1. globalization and world politics...three perspectives on globalization • by david held &...
TRANSCRIPT
Globalization and World Politics
Markéta Votoupalová
Course requirements
• Active participation (24 + 16 points)
– News (4 points)
– Readings, Ted Talks
– Discussion
• Presentation
• Mid-term test
• In-class exam
Mid-term test
• Multiple-choice questions
• Open questions – short answers
• In class – 7th April (8th week)
• 15 points
In-class exam
• 4 open questions
• During week 13 (12th May)
• 30 points
Presentations
• Teams
• 60 minutes + discussion
• Use Power Point, Prezi...
• Activities: games, quizes, short videos...
• Topics according to presentations => always to benarrowed down!
• Check the dates!
• https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16fqWZ2bA1Ht8JTVFV1KgxgArx7aLo_Oj1jrttzK7Mro/edit#gid=0
• 15 points
Date Presentation no. Title
24.3.Presentation I integration policies/current migration challenges – a case study
31.3.Presentation II
current conflict or security problem – case study (Syria, Ukraine,
terrorism, Boko Haram...)
7.4.Presentation III cyberterrorism/terrorism – a case study
28.4.Presentation IV
problems in developing/developed countries – case study
(development aid, diseases, education, blood diamonds...)
5.5.Presentation V media coverage, social media, propaganda – case study
Course contents
• See the CESP website
Introducing each other
• What do you study?
• What is your expectation of this course?
• Why Prague and the University of Economics?
News
• How often do you read news?
• Do you double-check the information?
• Which sources do you find reliable?
News
Fake news
Amazon rainforest fires
• https://factcheck.afp.com/prayforamazonas-
thousands-people-are-sharing-old-pictures-
posts-about-amazon-rainforest-fires
Fun resources
• School of Life
– Youtube
• Big History Project
– Sample video:
• https://www.bighistoryproject.com/chapters/5#crisscr
ossing-and-connected
• FP's The Editor's Roundtable (The E.R.)
– http://the-e-r-podcast.foreignpolicy.com/
Factfulness?
H. Rosling
https://www.gapminder.org/
Discussion I.
• Is globalization a new phenomenon?
– Why yes?
– Why not?
• Discuss in groups
Discussion II.
• Is globalization positive or negative?
– What prevails?
• On a global level
– Is the impact of globalization the same all around the world?
• For you personally
Aspects of globalization
• What aspects can you identify/distinguish?
– …
– …
– …
– …
– …
Dimensions of globalization
• By David Held; Paul James; Manfred B. Steger
1. Economic
2. Political (security; institutional)
3. Cultural (social; religious)
4. Ecological
+ Ideologies
Issues of globalization
• States and markets
• Science and technology, development
• Territoriality – ‘unbundling’
• Identities – local and transnational
• Society and politics – networks
• Uncertainty and competition
• ...
Concept of Globalization (James &
Steger)
• When was ´globalization´ first used as a
concept?
• Has the meaning of the concept changed?
• What was first – globalization as a process or
globalization as a concept?
• Globalizations?
Al-Rodhan & Stoudmann
• Connotations: progress, development, stability, integration, cooperation × regression, colonialism, destabilization
• Different perspectives, different world positions – George Ritzer (2003): “Attitudes toward globalization depend,
among other things, on whether one gains or loses from it.”
• Definitions – Narrow and exclusive × broad and inclusive
– Complex and multifaceted
• The concept first appeared in Merriam-Webster’s dictionary in 1961
• Many of the definitions refer to questions of economics (67 of 114), often they involve political and social aspects as well
• Cesare Poppi (1997): “More than any other concept, globalization is the debate about it.”
Globalization?
• The term ‘globalization’ suggests a sort of
dynamism best captured by the notion of
‘development’ or ‘unfolding’ along discernible
patterns.
• It always corresponds to the idea of change,
and, therefore, denotes transformation.
