1. human dimension on fish and amphibian as indicators for a healthy environment in urban lakes of...

7/24/2019 1. Human Dimension on Fish and Amphibian as Indicators for a Healthy Environment in Urban Lakes of Kuala Lum

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UMRAN2014: Fostering Ecosphere In The Built Environment

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HUMAN DIMENSION ON FISH AND AMPHIBIAN ASINDICATORS FOR A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT IN

URBAN LAKES OF KUALA LUMPUR

Lukman Bin Ramli 1 , Liyana Binti Bakeri, Zainul Mukrim Hj Baharuddin 2

ABSTRACTFish and amphibians are among two miracles species that can detect changes happen in environment. Thisstatement has been proved to be true as the western ecologists have already make a conclusion from theirfindings that some plants and animals species might be considered as indicator species, which arecapable to give an illustration on ecosystem health, for examples frog, toad and salamander (Marshall,2013). The scenario can be summarized as simple as the presence of these species becomes sign of ahealthy milieu, while their absence tells another story. Reflecting the statement, this research was made toinvestigate the relationship between the availability of fish, frog and toad with the quality of water andenvironmental attitudes that can be the indicator for a healthy aquatic environment in lake gardens of KualaLumpur. The hypothesis was set that the higher the numbers of fish and amphibians species indicate thatthe water quality is good along with a good human dimension toward the environment. Findings from thisresearch will involve two measures; both scientific and human dimension. Beyond the scope, this study canalso increase the understanding on ecological function, which can contribute some ideas when designingecological settings. To encourage healthy environment, availability of these two species should beconsidered, for instance Marshall (2013) once again suggested to build a habitat for toad and frog, forexample to built their breeding site like pond or pool with well-vegetated and shade. This action hasautomatically turned a hectic urban setting into a desirable biodiversity hub for a healthy lifestyle.

Keywords: Indicator species, water quality, scientific research, human dimension, biodiversity

INTRODUCTIONScientific research Fish and AmphibianOne of the unique creatures of the Earth is fish. It is the best agent that enable human todetect any changes that happen in environment. Lammens (1999: 191) agree that the roleof fish become more important when it is include in lake management and restoration,where it is easy to handle rather than other living organism. The action of introduce andremoving fish have been prove to give effect to the lake through few series ofexperiments (Kerfoot & A. Sih, 1987).

The research paper is concern on the fish that live in freshwater environment.Many form of freshwater can be found; where some of them that related to this studyinclude lakes and ponds (Gledhill, 2008). Aquatic environment is part and parcel of life,thus it may somehow affect our health (Kumar, 2012).The ability of fish to metabolize,concentrate and store waterborne pollutants make it as the best indicator to study thewater pollution (Al-Sabti, 1991). The classification of freshwater fish then further

1 3 rd Year Landscape Architecture Student, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, KAED IIUM2 Asst. Prof at Dept. of Landscape Architecture, KAED IIUM


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classified into two; invasive or introduced species and native species. One of the scientistdefine invasive species as the one that is not originally from the site; which is beingintroduced (Rejmanek et al., 2002), then it will spread and conquer the site through itsuncontrolled population (see Berthuo, 2007). Meanwhile, the native species is vice versaand they are usually endemic, indigenous and exotic (Vitousek, 1997).

Amphibian belongs to animal like frog, toad, salamander, caecilians and newt.However, Malaysia only has two of them which are frog and toad. Mainly an amphibiancan live both in water and land (Attenborough, 2008). The terminology of amphibianrefers to their two complete cycle of life. Malaysia only has two of them which are frogand toad. Mainly an amphibian can live both in water and land (Attenborough, 2008).

Many researchers believe that amphibian such as frog is the best indicator foraquatic environment (Before it's too late - documentary). The reliability of frog asindicator is less argues. The only argument is whether amphibian is treating as single orsuite (Sewell and Griffiths, 2009). They have a sensitive skin that was use for breathing(http://www.saburchill.com-online). As their absorbed oxygen through their skin, it is

believed that contamination also will easily absorb through their skin.Amphibian is a cold-blooded animal and they cannot produce their own heat to

balance their body temperature. They need to depend on environment temperature tosustain their life. Amphibians can benefit to human life in many ways (whyzz, 2014-online):

They play an important role in nature as both predator and prey, sustaining thedelicate balance of nature.

