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HallucinogenHallucinogenssByBy

Kasey AndrewsKasey Andrews

Kelly McDowellKelly McDowell

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StatisticsStatistics

1965-1971:1965-1971: Hallucinogen use rose tenfold Hallucinogen use rose tenfold from 90,000 to 900,000 new users.from 90,000 to 900,000 new users.

1990-2000: 1990-2000: Use again rose, nearly 3 fold Use again rose, nearly 3 fold from 600,000 to 1.5 million new users.from 600,000 to 1.5 million new users.

2001-2002:2001-2002: LSD use decreased LSD use decreased dramatically while MDMA and others rose. dramatically while MDMA and others rose.

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DefinitionsDefinitions

““Substances that create gross distortions in Substances that create gross distortions in perception without causing loss of perception without causing loss of consciousness when administered in low consciousness when administered in low doses.”doses.”

““Substances that alter sensory processing in Substances that alter sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual the brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in thought disturbances, changes in thought processing, and depersonalization.”processing, and depersonalization.”

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HallucinogensHallucinogens also called… also called…

PsychedelicsPsychedelics:: substances that expand or substances that expand or heighten perception and consciousness.heighten perception and consciousness.

PsychotomimeticPsychotomimetic:: substances that substances that mimic psychosis. mimic psychosis.

PsychotogenicPsychotogenic:: substances that produce substances that produce psychosis.psychosis.

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Hallucinogens …Hallucinogens …

Are found naturally in plants and can Are found naturally in plants and can be produced synthetically.be produced synthetically.

Are used by Native American tribes for Are used by Native American tribes for use during religious ceremonies.use during religious ceremonies.

Resemble 1 of 4 neurotransmittersResemble 1 of 4 neurotransmitters AcetylcholineAcetylcholine Catecholamines (Norepinephrine & Dopamine)Catecholamines (Norepinephrine & Dopamine) SerotoninSerotonin

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Common Hallucinogenic Common Hallucinogenic EffectsEffects

1)1) Alterations in time Alterations in time and space perceptionand space perception

2)2) Changes in self-Changes in self-awarenessawareness

3)3) Increase sensitivity Increase sensitivity to textures, shapes, to textures, shapes, tastes, and soundstastes, and sounds

4)4) Visual disturbances Visual disturbances (i.e. flashes of light (i.e. flashes of light or kaleidoscope-or kaleidoscope-like patterns)like patterns)

5)5) HallucinationsHallucinations

6)6) Feelings of Feelings of enlightenment or enlightenment or spiritual awakeningspiritual awakening

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4 Categories 4 Categories of of

HallucinogensHallucinogens

1)1) AnticholinergicAnticholinergic2)2) Catecholamine-likeCatecholamine-like3)3) Serotonin-likeSerotonin-like4)4) Psychedelic AnestheticsPsychedelic Anesthetics

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AnticholinergicAnticholinergicHallucinogensHallucinogens

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Attach to Acetylcholine receptors and block Attach to Acetylcholine receptors and block the site so Acetylcholine cannot attach.the site so Acetylcholine cannot attach.

Impairs learning and memory as resultImpairs learning and memory as result

Found in Belladonna, Nightshade, Found in Belladonna, Nightshade, Jimsonweed, and Mandrake plants.Jimsonweed, and Mandrake plants.

EffectsEffects:: Dry mouth, decreased sweating, dry Dry mouth, decreased sweating, dry skin, increased body temperature, blurred skin, increased body temperature, blurred vision, increased heart rate, dilated pupils, vision, increased heart rate, dilated pupils, drowsiness, decreased attention.drowsiness, decreased attention.

@ High Doses@ High Doses = Hallucinations, paralysis = Hallucinations, paralysis of of respiratory system, coma, and death.respiratory system, coma, and death.

ExamplesExamples:: Scopolamine, Mandrake, Hyoscine, Scopolamine, Mandrake, Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine, and Atropine.Hyoscyamine, and Atropine.

