1 into duct ion and physical properties of molecule

8/7/2019 1 Into Duct Ion and Physical Properties of Molecule

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PRESENSI (KEHADIRAN) : 80%

LECT : 70% PRAKTICE : 30% (NILAI u 56 )MIDTEST : 35% PRELEMINARY ASS : (30%)

ENDTEST : 50% ACTIVITY : (30%)

ASSESMENT : 15% REPORT : (40%)

DRUG MOLECULE PROPERTIES DIFFUSION AND DISSOLUTION SOLUBILITY AND DISTRIBUTION PHENOMENA CHEMICAL KINETICS AND STABILITY INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA RHEOLOGY DISPERSED SYSTEMS STATES OF MATTER MICROMERITICS

TOPIC


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1) Sinko, P.J, 2006, Martins Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, fifth

ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia .2) Florence A.T., Attwood D., 2006, Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy ,

4rd ed, Pharmaceutical Press, London.

3) Attwood D, Florence A.T., 2008, Physical Pharmacy , Pharmaceutical Press,

London

4) Amiji M.M., Sandmann B.J., 2003, Applied Physical Pharmacy , McGRAW-

Hill, USA.

5) Aulton, M.E., 2002, Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design ,2nd ed.,

Churchill Livingstone, Elsivier.

6) Cartensen, J.F.,1977 , Pharmaceutics of Solid Dosage Forms , John Wiley andSons, N.Y.

7) Lachman, L., et al, 1986, Teori dan Praktek Farmasi Industri , ed. 3, terjemahan

Siti Suyatmi, UI Press, Jakarta.

8) Parrot, E.L., 1971, Experimental Pharmaceutical Technology , Burgess Publ. Co.,Minneapolis.


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Mozart

Beethovens

Bachs


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Kawac hi Folk D a n c e Heavy Metal


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Air dari bendungan Fujiwara sebelum (kiri) dan sesudah (kanan)didoakan


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AIR ZAMZAM


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Keragaman bentuk Keragaman bentuk

California Mountains

Sequoia National P ark Yosemite Valley


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Michigan Upp er P eninsula

Snowflakes membentuk granulHoughton


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Vermont

Jericho


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How full of the creative genius is the air in which these are generated!I should hardly admire more if real stars fell

and lodged on my coat."--Henry David Thoreau, 1856 [1]


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PHYSICSCHEMI ST RY BIOLOG Y


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ASOCIATED WITH THE AREA OF PHARMACY THATDEALT WITH THE QUANTITATIVE AND THEORETICALPRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE AS THEY APPLIED TO THEPRACTICE OF PARMACY.

ATTEMPTED TO INTEGRATE THE FACTUAL KNOWLEDGEOF PHARMACY THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OFBROAD PRINCIPLES OF ITS OWN, AND IT

AIDED THE PHARMACIST AND THE PHARMACEUTICALSCIENTIST IN THEIR ATTEMPT TO PREDICT THESOLUBILITY, STABILITY, COMPATIBILITY, AND

BIOLOGIC ACTION OF DRUG PRODUCTS.


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1919

r

qqr U

0

21

4TI !

r

qqr

0

21

4T I

For two charges separated by a distance r, their potential energy isdefined by Coulombs law,

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND INDUCED POLARIZATION

where the charges q1 and q2 are in coulombs (C), r is in meters, I 0 (thepermittivity constant) = 8.854 v 10 -12 C2N -1m -2, and the potential energyis in joules.

When no permanent charges exist in molecules, a measure of their polarity (i.e., the electronic distribution within the molecule) is givenby the property we called the dipole moment ( Q).A dipole, is a separation of two opposing charges over a distance, andis generally described by a vector whose magnitude is given byQ = qr.


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2020

Dipole moments are usually expressed in debyes or D, where1 D = 3.34 v 10 -30 C-m (Coulomb meters), or 1 D = 10 -18 electrostatic unit (esu) cm

Fig. 42. Vectorial nature of permanent dipole moments for (a)water, (b) carbon dioxide, and (c) a peptide bond. The distance r isgiven by the dashed line for each molecule. The arrow represents theconventional direction that a dipole moment vector is drawn, fromnegative to positive.