They minimizing the spreading of disease such as malaria by eating the pestinsects.These two animals becoming concern in this research in which their availability in

urban area indicate the good health of a community or environment.

Figure 1: The elements of human dimension (Source: Miller 2003)

Human Perception - Behaviour,Knowledge, Attitude and ValueHuman is the main user ofenvironment. As a user, a clearunderstanding on environment is acrucial part. The relationship of humanto environment can be measurethrough few aspects; according toMichalos, 2009; they are attitude,

behaviour, knowledge and value.Environmental attitudes are important

and it is being globally discussed,frequently measured, however it oftenfailed to be understood clearly.


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Heberlein also admitted that this measure is cannot be detect using scientificmethod, as they cannot be weight, even they cannot be seen. However, he believed,understanding of attitude manages to bring understanding on behaviour. The researcher iseager to know why this important value affect or effect by scientific factor such as waterquality in order to determine the health of urban environment.

As environment consists of many elements that affect human life and well-being;for example water and wildlife, more study should be made on it. An attitude issomething else beyond simple facts that may be judged against other data, It has anevaluation component. A specific summary evaluative judgment, such as I like trees orI dislike wind is defined as an attitude by Bern (1970) and Fishbein and Ajzen (1975).

Rokeach (1973) defines value as an enduring belief that a specific mode ofconduct is personally or socially pre ferable to an opposite or converse mode of conductor end state of existence. Rokeach has identified 18 terminal values, such as acomfortable life (a prosperous life), happiness (contentedness), freedom (independence, free choice) etc. and 18 instrumental values, such as ambitious (hardworking, aspiring), logical (consistent, rational), and obedient (dutiful, respectful).

It has similarly been suggested that some conception of behavioral control beincluded in our more general models of human behavior, conceptions in the form offacilitating factors (Triandis, 1977), the context of opportunity (Sarver, 1983), resources (Liska, 1984), or action control (Kuhl, 1985).

It is vital to understand human attitude as Kuala Lumpur is now promoting theimprovement of quality of life towards sustainable environment, on how wildlife relatedto the development of green open space, for example urban parks (Zainul & Rashidi,2013). The acts of preserving the ecosystem of earth will not only give the healthyenvironment, but it also instils awareness and people value towards it (Standish et al.,2012). There were various interpretations on the relation of human and ecology, in whichhow the man value the component of ecology for example fish. The attitude of human to

nature is complicated, where it involve interchangeable process; cognitive and affectiveresponses (Clayton and Myers, 2009).

LITERATURE REVIEWIndicator and Framework InterconnectivityIndicator, much ways helps human in determining the result of a studies, for an examplea complicated studies involving elusive, unseen and far distance variables, that theresearcher may risk their life when perform the tasks. A standard can be access viaindicator where it should act as an alarm that tell the changes happen surroundings;which then involve social and political to upgrade the system (de Landsheere et al., 1994).Indicator alone is not really helpful to draw a pattern of research scope, thus it should beinter-related with framework. When a theoretical framework work with framework ofindicator, they can show the potential relationships between variables (Mainguet andBaye, 2006), thus a research can be conducted with efficiency and answerable to the

problem statement.


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New Ecological Paradigm (NEP)In this study, the theoretical framework that has been selected is the New EcologicalParadigm (NEP) scale. It is to measure the pro-ecological and Dominant Social Paradigm(DSP) worldview, in which it has been applied extensively in many fields such asenvironmental education, outdoor recreation and other spaces, then they will be explained

by substituting 3 things; values, worldview or paradigm (Berkshire Publishing Group,2012 Online). This method is a contrivance by Rikey Dunlap and his colleagues. Thereare 15 statements under NEP (Dunlap et al., 2000). Some of the questions include weare approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support (pro-ecological),and human have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs (DSP).