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o ScopolamineScopolamine used as poison and used as poison and

aphrodisiac in aphrodisiac in Renaissance Times.Renaissance Times.

Contained in Datura Contained in Datura plant. Mixed with drinks plant. Mixed with drinks to create a stupor in to create a stupor in wives of chiefs or wives of chiefs or warriors before they warriors before they were buried alive.were buried alive.

o MandrakeMandrake used to treat anxiety used to treat anxiety

and acute pain.and acute pain.

datura

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Catecholamine-Catecholamine-LikeLike

HallucinogensHallucinogens

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Also called Phenethylamine Also called Phenethylamine PsychedelicsPsychedelics

Structurally similar to Catecholamines Structurally similar to Catecholamines (Norepinephrine & Dopamine) and (Norepinephrine & Dopamine) and Amphetamines.Amphetamines.

Explains why these drugs have stimulant and Explains why these drugs have stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.hallucinogenic effects.

Are mixed Dopamine and Serotonin Are mixed Dopamine and Serotonin agonists.agonists.

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EXAMPLESEXAMPLES::

MescalineMescaline

MyristinMyristin

ElemicinElemicin

Synthetic Amphetamine Synthetic Amphetamine DerivativesDerivatives

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Myristin & ElemicinMyristin & Elemicin MyristinMyristin:: found in nutmeg found in nutmeg ElemicinElemicin:: found in mace found in mace Has similar structure as MescalineHas similar structure as Mescaline Blocks release of serotonin in brain Blocks release of serotonin in brain

neurons.neurons. 5-15 g. (approximately 2 tablespoons) 5-15 g. (approximately 2 tablespoons)

in tea will produce confusion, in tea will produce confusion, disorientation, depersonalization, and disorientation, depersonalization, and feelings of unreality.feelings of unreality.

Side EffectsSide Effects: vomiting, nausea, : vomiting, nausea, agitation, dry mouth, rapid heart beat, agitation, dry mouth, rapid heart beat, and tremors. and tremors.

Negative effects can last up to 12 hours.Negative effects can last up to 12 hours.

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Synthetic Amphetamine Synthetic Amphetamine DerivativesDerivatives

DOM DOM (dimethoxymethylamphetamine)(dimethoxymethylamphetamine)

MDA MDA (Methylenedioxyamphetamine)(Methylenedioxyamphetamine)

TMA TMA (trimethoxyamphetamine)(trimethoxyamphetamine)

DMA DMA (dimethoxymethylamphetamine)(dimethoxymethylamphetamine)

MDE MDE (methylenedioxyethylamphetamine)(methylenedioxyethylamphetamine)

MDMA MDMA (methylenedioymethamphetamine)(methylenedioymethamphetamine)

PMA PMA (paramethoxyamphetamine)(paramethoxyamphetamine)

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Cause increase of serotonin in Cause increase of serotonin in synaptic cleft, & block the reuptake synaptic cleft, & block the reuptake of it from cleft.of it from cleft.

= same for Dopamine= same for Dopamine

Increased Serotonin effects sensory Increased Serotonin effects sensory information reception, and causes information reception, and causes changes in sleep patterns and emotions.changes in sleep patterns and emotions.

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DOMDOM 1-6 mg doses produce euphoria and 1-6 mg doses produce euphoria and

hallucinations for 6-8 hours in duration.hallucinations for 6-8 hours in duration. Hallucinogenic effects overpower the Hallucinogenic effects overpower the

amphetamine effects. (is stimulant at amphetamine effects. (is stimulant at low doses and hallucinogen at high low doses and hallucinogen at high doses)doses)

At At ToxicToxic doses can produce tremors, doses can produce tremors, convulsions, and death.convulsions, and death.