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The concepts of polarity and dielectric constant :Placing a molecule in an electric field is one way to induce adipole. Consider two parallel conducting plates, such as the platesof an electric condenser, which are separated by some mediumacross a distance r, and apply a potential across the plates (Figure43).Electricity will flow from the left plate to the right plate through

the battery until the potential difference of the plates equals that of the battery supplying the initial potential difference.


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When nonpolar molecules like pentane are placed in a suitable

solvent between the plates of a charged capacitor, an induced

polarization of the molecules can occur.This induced dipole occurs because of the separation of electric

charge within the molecule due to the electric field generated

between the plates.

The displacement of electrons and nuclei from their originalpositions is the main result of the induction process.

This temporary induced dipole moment is proportional to the field

strength of the capacitor and the induced polarizability , E p, which

is a characteristic property of the particular molecule.From electromagnetic theory, C lausiusMossotti equation :

pnET I I

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21 !

in which n is the number of molecules per unit volume.


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Multiplying both sides by the molecular weight of the substance, M ,

and dividing both sides by the solvent density, V. we obtain:

ipp P N n

M M !!!

ET V

ET VI

I 34

34

21-

pnET I I

34

21

where N is Avogadros number, 6.023 x 10 23 mole -1, and P i is

known as the induced molar polarization. P i represents the induced

dipole moment per mole of nonpolar substance the electric field

strength of the condenser, V/m in volts per meter, is unity.


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Polarizability

MoleMoleccululee EE pp x 1 0x 1 02424 cmcm 33

HH22 OO

NN22HC lHC lHB r HB r HIHIHCNHCN

1, 681, 68

1, 7 91, 7 93 ,0 13 ,0 13 ,53 ,5

5 ,65 ,6

5 ,95 ,9

Polarizability is defined as the ease with which an ion or molecule canbe polarized by any external force, whether it be an electric field or light

energyor through interaction with another molecule. Large anions have

large polarizabilities because of their loosely held outer electrons..

POLARIZABILITIES


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Chloroform ( I = 4,8) has a molecular weight of 119 g/mole anda density of 1.43 g/cm 3 at 25C. What is its induced molar

polarizability , P i?

mol/cm 5,46

43,1

119

28,4

18,4P 3i !

!

VI I M

P i

!

21-


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Permanent Dipole Moment of Polar Molecules

VI I M

P P P i

21

0

P 0 , is the orientation polarization of the permanent dipoles,= 4 T N Q 2/9kT ;k Boltzman constant= 1.38X10 -23 J0K -1

Slop A= 4 T N Q2/9k T

AP P i1!

In a polar molecule, the separation of positively and negatively charged

regions can be permanent, and the molecule will possess a per manent dipole moment , Q .Water molecules possess a permanent dipole due to the differences inthe oxygen and the hydrogen.

The total molar polarization, P . is the sum of induction and permanentdipole effects:

Because P 0 depends on the temperature, T :


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DIPOLE MOMENTS OF SOME COMPOUNDS

The symmetry of the molecule can also be associated with its dipole moment,which is observed with carbon dioxide (no net dipole) in Figure 42.Likewise, benzene and pdichlorobenzene are symmetric planar molecules andhave dipole moments of zero. Meta and ortho derivatives of benzene, however,are not symmetric and have significant dipole moments, as listed in Table 43.


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The importance of dipole interactions should not be underestimated.

For ionic solutes and nonpolar solvents, ion induced dipoleinteractions have an essential role in solubility phenomena .

For drugreceptor binding, dipole dipole interactions are essential

noncovalent forces that contribute to enhance the pharmacologic

effect.

For solids composed of molecules with permanent dipole moments,

the dipole interactions contribute to the crystalline arrangement and

overall structural nature of the solid. For instance, water molecules in

ice crystals are organized through their dipole forces.

1 into duct ion and physical properties of molecule

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