Biological Indicator and MonitoringObviously, biological indicator can be interpreted as using the living things as tools todetermine a result of a research. The technique used to read the biological indicator is by

biological monitoring that using aquatic organisms to measure the health of aquaticenvironment, besides these organism also active in decaying dead organisms, which cleanthe water (Herbst, 2006). Practically, this method is used to revise the previous dataobtained in laboratory, aiming to make some assessment, to determine the relevancy oflaw enforced and the criteria that being set up for a good aquatic ecosystem (Philips andRainbow, 2006).

Water QualityOther causes of death of the fish po pulation; which is fish kill phenomenon may be dueto the over-growth of algae. When the growth cannot be controlled, they will tend toclose the water surface later on, combined with each other. This then cause the lack ofoxygen penetrate undergo water surface and fish experience the failure of breathing.Besides this situation, the usage of high temperature during fish capture process willcause the decrease in population (Amiran et al., 2010).

However, the oxygen content in lakes or ponds must not exceed the optimumlevel. This will lead to a situation named as oxygen poisoned. When too much oxygencontent in water, the bubbles will fill up the fishs blood veins, thus lead to fatality(Amiran et al., 2010).

Some of fish that regularly found in contaminated habitats (with flowing water-non stagnant) are Tilapia, Clarias, Channa and Lebistes. Tilapia is a most famous speciescan be found in almost all freshwater lakes and ponds. It is a species originated fromAfrica, well known for its resistance even in very critical environment. Meanwhile,Tilapia, Trichogaster Anabas, Clarias and Channa can be found in polluted still water(Amiran et al., 2010).

Eutrophication Phenomena Phosphate, Nitrate and Nitrite contentEutrophication is the process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration ofnutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growthof algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and thedecomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of otherorganisms, such as fish (Perlman, 2014).


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Phosphorus is a plant nutrient needed for growth and a fundamental element inthe metabolic reactions of plants and animals. The excessive of phosphorus content inwater may cause blooming of algae, in which oxygen level in water can decrease thuscause the fatality of fish and other creatures.

Meanwhile, Nitrate also another nutrient needed by plants as source of food.Excess level also prevents the survival of marine life.

METHODOLOGY

Basically, the research fully relies on reading materials at the beginning to get the picture of the trends of research conducted before. After the study has been made, threeurban parks of Kuala Lumpur has been choose; Kepong Metropolitan Park (KMP) as themost favourite place for community, Perdana Botanical Garden (PBG) with the largestwater bodies and its status as a botanical park and Titiwangsa Lake Garden (TLG) as amultipurpose park with many facilities (referring to figure). During first visit, observationand some interview to the users and DBKL

authority has been made to identify fish and amphibian species at the parks. Theinventory of species on fish and amphibians at the three parks is then being included inquestionnaire to identify human knowledge on the species. Second visit was done to do asurvey to determine human perceptions on wildlife that affect the quality of aquaticenvironment, which consists of 4 elements; human knowledge, behavior, attitude andvalue towards environment. The result then is related with water test result done by

previous researcher recently at the same locations. New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) andKellert Typology were selected as theroretical frameworks used in this research todetermine human attitude towards fish and amphibian. There are 45 respondentsinvolved; 15 respondents for each parks.

Figure 2 : The description of parks by respondents in urbanlakes of Kuala Lumpur 2014.


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RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONSSpecies of Fish and Amphibian Found in Urban Lakes of KualaLumpurSpecies of Fish

Table 1: Species of fish found in 3 specific location chosen in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014.

No. LocationCommon

species Other species

1Kepong MetropolitanPark (KMP) None

2Perdana BotanicalGarden (PBG)

1.Lampam( Puntius schwanenfeldii) 2. Puyu(Anabas testudineus)

12. Keli4.Patin(Pangasius sp.)

(Siluriformes sp.)5.Sepat(Gourami sp.)

3.Haruan6. Ketutu(Oxyeleotris marmorata)

(Channa striata) 7. Rohu ( Labeo rohita)

10. Ti lapia14. Lee Koh( Cyprinus carpio.)

(Oreochromisniloticus) 8.Tamalian (Exocoetidae sp.)

9.Pacu (Serrasalminae sp.) 11. Kelisa( Scleropages formosus) 15. Kap Rumput(Cyprinidae sp.)

