control
forgive
Road safety engineers should....
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• warn
• inform
• guide
• control
• forgive
Road safety engineers should....
TOO GENERAL
SHOULD ONLY BE USED IF THE BRIDGE IS NARROWER THAN
THE ROAD
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Road safety engineers should…
What is this warning of ?
warn
inform
guide
control
forgive
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
TOO GENERAL
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Good warning signs must be:
- specific (not general)
- well located – not too close, not too far, not hidden
- sometimes repeated/duplicated
- reflective (for night time safety)
- well maintained
LESSON 2: Engineers improve safety by
correctly using warning signs
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
RHS
Road safety engineers should....
Roundabout
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Confirmation signage
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Good information is:
- provided when and where it is needed
- able to be read easily
- sometimes repeated (especially on high speed roads)
- reflective (for night time safety)
- well maintained
LESSON 3: Engineers improve safety by
providing good, timely information
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
CAM’s, guide posts, edge lines, centre lines
Guide post
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
??
One CAM only, we need a series of CAM’s. Use plastic signs if these get stolen.
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Introduction to road safety engineering
Plastic guide post
Road safety engineers should…
warn
inform
guide
control
forgive
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Introduction to road safety engineering
R/C guide posts
Road safety engineers should…
warn
inform
guide
control
forgive X
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Good guidance must be:
- continuous through a curve and along a route
- consistent across a network (not only at some
places, and not others)
- standardised where possible
- reflective (for night time safety)
LESSON 4: Engineers improve safety by
providing good guidance to road users
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Speed restriction sign
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Traffic signals
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Roundabout
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Railway crossing signals
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Regulatory traffic signs
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
??
Road safety engineers should....
Even this badly maintained sign can be recognised as a Stop sign
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Good traffic control must be:
- enforceable by Police (legally compliant)
- standardised – all signals the same colour, all
signs the same shape/colour
- well located – highly visible
- well maintained
(why are so many traffic signals out of action in Indonesia?)
LESSON 5: Engineers improve safety by
providing correct traffic control
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Sealed shoulders
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Driveable roadsides
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
This is NOT forgiving
X
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
This is NOT forgiving
X
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Crash cushions
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Crash barriers
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Wire rope safety barriers
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Crash barriers – if used they must be correctly installed and maintained
X
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Deep drains are not forgiving – if used they must be covered and maintained
X
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
Road safety engineers should....
Slip based lighting columns
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o warn
o inform
o guide
o control
o forgive
??
Road safety engineers should....
Sometimes we simply need a new highway!
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A “forgiving” road is one that:
- does all that is possible to keep the vehicles
on the road
- has driveable side slopes, no uncovered
drains nearby
- removes or relocates roadside hazards
- uses forgiving roadside furniture
- has crash barrier only where really needed
LESSON 6: Engineers improve safety by
providing a forgiving road
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Barriers should only be the last option – and if used they
must be correctly installed and maintained:
- located well off the road
- correct height, long enough to shield the
hazard
- safe terminals (most terminals are not safe in Indonesia)
- good reflectors (for night time safety)
- well maintained
LESSON 7: Engineers improve safety by installing
crash barriers only where really necessary
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There will be more on these topics in the remainder of this workshop
Introduction to road safety engineering
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Road safety engineering has a big future
in Indonesia – Police and engineers
working together to save lives
I look forward to detailing the blackspot
process next – are there any questions?
Introduction to road safety engineering