1 international seminar on environmental odour management 2014 · santiago, 04.03.2014 1st...

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014

1st International Seminar1st International Seminaron Environmental Odour Management

20142014Santiago, Chile, 4‐5 March 2014g , ,

Considerations on Sampling and Measurement of Odours (VDI 3880 & VDI 3885/1) and enosesOdours (VDI 3880 & VDI 3885/1) and enoses

Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Franz‐Bernd Frechen,Prof. Dr. Ing. Franz Bernd Frechen,University of Kassel/Germany

Vice‐Chair, IWA Specialist Group “Odour and Volatile Emissions”(Chair from 1998 to 2011) und Bundessieger

Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESEE) Head: Prof. Dr.‐Ing. F.‐B. Frechen www.uni-kassel.de/fb14/siwawiSl

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(Chair from 1998 to 2011)Chair, DWA Committee “Emissions of waste water facilities”

u d u dess ege„Gesellschaft“


VDI 3880“Olfactometry –Static sampling”


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014VDI 3880 “Olfactometry – Static sampling”

General Requirements on SamplingWorking conditions Sampling equipment Sampling bag Sampling bagPerformance of sampling for delayed olfactometryPredilution Sampling duration: 30 minutes Sampling duration: 30 minutesNumber of samples: min. 3 samples/source and operation condition Samples Storage: < 6h, or stability has to be proven: 6 measurements (3

i di t l ft li 3 ft d i d t ti diff fimmediately after sampling, 3 after desired storage time, difference of more than a factor of 1.5 is not acceptable)

Sample transport


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Performance of sampling in relation of source typesDemarcation of active and passive sourcesActive sources (“diffuse sources” in EN 13725)Passive sources (“aerated diffuse sources” in EN 13725)Passive sources ( aerated diffuse sources in EN 13725)

Quality assurance


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air volume flow

source types according to VDI 3880

a o u e o

measurable5.2 Active sources

not measurable5.3 Passive sources

< 30 m/h>30 m/h

5 2 1 A ti i t5.2.1 Active point sourcesEN: Point Source

5.2.2 Active area sources 5.3.2 Passive area sources

EN: Fugitive Sources

EN: Aerated diffuse sources

5.3.3 Volume sources

EN: Diffuse Sources


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014types of sources

acti e pointpassive area source: e.g. landfill, wwtp, composting

active point source:e.g. stack

active area source:e.g. biofilter

volume source: e.g. building


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014active point: stack


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014active point: stack


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source: DIN 4200 (Dec. 2000)

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014active area

Scheme of an active area sourceHood or total cover to be used


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014active area: hood or complete cover?

the advantage of a complete cover is that the entire waste gas stream is emitted via one defined orifice and the determination of the total source strength is possible by measuring here, taking only three samples The total odour flow rate can thus beonly three samples. The total odour flow rate can thus be reliably determined.


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014active area sources, e.g. biofilter: complete cover


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014active area: hood or complete cover?

the advantage of a complete cover is that the entire waste gas stream is emit‐ted via one defined orifice and the determination of the total source strength is possible by measuring here, taking only three samples The total odour flow rate can thus beonly three samples. The total odour flow rate can thus be reliably determined.

usage of the hood method is beneficial if, in addition to the usage o t e ood et od s be e c a , add t o to t eoverall odour flow rate, a meaningful statement is required on the condition of the source (e.g. biofilter function) and its

ti i ti O l ith i t li i hoptimization. Only with point sampling inhomogeneous areas (flow velocity, odour concentration) can be detected, delivering a better picture of the state of individual part areas and regions p p gof, e.g., a biofilter.

the decision depends on technical possiubility and question to


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be answered!

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014active area sources, e.g. biofilter: hood


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014active area sources, e.g. biofilter: hood

how many points have to be sampled?Rectangular sources are subdivided into a grid of part areas that are as

square as possible. In the case of ground areas up to 100 m2, part areas are to be created of at f g p , p f

least approximately 10 m2 each. At least four part areas are to be formed on ground areas < 40 m2.

In the case of ground areas upwards of 100 m2 to 2 000 m2, at least one In the case of ground areas upwards of 100 m to 2 000 m , at least one further part area is to be additionally created per roughly 100 m2.