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MDA MDA

Metabolite of MDMAMetabolite of MDMA Synthesized in 1910Synthesized in 1910 Schedule I Drug in 1970Schedule I Drug in 1970 Used to decrease appetite.Used to decrease appetite. Called “Love Drug” because it heightens tactile Called “Love Drug” because it heightens tactile

sensations.sensations. Causes increased release of Causes increased release of Serotonin, Serotonin,

Dopamine, and Norepinephrine.Dopamine, and Norepinephrine. EffectEffect: dilation of pupils, tightening of jaw, : dilation of pupils, tightening of jaw,

grinding of teeth, and physical exhaustion that grinding of teeth, and physical exhaustion that can last for 2 days.can last for 2 days.

High DosesHigh Doses: (100-150 mg) convulsions and : (100-150 mg) convulsions and death.death.

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MDMAMDMA Street NamesStreet Names:: Adam, Adam,

Ecstasy, X, E, XTC, Blue Ecstasy, X, E, XTC, Blue Kisses, E bombs, Happy Kisses, E bombs, Happy Pill, Hug Drug, Smurfs, Pill, Hug Drug, Smurfs, Wafers, & others Wafers, & others

More psychedelic than More psychedelic than MDAMDA

Synthesized in 1912Synthesized in 1912 Schedule 1 Drug in Schedule 1 Drug in

19851985 Effects similar to MDAEffects similar to MDA

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MDMA CombosMDMA Combos

Candy Flipping = LSD + MDMACandy Flipping = LSD + MDMA Diamonds = Amphetamines + MDMADiamonds = Amphetamines + MDMA Disco Biscuits = Depressants + MDMADisco Biscuits = Depressants + MDMA Flower Flipping = Mushrooms + MDMAFlower Flipping = Mushrooms + MDMA H-Bomb = Heroin + MDMAH-Bomb = Heroin + MDMA Gum = Opium + MDMAGum = Opium + MDMA Kitty Flipping = Ketamine + MDMAKitty Flipping = Ketamine + MDMA Sextasy = Viagra + MDMASextasy = Viagra + MDMA

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PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics: : orally, injected, or snorted.orally, injected, or snorted. Effects last 3-6 hoursEffects last 3-6 hours Dose is 1-2 tablets (60-120 mg each)Dose is 1-2 tablets (60-120 mg each) Readily absorbed in GI tractReadily absorbed in GI tract

PharmacodynamicsPharmacodynamics:: Increases levels of Norepinephrine, Increases levels of Norepinephrine,

dopamine, & serotonin released.dopamine, & serotonin released.

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MDMA EffectsMDMA Effects

Hallucinogenic Effects:Hallucinogenic Effects: distortions in distortions in time & perception.time & perception.

Stimulant Effects:Stimulant Effects: Euphoria & Euphoria & hyperactivity, increase blood hyperactivity, increase blood pressure & heart ratepressure & heart rate

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MDMA…The Negative MDMA…The Negative EffectsEffects

Psychological: Psychological: depression, severe anxiety, paranoia, depression, severe anxiety, paranoia, and sleep disturbances.and sleep disturbances.

Physical: Physical: muscle tension, teeth clenching, nausea, muscle tension, teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movements, chills, & blurred vision, rapid eye movements, chills, & faintness.faintness.

High doses: High doses: sharp increase in body temperature, sharp increase in body temperature, muscle breakdown, and kidney & cardiovascular muscle breakdown, and kidney & cardiovascular system failure.system failure.

These effect also happen at low doses in combination with These effect also happen at low doses in combination with intense exercise or acitivity.intense exercise or acitivity.

Long-Term: Long-Term: liver damage & brain damage.liver damage & brain damage. Brain damage due to destruction of serotonin producing neurons Brain damage due to destruction of serotonin producing neurons

= therefore problems regulating mood, pain, sleep, and = therefore problems regulating mood, pain, sleep, and aggression can result. aggression can result.