Anthony Giddens
• British sociologist
• 9 – modernity
• 12 – contradictory, fragmentation, unity
• 13 – transformation of time and space
David Held (& Anthony McGrew)
• Professor of Politics and IR (Professor of IR)
• 13 – the widening, deepening and speeding
up of worldwide interconnectedness
• Globalization/Anti-Globalization (2007)
• Globalization Theory (2007)
Jan A. Scholte
• Professor; global studies
• 13 – distanceless and borderless qualities
• 14 – de-territorialization, ‘supraterritorial’
relations
• Globalization (2005)
Saskia Sassen
• A Dutch-American sociologist; globalization,
human migration
• A Sociology of Globalization (2007)
• Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to
Global Assemblages (2008)
• The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo
(2001)
Some others • Immanuel Wallerstein: The Capitalist World Economy (1979) – a capitalist world
economy; a global division of labour
• Kenichi Ohmae: The End of the Nation-State (1995); The Borderless World (1990) – the borderless world
• Paul Hirst & Grahame Thompson – a myth
• Anthony McGrew – a historical process; a significant shift
• Ulrich Beck – the weakening of state sovereignty and state structures
• Thomas Larsson – world shrinkage
• Robert O. Keohane – transnational flows; networks of interdependence
• Manuel Castells: The Information Age (1996-8); The Internet Galaxy (2001)
• Robbie Robertson: Three Waves of Globalization (2004)
• Benjamin Barber: Consumed (2007)
• Serge Latouche: The Westernization of the World (1996)
• George Ritzer: The McDonaldization of Society (1993)
• Thomas L. Friedman: The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (2007)
• Jagdish Bhagwati: In Defense of Globalization (2007)
Three perspectives on globalization• By David Held & Anthony McGrew
1. Hyperglobalist
– The existence of a single global economy transcending and integrating the world’s major economic regions
– The de-nationalization of strategic economic activities
– Global markets can escape effective political regulation (by nation states)
2. Sceptical
– Cautious about the revolutionary character of globalization
– The intensity of contemporary global interdependence is considerably exaggerated
– The world is breaking up into several major economic and political blocs (with different forms of capitalism)
– The continued primacy of national power and sovereignty
3. Transformationalist
– A shift or transformation in the scale of human social organization that extends the reach of power relations across the world’s major regions and continents
– Highly uneven process, it divides as it integrates
– A multidimensional process (not only economic); an historical process (not novel)
– A vigorously contested process
Development of globalization
Roots and drivers of globalization
• Science
• Technology
• Production
• Transportation
• Communication
• ?
The prehistoric period (10000 BCE-
3500 BCE)• Hunters and gatherers: contact was geographically limited
and mostly coincidental
• (8000 BCE) Farmers and herders, i.e. agriculture : population increases, establishment of permanent villages, construction of fortified towns– Nomads → se[led tribes, powerful states based on agricultural
food production
• Decentralized, egalitarian nature of groups → centralized and highly stratified patriarchal social structures headed by chiefs and priests + additional social classes: full-time craft specialists (invention of new technologies) and professional bureaucrats and soldiers
• However, globalization in this period still very limited
The premodern period (3500 BCE-
1500)
• Writing (spread of ideas, coordination of complex social activities or large state formations), wheel(transportation) => their diffusion in Eurasia
• The age of empires
• Multiplication and extension of long-distance communication and exchange of culture (e.g. religions), technology, commodities, and diseases
– Silk Road: connected the Chinese and the Roman Empires
– ´One belt, one road´ initiative!
• China / East Asia => Europe emerge as primary historical agents
Silk Road
Original Silk Road
• Westward expansion of China’s Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE)
• Trade networks: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan => to Europe
• Central Asia = epicenter of one of the first waves of globalization (economic, cultural, religious)
• Chinese silk, spices, jade, and other goods moved west + gold and other precious metals, ivory, and glass products east
Nowadays?
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/c
hinas-massive-belt-and-road-
initiative
The early modern period (1500-1750)
• Europe (influence of Islamic and Chinese cultures)
• Expansion westward: Searching for a new, profitable sea route to India
• Inventions, innovations (printing press) + the Reformation (power of the Catholic Church reduced, helped spread related ‘liberal’ ideas of individualism and limited government) - ´protestant ethic´
• Another qualitative leap that greatly intensified demographic, cultural, ecological, and economic flows between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
• Rise of European metropolitan centers and their merchant classes laid the foundation of the ‘capitalist world system’
– Substantial support from their respective governments (e.g. national joint stock companies like the Dutch and British East India companies)
– Direct political rule (colonies)
– Atlantic slave trade
• Religious warfare within Europe
• Westphalian states system
The modern period (1750-1970) I• World trade increased dramatically; peaked before WW1
• Colonial rule
• New industrial regimes required new power sources =>environmental damage
• Railways, mechanized shipping => intercontinental air transport enabled the establishment of a genuine global infrastructure, while lowering transportation costs
• Transportation + communication technologies: telegraph, telephone and wireless radio communication, mass circulation newspapers and magazines, film, television
• Population explosion => boost in productivity and bureaucratic control and surveillance techniques
• Mass migration, urbanization, colonial competition, excessive liberalization of world trade => intensified interstate rivalries –nationalism, two world wars, global economic depression
The modern period II
• A growing consciousness of rapidly shrinking world
• Europeans confronted with stories of the ‘distant’ and images of countless ‘others’, assumed the role of the world’s guardians of universal law and morality, civilizational leaders
• Racist practices and inequality, the West and the ‘rest’
• The capitalist system: Philosophy of individualism and rational self-interest, the free market and its ‘invisible hand’
• The system fed by a steady stream of materials and resources from the ‘rest’
The contemporary period (from 1970)
• Another quantum leap in the history of
globalization: dramatic creation, expansion,
and acceleration of worldwide
interdependencies and global exchanges
• The collapse of communism and attempts to
create a single global market/regional markets
• Future?
Questions
• When did globalization begin?
• What inventions helped ´globalization´ around
3 000 BCE?
• What is the Silk Road?
• Why was the Westphalian peace important?
• When did the volume of world trade peak?