For ground areas > 2 000 m2 30 part areas are usually sufficient « For ground areas > 2 000 m , 30 part areas are usually sufficient.«


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014passive sources: how to sample ‐ no airflow present?


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passive area source?or

active area source??

passive area source !!


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Citerion set by VDI 3880 for use of sampling system on area sources: 30 m3/(m2 * h)

passive (diffuse) source: use flow‐through hoodith d l i

active (aerated diffuse) source:use sampling hood or complete cover

1

biofilter: 30 to more than 150 m3/(m2*h)

with odorless air

aeration tank: 2 to 7 m3/(m2*h)

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100itt d i fl t i 3/( 2*h)


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emitted airflow rate in m3/(m2*h)

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014passive area sources

Scheme of a passive area sourceflow-through sampling hood to be used


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014flow‐through hood on a passive area source

odorless air area related Odor Fl R t OFRtemperature &

cod = 0Qin = Qout = fixed

Flow Rate OFRqspez = cod * Qoutin ouE/(m²*h)

temperature & pressure:

inside = outside

odour emitting surface, e.g. wastewater, waste, sludge …


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014sampling with the flow‐through sampling hood

surface covered by box in m² flush air volume flow in m³/h

flushing rate in m³/(m² ∙ h)

odour concentration after sampling box in ouE/m³

area related odour flow rate qspez in ouE/(m²∙h)

total emitting area in m²odour flow rate OFR in ouE/h

only the knowledeg of the area related odour flow rate is reasonable and makes comparision possible!


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p p

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014Lemberger box


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014test of hoods during elaboration of VDI 3880


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014VDI 3880 – hood 1 (no labyrinth)


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014VDI 3880

final agreement on the type of hood:No labyrinth Shaped like can be seen in sampleDimensions see next slideDimensions see next slide

1 inlet fan 4 outlet fan1 inlet fan 4 outlet fan 2 activated carbon filter 5 sampling port3 manometer 6 diffuser plate


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(VDI 3880, 2011)

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014VDI 3880

final agreement on the requirements of the hood

inner dimensions of the flow ductL x W x H, in mm

1000 x 500 x 130

surface exposed to flow, in m² 0,5

mean flow velocity, in cm/s 6,4

contact time of air above surface,in s

15,6in s

area specific ventilation rate,in m³/(m²*h)

30


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VDI 3885/1VDI 3885/1“OlfactometryOlfactometry –

Measurement of the odour emission capacity

of liquids”of liquids


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014Where does the odour come from?

Industry Sewer System, esp. pressure mains Wastewater and Sludge Treatment and Disposal I li id h i i l d


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In may cases, liquids are the original odour sources

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014Odour measurement in the liquid: The OEC

The Odour Emission Capacity OEC of a liquid is the totalThe Odour Emission Capacity OEC of a liquid is the total amount of odorants present in that liquid that can be

stripped from this liquid under standardized conditions. [Frechen and Köster, Wat.Sci.Tech.,1998]

It is given in European odour units per cubic meter of liquid. Its unit is ou /m3Its unit is ouE/m3

liquid

The OEC method is covered by the new VDI guideline 3885/1. It will be y g /published 2014

As we strip off the odorants into air samples, quantification can be done b th t d d lf t t i th d di t CEN 13725 2003by the standard olfactometric method according to CEN 13725:2003

Also, different analytical procedures can be applied to the stripped air, lti i E i i C iti f th b t l d


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resulting in Emission Capacities of the substances analysed

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014OEC test reactor

ff l & li ioff gas outlet & sampling point

headspace

liquid

< 15 Liter

qsample30 Liter

© DESEE

fine bubbleaerator

odorless airca 0 30 m


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ca. 0.30 m© DESEE

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014evaluation – type a

2 000t

1 500

2 000olfaktometrische Meßwerte

GE E

/m3 Lu

ftE/m

3 air olfactometric results

1 500

gemessen

tion

in G

c odin ou E

measured

A 1

1 000

onze

ntra

entration

test duration

500

100hsst

offk

oou

r con

ce

A 2

A 3

00 500 1 000 1 500 2 000

Luftmenge in Liter

100

Ger

uch

odo

cumulated airflow in Liter


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Luftmenge in Litercumulated airflow in Liter