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MDMA effect on Serotonin producing MDMA effect on Serotonin producing neuronsneurons

2 wks: 83-95% reduction in serotonin axon density.

7 yrs: some recovery occurs, but significant loss of serotonin neurons has occurred.

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PMAPMA Effects similar to that of MDMA, but more Effects similar to that of MDMA, but more

toxic.toxic. Is extremely potent and lethal.Is extremely potent and lethal. Schedule 1 Drug in 1973Schedule 1 Drug in 1973 Sold in tablet, capsule, or powder form.Sold in tablet, capsule, or powder form. Administered orally, inhaled, or injected.Administered orally, inhaled, or injected. >50 mg = >50 mg = LETHALLETHAL, causing cardiac , causing cardiac

arrhythmia, renal failure, vomiting, arrhythmia, renal failure, vomiting, hyperthermia, convulsions, and death.hyperthermia, convulsions, and death.

Street NamesStreet Names: : Death, Mitsubishi Double-Stack.Death, Mitsubishi Double-Stack.

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PMA ContPMA Cont.. 1973: 1973: produced in Canada in produced in Canada in

clandestine labs.clandestine labs. 11 deaths attributed to its use in this 11 deaths attributed to its use in this

year alone.year alone. 2000: 2000: 7 deaths due to PMA use. 7 deaths due to PMA use.

Victims believed they were taking Victims believed they were taking ecstasy, so they accidentally overdosed.ecstasy, so they accidentally overdosed.

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Serotonin-like Serotonin-like HallucinogensHallucinogens

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o Also called Also called Indoleamine Indoleamine PsychedelicsPsychedelics

o Act as agonist of Act as agonist of Serotonin Serotonin ReceptorsReceptors

• specifically 5-HTspecifically 5-HT22 Serotonin ReceptorsSerotonin Receptors

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ExamplesExamples::LSDLSD

PsilocybinPsilocybinPsilocinPsilocin

DMTDMTBufotenineBufotenineOloliuquiOloliuquiHarmineHarmine

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LLSSDD

Lysergic Lysergic Acid Acid DiethylamideDiethylamide

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Street NamesStreet Names

Acid, Battery Acid, Pane, Brown Bombers, Acid, Battery Acid, Pane, Brown Bombers, Coffee, Crystal Tea, Dots, Golden Dragon, Coffee, Crystal Tea, Dots, Golden Dragon, Haze, Looney Toons, Microdot, Lucy, Paper Haze, Looney Toons, Microdot, Lucy, Paper Acid, Pearly Gates, Pink Panther, Rainbow, Acid, Pearly Gates, Pink Panther, Rainbow, Superman, White Lightening, Window Superman, White Lightening, Window Glass, Yin Yang, Zen, Yellow Sunshine, Glass, Yin Yang, Zen, Yellow Sunshine, Sugar Cubes, & others. Sugar Cubes, & others.

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Derived from ergot alkaloids of the rye fungus.Derived from ergot alkaloids of the rye fungus. Colorless, odorless, bitter taste.Colorless, odorless, bitter taste. Most potent mood & perception altering drug Most potent mood & perception altering drug

known to man. (can cause effects at 25 known to man. (can cause effects at 25 μμg = in g = in weight to a few grains of salt).weight to a few grains of salt).

Can be synthesized in 1 weekCan be synthesized in 1 week Was used to treat alcoholism, paranoia, Was used to treat alcoholism, paranoia,

schizophrenia, and autism. schizophrenia, and autism.

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HistoryHistory 1938:1938: Albert Hofmann synthesizes LSD-25 Albert Hofmann synthesizes LSD-25 1943: 1943: Hofmann discovers hallucinogenic effects Hofmann discovers hallucinogenic effects

11stst hand when he accidentally ingests it. hand when he accidentally ingests it. Later he ingests 0.25 mg of it thinking it is a minimal Later he ingests 0.25 mg of it thinking it is a minimal

dose, when in actuality it is 10 times the dose needed to dose, when in actuality it is 10 times the dose needed to produce an effect.produce an effect.

