1. How does our brain determine the 1. How does our brain determine the direction of a sound?direction of a sound?

By calculating the By calculating the slight difference in slight difference in time that it takes time that it takes sound waves to sound waves to reach the two earsreach the two ears

Also by the Also by the difference in difference in intensity intensity

2. To what does “pitch” refer?2. To what does “pitch” refer?

The subjective experience of a sound The subjective experience of a sound being high or lowbeing high or low

3. For which type of sounds does frequency 3. For which type of sounds does frequency theory apply? 4. For place theory?theory apply? 4. For place theory?

Frequency theory – applies to low Frequency theory – applies to low pitched soundspitched sounds

Place theory – determines medium to Place theory – determines medium to higher-pitched soundshigher-pitched sounds

5. What is the difference 5. What is the difference between the two theories’ between the two theories’

explanations?explanations? Frequency theory explains that Frequency theory explains that

the rate at which nerve impulses the rate at which nerve impulses reach the brain determines how reach the brain determines how low the pitch of sound islow the pitch of sound is

Place theory explains that higher Place theory explains that higher pitched sounds are interpreted pitched sounds are interpreted based upon the location on the based upon the location on the basilar membrane (in the basilar membrane (in the cochlea) where maximum cochlea) where maximum vibration occursvibration occurs

Fig. 8-20. Severe noise damage. Shown is a total loss of a region of the organ of Corti along with the nerve fibers that innervated it. MNF=myelinated nerve fibers; OC=organ of Corti. (Photo and editorial help courtesy of Barbara A. Bohne and Gary W. Harding, Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO)

6. What are the functions of the 6. What are the functions of the vestibular system?vestibular system?

Sensing the Sensing the position of the position of the headhead

Keeping the Keeping the head uprighthead upright

Maintaining Maintaining balancebalance

7. What causes motion 7. What causes motion sickness?sickness?

When there is a When there is a sensory sensory mismatch mismatch between the between the information from information from the vestibular the vestibular system and the system and the information information reported by your reported by your eyeseyes

8. What is Meniere’s disease?8. What is Meniere’s disease?

Sudden attacks of Sudden attacks of dizziness, nausea, dizziness, nausea, vomiting , vomiting , spinning, and spinning, and head-splitting head-splitting buzzing sounds buzzing sounds caused by an caused by an infection of the infection of the inner earinner ear

9. Why are taste and smell 9. Why are taste and smell chemical senses?chemical senses?

Because the raw Because the raw materials being materials being sensed and sensed and processed are processed are chemicalschemicals

10. How often are taste buds 10. How often are taste buds replaced?replaced?

About every 10 daysAbout every 10 days

11. What percentage of people 11. What percentage of people are supertasters?are supertasters?

25%25%

12. How do we experience 12. How do we experience flavor?flavor?

The combination of taste and smell, The combination of taste and smell, as well as other sensory input and as well as other sensory input and our experiencesour experiences

13. Where in the brain are the 13. Where in the brain are the impulses for smells processed impulses for smells processed

(first)?(first)? In the olfactory bulbIn the olfactory bulb

14. Approximately how many 14. Approximately how many different odors can humans different odors can humans

identify?identify?About 10,000About 10,000

15. What are three different 15. What are three different functions of olfaction?functions of olfaction?

Identify the taste of foodIdentify the taste of foodWarn of potentially dangerous foodWarn of potentially dangerous foodTo elicit strong memories associated To elicit strong memories associated

with emotionwith emotion

TouchTouch 1. includes pressure, temperature (warm and cold 1. includes pressure, temperature (warm and cold

receptors), and painreceptors), and pain 2. arise from stimulation of receptors on or near the 2. arise from stimulation of receptors on or near the

surface of the skinsurface of the skin a. hair receptors, free nerve endings, and Pacinian a. hair receptors, free nerve endings, and Pacinian

corpuscles act as receptorscorpuscles act as receptors b. processed in the somatosensory cortexb. processed in the somatosensory cortex C. C. The Experience of PainThe Experience of Pain 1. Nerve endings are the receptors for pain and send 1. Nerve endings are the receptors for pain and send

the information to the brain via the spinal cordthe information to the brain via the spinal cord a. large nerve fibers carry the impulses faster than a. large nerve fibers carry the impulses faster than

small small b. large myelinated fibers (A-delta) are responsible b. large myelinated fibers (A-delta) are responsible

for sensations of sharp localized painfor sensations of sharp localized pain c. thin unmyelinated fibers (C fibers) are responsible c. thin unmyelinated fibers (C fibers) are responsible

for longer lasting, less localized, aching or burning for longer lasting, less localized, aching or burning pain (also carries temperature information)pain (also carries temperature information)

2. 2. Gate-control theoryGate-control theory hypothesized that a “gate” (a pattern of neural hypothesized that a “gate” (a pattern of neural

activity) in the spinal cord can block the pain signals activity) in the spinal cord can block the pain signals from reaching the brainfrom reaching the brain

helps explain why rubbing an injured spot can helps explain why rubbing an injured spot can temporarily alleviate pain (creates a pattern of temporarily alleviate pain (creates a pattern of neural activity that blocks the signals from the C neural activity that blocks the signals from the C fibers)fibers)

not much empirical data to support the theorynot much empirical data to support the theory 3. Attention and emotional state has a lot to do with 3. Attention and emotional state has a lot to do with

whether you experience pain and its intensitywhether you experience pain and its intensity 4. The production of 4. The production of endorphinsendorphins act as pain act as pain

relieversrelievers thought that acupuncture releases endorphins thought that acupuncture releases endorphins

thereby relieving the symptoms of chronic painthereby relieving the symptoms of chronic pain 5. Cultural differences in pain perception can be 5. Cultural differences in pain perception can be

attributed to the willingness to tolerateattributed to the willingness to tolerate