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014evaluation – type a

the measurement curve does 2 000olfaktometrische Meßwerte

m3 Lu

ftair olfactometric results

fall below the „lower integrationlimit LIL“ of cod = 100 ouE/m3

air

h OEC l h1 000

1 500

gemessen

ntra

tion

in G

E E/m

ionc o

din ou E/m

3

measured

A 1

the OECtotal equals theOECmeasured (blue area) andis the area (integral) between

500

100chss

toffk

onze

ndo

ur co

ncen

trati

A 2

A 3

test duration

s t e a ea ( teg a ) bet eethe LIL (horizontal line atcod = 100 ouE/m3

air) and the measurement curve

00 500 1 000 1 500 2 000

Luftmenge in Liter

Ger

ucod

cumulated airflow in Liter

the OECtotal is calculated as the sum of areas A1 to A3


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.20142nd + 3rd SOU in operation at the Bottrop Sewer

© Frechen© DESEE

Purpose: avoid overdosing avoid overdosing avoid underdosing


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© DESEE

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014Research‐SOU in operation in Berlin at BWB+KWB

© Frechen© DESEE


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© DESEE


electronic noses


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014can eNoses measure the olfactometric odour conc.?

The perfect eNose would be able to measure the REAL odourconcentration. This means that a mathematical model exists that converts 4 to 10 sensors readings into one number (the REAL odour concentration)odour concentration)

To establish such a model, it is necessary to do parallel measurements witheasu e e ts t eNose olfactometer

Th ll l di (th bi th th ti l l The more parallel readings (the bigger the mathematical sample size), the better the mathematical model can be


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014DESEE’s data pool

DESEE’ datapool: 5 eNose brands 3 olfactometry labs Different origins of odours Different origins of odours

project eNose period olfactomery origin of odour numberVienna A 2005 Lab 1 wastewater 382Vienna B 2005 Lab 1 wastewater 156Vienna B 2005 Lab 1 wastewater 156Hilter A 4/2008 ‐ 5/2008 Lab 2 wastewater 40emscher sewer A 1/2007 ‐ 1/2008 Lab 2 wastewater 150Biofilter C 2009 Lab 2 wastewater 12OEC with wastewater A,A 2010 Lab 2 wastewater 88safety research part 1 A,A 2007 drugs/explosives (8)safety research part 2 A,A 2010 drugs/explosives (40)l b t t C 2009 h d l hid (20)lab test C 2009 hydrogen sulphide (20)Verden A,A 2010/2011 Lab 3 wastewater 110Aachen A,A 2011 Lab 3 wastewater 156Berlin A,B,D,E 2011/2012 Lab 3 wastewater 1429


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Berlin A,B,D,E 2011/2012 Lab 3 wastewater 1429total with olfactometry: 2.523

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014Possible sources of problems and errors

Sampling Uncertainty of olfactometric measurement The eNose itself The odour’s nature The mathematical evaluation


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Uncertainty of olfactometric measurement It has to be differentiated between THE REAL ODOUR and THE ODOUR

MEASURED BY OLFACTOMETRY Olfactometry measurement has an error itself. According to Boeker (2005) y g ( )

this can be estimated to be 50%. This means: if an eNose perfectly explains the odour as measured by

olfactometry, (claimed by some vendors of eNoses: R2 = 1 !!), the modelolfactometry, (claimed by some vendors of eNoses: R 1 !!), the model has an error of 50%!


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The eNose itself t90‐time

no information provided by the manufacturers t90‐time differs from sensor to sensor90

t90‐time differs from odour to odour Some sensor signals do not converge to a final value at all – then there is no

t90‐time at all …

60 000

70.000

80.000

90.000

g

11.500

12.000

12.500

g

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

sensor re

ading

10.000

10.500

11.000

sensor re

ading

0

10.000

20.000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243

time [s]

9.000

9.500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243

time [s]


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The eNose itself t90‐time oscillating readings – mean used

10 380

10.400

10.420

10.340

10.360

10.380

or re

ading

10.300

10.320

senso

10.260

10.280

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100

103

106

109


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time [s]


The eNose itself t90‐time oscillating readings – mean used do 2 eNoses of the same type and age deliver the same readings? do 2 eNoses of the same type and age deliver the same readings?