““My visual field wavered and everything appeared My visual field wavered and everything appeared deformed as in a faulty mirror. Space and time became deformed as in a faulty mirror. Space and time became more and more disorganized and I was overcome by fear more and more disorganized and I was overcome by fear that I was going out of my mind… It was particularly that I was going out of my mind… It was particularly striking how acoustic perceptions, such as the noise of striking how acoustic perceptions, such as the noise of water gushing from a tap or the spoken word, were water gushing from a tap or the spoken word, were transformed into optical illusions.”transformed into optical illusions.”

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History Cont.History Cont. 1950-1963: 1950-1963: LSD used experimentally in mental LSD used experimentally in mental

facilities as treatment for mental disorders.facilities as treatment for mental disorders. 1950’s: 1950’s: CIA & Army conduct secret experiments on CIA & Army conduct secret experiments on

human subjects using LSD.human subjects using LSD. 1953: 1953: Frank Olsen, a biochemist, kills himself after Frank Olsen, a biochemist, kills himself after

unknowingly consuming a drink containing LSD.unknowingly consuming a drink containing LSD. 1966: 1966: Timothy Leary, an former professor at Timothy Leary, an former professor at

Harvard, forms a religion called “League of Harvard, forms a religion called “League of Spiritual Discovery” in an attempt to use LSD and Spiritual Discovery” in an attempt to use LSD and other hallucinogens legally. other hallucinogens legally.

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History Cont.History Cont. 1976: 1976: truth about the CIA & Army truth about the CIA & Army

experiments are uncovered, revealing experiments are uncovered, revealing that nearly 585 soldiers and 900 that nearly 585 soldiers and 900 civilians were given LSD without their civilians were given LSD without their knowledge for research purposes.knowledge for research purposes.

March 31, 2003:March 31, 2003: DEA busts the DEA busts the biggest LSD lab in history, seizing biggest LSD lab in history, seizing 41.3 kg 41.3 kg or or 91 lbs. 91 lbs. of LSD.of LSD.

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LSD in Popular CultureLSD in Popular Culture Timothy Leary was a Timothy Leary was a

psychologist in the 1960’s psychologist in the 1960’s advocating LSD use to advocating LSD use to enhance awareness. He enhance awareness. He began running experiments began running experiments with subjects under the with subjects under the influence of LSD. Jerry Garcia influence of LSD. Jerry Garcia was among them. was among them.

He also coined the phrase: He also coined the phrase: “Tune in, Turn on, Drop out.”“Tune in, Turn on, Drop out.”

After being removed from his After being removed from his position at Harvard, Leary position at Harvard, Leary founded two institutions for founded two institutions for further LSD study.further LSD study.

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LSD in popular culture LSD in popular culture cont.cont.

Lewis Carroll's Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Through the Looking GlassGlass written about written about an LSD experience.an LSD experience.

Popular musicians of Popular musicians of the 1960’s greatly the 1960’s greatly influenced by LSD. influenced by LSD. Ex- Beatles, Grateful Ex- Beatles, Grateful Dead etc. Dead etc.

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PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics Administered orally, smoked, snorted, or injected.Administered orally, smoked, snorted, or injected. Doses 25-300 Doses 25-300 μμg. g. (lethal dose = 14,000 (lethal dose = 14,000 μμg)g) Microdots: Microdots: tablet form, tablet form, Window panes: Window panes: LSD in gelatin, LSD in gelatin,

Blotter acid: Blotter acid: liquid added to paper, liquid added to paper, Sugar cubes:Sugar cubes: LSD in LSD in sugar cubes.sugar cubes.