3Titiwangsa LakeGarden (TLG) None

Source: ( Perdana Botanical Garden Authority,2014. Table Zainul Mukrim Baharuddin, 201 3).

Figure 3: Species of fish found in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014.


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Species of AmphibiansTable 2: Species of amphibian found in 3 specific location chosen in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur.

LocationCommon species Other species

KepongMetropolitanPark (KMP)

1.Duttaphrynusmelanostictu s ( CommonSunda Toad/ Puru)

NonePerdanaBotanicalGarden(PBG)

2. H ylarana erythraea(Green Paddy frog/ Leaf

frog) 3. Fejervarya cancrivora(Mangrove frog) 4. Polypedates leucomysta(Tree frog)

TitiwangsaLakeGarden(TLG)

5. Kaloula pulchras(Banded bullfrog)

Source: ( Prof Madya Dr. Norhayati Ahmad,UKM, 2014. Table Zainul Mukrim Baharuddin 2013).

Figure 4: Species of amphibian found in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014 .

Result On Species Of Fish And Amphibian FoundBased on observation and interview session conducted at all three urban lakes chosen, itis found that there is 3 species of fish that is recognize as common species; Keli, Tilapiaand Haruan. However, there are more other species found Perdana Botanical Garden(PBG) such as Lampam, Puyu, Patin, Sepat, Ketutu, Rohu, Keli, Lee Koh, Kap Rumput,Tamalian, Pacu, and Kelisa, meanwhile non other species found at the other two urbanlake; Titiwangsa Lake Garden and Kepong Metropolitan Park.

Meanwhile, referring to table 2 , the same result found on amphibian species thatPerdana Botanical Garden has more amphibian species than the other two parks. It is alsofound that a common species amphibian is Duttaphrynus melanostictus ( Common SundaToad/ Puru) found at all parks. However, Titiwangsa Lake Garden also has another rare


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species which is Kaloul a pulchras (Banded bullfrog) , while none of rare species ofamphibian found in Kepong Metropolitan Park.

DiscussionFrom the result, the species mostly found in Perdana Botanical Garden (PBG), thusrational assumption is the human attitude and water quality should be better at the

botanical park rather than Titiwangsa Lake Garden (TLG) and Kepong Metropolitan Park(KMP). Variety and more quality species (as labeled with other species) foun d at PBG

probably because of the planting concept and landscape design of the park that applyingecological design with very dense vegetation and less hardscape found. The layout of thePBG can be seen in figures below;

Figure 5 : The ecological-friendly design of Perdana Botanical Garden, Kuala Lumpur

Water Quality Test Phosphate (PO4), Nitrate (NO3) and Nitrite (NO2)A water test has been conducted by previous researcher on the same places whereby 3

points were taken at each lake to determine the amount of Phosphate, Nitrate and Nitrate.Phosphorus is usually present in natural water as phosphates.

Figure 6: Average Phosphate (SO4) content in urbanlakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014. (Source: Nurul Azlen

Hanifah, Postgraduate IIUM)

From the water quality test done,Phosphate content is higher in PerdanaBotanical Garden Lake which is near 1.0mg/L, while the lowest content of thisnutrient is Kepong Metropolitan Parkwith less than 0.5 mg/L.

Figure 7 : Average Nitrate (NO3) content in urbanakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014. (Source: Nurul Azlen

Hanifah, Postgraduate IIUM)

From the test of Nitrate, the highest is atPerdana Botanical Garden, while the

Kepong Metropolitan Park is almost nearto it which is near 1.0 mg/L. The lowest

Nitrate content is less than 0.4 mg/L.


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Figure 8 : Average Nitrite (NO3) content in specificurban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014. (Source: Nurul

Azlen Hanifah, Postgraduate IIUM.

Generally, the Nitrite content of all lakesin three parks is low. The highest Nitritecontent was in Perdana Botanical Gardenwhich is more than 0.01 mg/L, whileKepong Metropolitan Park andTitiwangsa Lake Garden is almost samewith more than 0.005 mg/L.