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The eNose itself t90‐time oscillating readings – mean used do 2 eNoses of the same type and age deliver the same readings? do 2 eNoses of the same type and age deliver the same readings? aging of sensors


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The odour’s nature Although already well established in several (specific) industrial processes,

eNoses still have problems with the very varying composition of odours –e.g. wastewater odours, but also othersg ,

0,8

11

210 cocaine_solo

0,2

0,4

0,6

39

cocaine_beer

0

48

5

6

7


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6


Mathematical evaluation of the raw data is the crucial step in eNose usage. Methods may aim forQualification (“which kind of smell is that”)

100%S1 (aromatic) AK Bottrop

40%

60%

80%

100%

S2 (broadr.)

S3 (aromatic)S9 (sulphur, chlor)

S10 (methane-aliph)

Schwarzbach

0%

20%( )

S4 (hydrogen)S8 (broad, alcohol)

( p , )Druckrohrleitung

Biogasanlage: Mais-Silo (feucht)

S5 (arom-aliph)

S6 (broad, th )

S7 (sulphur, organic)

Silo (feucht)

Bauernhof: Gülletank


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methane)Legende: S1…S10 sind die Sensoren des Multisensormessgerätes

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014Mathematical evaluation

Mathematical evaluation of the raw data is the crucial step in eNose usage. Methods may aim forQualification (“which kind of smell is that”) Pattern recognition with

100%S1 (aromatic) AK Bottrop

Pattern recognition with● Configuration frequency analysis● Shape analysis● Neural networks

40%

60%

80%

100%

S2 (broadr.)

S3 (aromatic)S9 (sulphur, chlor)

S10 (methane-aliph)

Schwarzbach

0%

20%( )

S4 (hydrogen)S8 (broad, alcohol)

( p , )Druckrohrleitung

Biogasanlage: Mais-Silo (feucht)

S5 (arom-aliph)

S6 (broad, th )

S7 (sulphur, organic)

Silo (feucht)

Bauernhof: Gülletank


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methane)Legende: S1…S10 sind die Sensoren des Multisensormessgerätes

Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014Mathematical evaluation

Mathematical evaluation of the raw data is the crucial step in eNose usage. Methods may aim forQualification (“which kind of smell is that”) Pattern recognition with Pattern recognition with

● Configuration frequency analysis● Shape analysis● Neural networks

Quantification (“ouE/m3”) Partial Least Square PLS Linear Regression Nonlinear Regression Logistic Regression (below or above a given limit value) Neural networks (able to achieve nearly perfect explanation, but ability for

prediction is crucial, see below!)

in this presentation, we deal with quantification


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014Simple mathematical errors (example)

selection of data used for evaluation: The smaller the mathematical data sample size, the bigger the possibility

to get a deterministic model. In the case of ten sensors and eleven unknown coefficients in a model one always gets around 100% correct y gclassification, if using eleven measurements or less.


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Env. Odour ManagementSantiago, 04.03.2014eNoses: caution with vendor’s claims ...

Most important with mathematical models is to distinct between explanation (done in nearly 99% of cases) andprediction capabilities determination by data splitting!

If vendors claim that their eNose is capable of measuring odour If vendors claim that their eNose is capable of measuring odourwith a correlation coefficient of near 1, they usually talk about explanation of historical data (ouE/m3 measured using olfactometry vs. ouE/m3 calculated from the eNose raw data)

There are no vendors known that really check for prediction abilities If so they should testify that theyabilities. If so, they should testify that they used the bootstrap‐procedure: derive a model for explanation basing on

part (e.g. 50%) of the data (training data) (this is the explanation part, ibl ith hi h l ti ffi i t ) dpossibly with high correlation coefficients), and

applied this model to the other part of the data for prediction.

Correlation coefficients near 1 for prediction are not achievable


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as set out before (REAL odour vs OLFACTOMETRIC odour)


Correlation using model derived from training data (dataset 1)(explanation)

m3

eNos

eou

E/m

/ 3


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ouE/m3 measured


Application of the model to the test data set (dataset 2)(prediction) ...

m3

eNos

eou

E/m

/ 3


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ouE/m3 measured


Thank you for your patient attention !Thank you for your patient attention !

www.uni‐kassel.de\fb14\siwawi


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1 international seminar on environmental odour management 2014 · santiago, 04.03.2014 1st...

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