Absorbed within 1 hour.Absorbed within 1 hour. Effects last 6-12 hours.Effects last 6-12 hours. Diffuses across all barriers in bodyDiffuses across all barriers in body Metabolized in liver and excreted in urineMetabolized in liver and excreted in urine No physical/physiological dependenceNo physical/physiological dependence Few if any withdrawal symptomsFew if any withdrawal symptoms Tolerance and cross-tolerance to other hallucinogens does Tolerance and cross-tolerance to other hallucinogens does

occur. (is lost within days after cessation of use).occur. (is lost within days after cessation of use).

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PharmacodynamicsPharmacodynamics

Binds to 5-HTBinds to 5-HT22 serotonin receptors serotonin receptors Effects due to disruption of raphe nuclei Effects due to disruption of raphe nuclei

(pons/medulla), which filters incoming (pons/medulla), which filters incoming sensory stimuli, creating surge of sensory sensory stimuli, creating surge of sensory information and overload of brain circuits.information and overload of brain circuits.

Effects cerebral cortex (involved in mood, Effects cerebral cortex (involved in mood, cognition, and perception) & locus cognition, and perception) & locus ceruleus (receives sensory info)ceruleus (receives sensory info)

LSD in high concentrations in iris of eye.LSD in high concentrations in iris of eye.

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EffectsEffects Dilation of pupils, dizziness, dreamy detached Dilation of pupils, dizziness, dreamy detached

feelings, changes in time perception, feelings, changes in time perception, color/smells/sounds intensified, increase heart rate color/smells/sounds intensified, increase heart rate & blood pressure, sweating, dry mouth, & blood pressure, sweating, dry mouth, hallucinations.hallucinations.

At At High High doses causes nausea, tremors, & doses causes nausea, tremors, & confusion.confusion.

Moods typically depends on mood prior to use, Moods typically depends on mood prior to use, causing those to become intensified.causing those to become intensified.

However, moods can change quickly from euphoria However, moods can change quickly from euphoria to terror and panic.to terror and panic.

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2 Types of Emotional 2 Types of Emotional Responses to LSDResponses to LSD::

Ecstatic-Transcendental Reactions: Ecstatic-Transcendental Reactions: users users become talkative, euphoric, ideas seem become talkative, euphoric, ideas seem to have great importance.to have great importance.

Panic & Psychotic-like Reactions: Panic & Psychotic-like Reactions: users users experience intense anxiety & fear, lose experience intense anxiety & fear, lose control of thoughts & emotions, become control of thoughts & emotions, become paniced.paniced.

Known as aKnown as a Bad TripBad Trip Can result in accidents or accidental suicides Can result in accidents or accidental suicides

due to individual attempting to flee panic due to individual attempting to flee panic and terror they are experiencing.and terror they are experiencing.

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Long-Term EffectsLong-Term Effects

1.1. PsychosisPsychosis = dramatic mood swings = dramatic mood swings

2.2. HPPD (Hallucinogen Persisting HPPD (Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder) Perception Disorder) = also called = also called FlashbacksFlashbacks. Former users . Former users experience experience spontaneous/repeated/continuous spontaneous/repeated/continuous sensory distortions (seeing false sensory distortions (seeing false motions or trails, etc.)motions or trails, etc.)

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DMTDMT(Dimethyltryptamine)(Dimethyltryptamine)

• Short-acting serotonin agonist (30 min)Short-acting serotonin agonist (30 min)= Called “businessman’s lunch break drug”= Called “businessman’s lunch break drug”

• Produces LSD-like effects Produces LSD-like effects • snorted or smokedsnorted or smoked

• Can’t be taken orally, because acid in stomach Can’t be taken orally, because acid in stomach destroys drug before absorption can occur.destroys drug before absorption can occur.