Overall, it can be seen the highest content Phosphate, Nitrate and Nitrite is atPerdana Botanical Garden (PBG) which show high contamination level of water. On theother hand, Kepong Metropolitan Park (KMP) experience very low in Phosphate buthigher in Nitrate and Nitrite content. Titiwangsa Lake Garden (TLG) contained the

lowest content of nutrient show that the water quality is better than the other two parks.However, the findings were not tally to the species found (reflecting discussion onspecies found). As TLG has a better water quality, more species should be found thereinstead of PBG.

Human Perception towards Environment: Behavior, Knowledge,Attitude and ValueHuman Dimension on Fish

Figure 9: Score of human dimension on fishin urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur, 2014.

The graph represent the mean of human

dimension aspect according to 4 items; behavior, attitude, knowledge and valuetowards environment The result shown aretotal mean of score summarized fromLikerts scale, in which 1=Strong lydisagree (lowest score), and 5=Stronglyagree (highest score).

It can be seen that the highest score is in human value towards environment at which isabout 4 score in Titiwangsa Lake Garden (TLG), 3.6 score at Perdana Botanical Garden(PBG) and 3.5 score for Kepong Metropolitan Park. Meanwhile, the lowest is on humanknowledge on fish species identification as all three parks got the same score of 2.


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Table 3 : Knowledge on fish species by 45respondents at urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur

True-false method being used to test theknowledge of 45 respondents, in which thequestion consists of 15 species of fish to be

answered per respondents. The result shownis overall result, where it is the highestnumber of respondent answer true is atPerdana Botanical Park (PBG), and least

people answer false at the PBG.

DiscussionFrom the result, it can be respondent at PBG mostly have knowledge on fish. This resultis reflecting the finding in previous discussion on number of fish and amphibian speciesfound at PBG, which is highest. However, other human perception like attitude, valueand behavior is lowest at PBG, showing overall human perception on environment is lowat the PBG, while more species can be found there. The highest score on human

perception is by respondents in (Titiwangsa Lake Garden) TLG and KepongMetropolitan Park (KMP), while very less species found there.

Human Dimension on Amphibians

Figure 10: Score of human dimension on fishin urban parks of Kuala Lumpur, 2014.

Based on the graph, the highest value ofhuman dimension on amphibian can beseen on respondents at Titiwangsa LakeGarden and Kepong Lake Garden withalmost 3 score in average. Meanwhile, thelowest human attitude can be seen onrespondent at Perdana Lake Garden.

Overall, it can be seen most ofrespondent from all parks cannot identifythe species of amphibian. However,respondents at Titiwangsa Lake Garden(TLG) are the highest in identifying thespecies. Least respondent recognizespecies of amphibian is at KepongMetropolitan Park (KMP).

From the test on human knowledgeof amphibian, it is found that respondentof Titiwangsa Lake Garden have respondmore to the question by with 133respondents answer right, while the lowestknowledge on amphibian is respondent ofKepong Metropolitan Park.

Table 4: Human knowledge on speciesof amphibian in urban parks of KL, 2014.

KMP PBG TLGTrue 2 3 10False 6 5 12

Do not know 67 67 53Table 5: Human knowledge on scientific facts

of amphibian in urban parks of Kuala Lumpur , 2014.

KMP PBG TLGTrue/Yes 110 131 133False/No 223 206 202Missing 0 0 1

Statement

KMP PBG TLP

True 98 102 98

False 35 29 34Do notknow 90 94 93


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DiscussionFrom the result, respondent in TLG have more knowledge on scientific facts ofamphibians, while the lowest knowledge was at KMP. Overall, the human dimension atTLG is the highest, and the water quality also is the best from the other two parks.However, less species found probably because less trees at the parks, in which trees is agood shelter for amphibian to breed, and hide. The TLG also cover by mostly paved areacompared to PBG which seems more natural and suitable their habitat. Bromeliad speciesfound at PBG also become hiding habitat for amphibian in order to retain water in their

body, especially during drought season because the plant placed stagnant rain water.

New Ecological Paradigm

Based on the graph, bar in green colour represent the Pro-Ecological questions,while the indigo represents Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) worldview questions.Overall, it can be seen the respondents are mostly pro-Ecological. However, there gap

between the respondents with Dominant Social Paradigm is very slight in difference forevery questions asked.