• Metabolized by MAO (monoamine oxidase)Metabolized by MAO (monoamine oxidase)• Found in Leguminous trees & shrubs in Found in Leguminous trees & shrubs in

West Indies and South AmericaWest Indies and South America• Dose 60-150 mgDose 60-150 mg

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BufotenineBufotenine

Found in toad skinsFound in toad skins Metabolized by Metabolized by

MAOMAO

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Psilocybin/PsilocinPsilocybin/Psilocin(4-phosphoryl-DMT)/(4-hydroxy-DMT)(4-phosphoryl-DMT)/(4-hydroxy-DMT)

o Found in Found in psiloycbe mexicana mushroompsiloycbe mexicana mushroomo Peak effects within 2 hours, and last 6-10 Peak effects within 2 hours, and last 6-10

hours.hours.o Psilocybin broken down into psilocin (active Psilocybin broken down into psilocin (active

psychedelic agent).psychedelic agent).o Eaten dried or freshEaten dried or fresho Hallucinogenic effects at doses > 4 mgHallucinogenic effects at doses > 4 mg

o Dried mushroom contains 0.2-0.4% psilocybinDried mushroom contains 0.2-0.4% psilocybin

o Street NamesStreet Names: : mushrooms, magic mushrooms, mushrooms, magic mushrooms, shrooms, Musk, Silly Putty, Simple Simon.shrooms, Musk, Silly Putty, Simple Simon.

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Psilocybin/Psilocin HistoryPsilocybin/Psilocin History

o 1955: 1955: identified by identified by Gordon WassonGordon Wasson

o 1958:1958: extracted by extracted by Albert HofmannAlbert Hofmanno Ate 32 mushrooms Ate 32 mushrooms

to discover effect.to discover effect.

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OloliuquiOloliuqui Found in morning glory Found in morning glory

seedsseeds Used by tribes in Used by tribes in

Central & South Central & South AmericaAmerica

100+ seeds creates 100+ seeds creates hallucinations, distorted hallucinations, distorted visions, confusion.visions, confusion.

Side EffectsSide Effects: : nausea, nausea, vomiting, headache, & vomiting, headache, & sleepiness.sleepiness.

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HarmineHarmine

Found in plants & shrubs in Middle Found in plants & shrubs in Middle East & South America.East & South America.

Side EffectsSide Effects: : intoxication, intoxication, hallucinations, sleep, nausea, and hallucinations, sleep, nausea, and vomiting.vomiting.

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Psychedelic Psychedelic AnestheticsAnesthetics

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PCPPCP(Phencyclidine)(Phencyclidine)

Street NamesStreet Names: : Angel Angel Dust, Black Dust, Blue Dust, Black Dust, Blue Madman, Busy Bee, Madman, Busy Bee, Cliffhanger, Crazy Cliffhanger, Crazy Coke, Crystal T, Coke, Crystal T, Dipper, Devil’s Dust, Dipper, Devil’s Dust, Embalming Fluid, Embalming Fluid, Peace Pill, Peter Pan, Peace Pill, Peter Pan, Rocket Fuel, Tic Tac, Rocket Fuel, Tic Tac, Wobble Weed, Yellow Wobble Weed, Yellow Weed. Weed.

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HistoryHistory Developed in Developed in 19561956 as intravenous as intravenous

anesthetic.anesthetic. 1965: 1965: Use was discontinued due to Use was discontinued due to

delirium and mania experienced after delirium and mania experienced after coming off drug (effects lasted up to coming off drug (effects lasted up to 18 hours).18 hours).

1967: 1967: 1st appeared on streets.1st appeared on streets.

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PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics

Administered orally, smoked, Administered orally, smoked, snorted, or injected.snorted, or injected.

Often applied to parsley, oregano, or Often applied to parsley, oregano, or marijuana.marijuana.

Stimulates brain reward areas, thus Stimulates brain reward areas, thus creating psychological dependence.creating psychological dependence.

Withdrawal symptoms sometimes Withdrawal symptoms sometimes occur.occur.

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Dose EffectsDose Effects• Low to moderate DosesLow to moderate Doses: (< 5 mg) : (< 5 mg) increased increased

respiration, heart beat, and blood pressure; respiration, heart beat, and blood pressure; profuse sweating, numbness of extremities, profuse sweating, numbness of extremities, muscular incoordination, hallucinations, muscular incoordination, hallucinations, feelings of increased strength and feelings of increased strength and invulnerability.invulnerability.

• High DosesHigh Doses: (> 10 mg) : (> 10 mg) decreased respiration, decreased respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure; nausea, heart rate, and blood pressure; nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, flickering eyes. vomiting, blurred vision, flickering eyes. Drooling, dizziness, seizures, coma, death.Drooling, dizziness, seizures, coma, death.

• Long-termLong-term: : memory loss, speech difficulties, memory loss, speech difficulties, depression, weight loss.depression, weight loss.

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PharmacodynamicsPharmacodynamics NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) or NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) or

Glutamate receptors.Glutamate receptors. Blocks open channel on NMDA Blocks open channel on NMDA

receptor preventing glutamate from receptor preventing glutamate from attaching and creating its effect.attaching and creating its effect.

Glutamate plays role in pain perception, Glutamate plays role in pain perception, memory, cognition, and emotion.memory, cognition, and emotion.

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PCP TherapyPCP Therapy

1)1) Minimize sensory input by placing Minimize sensory input by placing them in quiet environment.them in quiet environment.

2)2) Administer acitvated charcoal orally Administer acitvated charcoal orally (it binds to PCP in the stomach & (it binds to PCP in the stomach & intestines preventing it from being intestines preventing it from being reabsorbed).reabsorbed).

3)3) Physically restrain user to protect Physically restrain user to protect them and others.them and others.

4)4) Sedation with Benzodiazepine. Sedation with Benzodiazepine.

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KetamineKetamine (Ketalar)(Ketalar)

Street NamesStreet Names: : Cat Cat Valium, Jet, Kit Kat, Valium, Jet, Kit Kat, Special K, Vitamin KSpecial K, Vitamin K

Developed in Developed in 19631963 to to replace PCP as replace PCP as anesthetic.anesthetic.

Injected, snorted, Injected, snorted, orally ingested.orally ingested.

Odorless, tasteless so Odorless, tasteless so often used as date often used as date rape drug.rape drug.

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Ketamine Cont.Ketamine Cont. Blocks NMDA Blocks NMDA

receptor channel, or receptor channel, or decreases decreases frequency of frequency of channel opening by channel opening by binding to outside of binding to outside of receptor.receptor.

Effects similar to Effects similar to PCP, with bad trip PCP, with bad trip called called “K-hole”“K-hole”..

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OtherOtherHallucinogensHallucinogens

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KinikinikKinikinik

Also called Bearberry, rockberry, beargrape, or Also called Bearberry, rockberry, beargrape, or Samah.Samah.

Found in shrubs or red willow.Found in shrubs or red willow. Inner red bark and dried leaves can be mixed with Inner red bark and dried leaves can be mixed with

tobacco and/or various herbal mixtures and tobacco and/or various herbal mixtures and smoked.smoked.

Used to treat urinary tract infections.Used to treat urinary tract infections. Can create hallucinations, out-of-body experiences.Can create hallucinations, out-of-body experiences. Side Effects: Side Effects: rash, nausea, vomiting, abdominal rash, nausea, vomiting, abdominal

cramps, gastritis, blisters in mouth and throat.cramps, gastritis, blisters in mouth and throat.

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ConclusionConclusion:: Hallucinogens are relatively safeHallucinogens are relatively safe Hallucinogens are extremely potentHallucinogens are extremely potent Hallucinogen’s effects are Hallucinogen’s effects are

unpredictable, thus can be dangerous unpredictable, thus can be dangerous to user and others.to user and others.

Most drugs can cause hallucinations Most drugs can cause hallucinations and hallucinogenic effects when and hallucinogenic effects when taken in high doses.taken in high doses.