DiscussionAlthough the respondents were living in an urban area, it is found from the

psychological test that they still have environmental awareness attitude as morerespondents answer they agree on Pro -Ecological questions rather than Dominant SocialParadigm (DSP). This reflects the result on respondents answer to a question; park as amedium of biodiversity restoration, where more people agree that urban park is

biodiversity restoration medium, which show the awareness on environment still high.


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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSOverall Finding and Discussion Species of Wildlife, Human Dimensionand Water Quality The research is conducted with 3 early objectives being set. The first objective is to

identify species of fish and amphibian at the three lakes via observation, tracking (catchand release the wildlife concern) and interview method. Form the result, PerdanaBotanical Garden (PBG) placed many species of fish and amphibian, where this is

becomes an indicator of the healthy environment of this urban park. The main purpose ofspecies identification is to identify from this indicator species, which parks have morequality and rare species, and the result is PBG. Thus, it can be said PBG is healthy, ifcompared to the two parks that have survival/tolerance species like Tilapia and Keli, inwhich they can survive even bad environment.

Regarding second objective which is to identify the human dimension of thevisitor at the park, in which PBG got the lowest human dimension score. From thehypothesis, the score should be as high as the number of species found. However, this

happen may be due to other factor like the visitor cannot interact at any time with thewildlife, as they have to join fishing competition for fishing, or they even cannot feed thewildlife there as the service is not being provided.

Figure 11: Visitor cannot reach the water because the retaining wall is high. Besides, no aquatic plants for fish and amphibians to play.

Third objective concerned on the water quality- phosphate, nitrate and nitritecontent. These are essential nutrients for marine life; however it is dangerous if excessiveas it can prevent oxygen from penetrating water surface. The water qualities show thatPerdana Botanical Garden has higher level of contamination, which did not reflect thespecies of fish and amphibian found there. For fish, it might be mostly of them beingintroduced for fishing competition. Meanwhile, amphibian species usually found attrees and small drain, which not really much related with water quality. As they lay eggsat clean water, some of them were found at water fountain and small drain with stagnantwater. Amphibian species were found hiding in Bromeliad species.


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Figure 12 : Preferable habitat ofamphibian, less water and more boulders.

After undergo final analysis of whole data,hypothesis as mentioned in abstract earlier isarguable. Initially, the hypothesis relates all threefactors; whereby higher the numbers of fish andamphibians species indicate that the water qualityis good along with a good human dimensiontoward the environment. As Perdana Lake Garden

placed many species of wildlife, low humandimension and low water quality, it can beconcluded these three factors cannot be relate witheach other.

After undergo final analysis of whole data, hypothesis as mentioned in abstract earlier isarguable. Initially, the hypothesis relates all three factors; whereby higher the numbers offish and amphibians species indicate that the water quality is good along with a goodhuman dimension toward the environment. As Perdana Lake Garden placed many speciesof wildlife, low human dimension and low water quality, it can be concluded these threefactors cannot be relate with each other.

There are so many exterior factor affect the result of the research, for example thedifferent habitat of amphibian make it failed to be relate with water quality, the size of

parks, the design of parks and the way people use the park.

Design recommendationsFrom the analysis made, the suitable design of the park might be as Perdana BotanicalGarden (PBG), as the dense vegetations make the park able to place so many species.Although they probably being introduced due to high contamination level, they might benit survive for long if the habitat is not conducive.

As the environment success to restore biodiversity, human dimension on wildlifesupposedly to be high, as human are the main users of environment. The sustainability ofenvironment for future generation mostly depends on the decision make by human,whether to demolish the nature or instill green into grey (urban place). High humandimension will lead to heartier and healthier environment.

To increase the human dimension, the sustainable and user friendly design can beintroduced, to bring human close to nature and instill love towards nature in their heart.One of the recommendations is to enhance the lake with riparian design, in which peoplecan easily interact with nature, even provide access with the lake so they can value thenature. Riparian system can also fix the problem of soil erosion and water runoff.


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Figure 13 : Design recommended for amphibian and fish habitat in urban lakes of Kuala Lumpur. Ripariansystem can become a way of biodiversity restoration.

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