1 geology 1001/1101 sec 003 chris paola class 10: the water planet
TRANSCRIPT
1
Geology 1001/1101
Sec 003 Chris PaolaClass 10: the water planet
2
Chapter 11
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
AND GROUNDWATER
3
Key ideas about water
• Fresh vs salt vs ice
• Surface vs ground water vs ice
• Water availability– Aquifers and groundwater flow– Areas of high and low rainfall; deserts
• Ocean flow
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
In mantle: ~ one ocean’s worth?
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
96 %
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
3 %
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
1 %
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
<<1 %
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
13
Controls on water availability: rainfall & surface water
14
Global air flow determines large-scale rainfall patterns
Mars: one cell perhemisphere
15
16Earth: 3 cells perhemisphere
wet
dry
dry
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
18
19
Deserts are NOT:
Hot
Desert misconceptions
20
21
Deserts are NOT:
Sand Seas
22
23
24
Deserts are NOT:
Rare
25
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
29
Controls on water availability: groundwater
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
31
Groundwater visible
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
49
Saltwater intrusion
50
Water in the world ocean
51
52
Sea salt
• What’s in it?
• How salty is the ocean?
• Where does the salt come from?
• Why isn’t there more of it?
54
Ocean vertical profiles
55
Ocean circulation
• Wind (surface to ~ 1000 m)
• Density differences: thermohaline
• First meet M. Coriolis…
56
Coriolis force
57
Coriolis force
Coriolis animation
58
Coriolis force
59
Coriolis force
Coriolis + centrifugal movie
60
Coriolis forceCoriolis always acts relative to the direction of motion:
90 deg to right in the NH
90 deg to left in the SH
61
Coriolis force• How large is the Coriolis force?
• Why don’t you feel it when you walk around?
• Why does it change sign as we cross the equator?
http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadCoriolis.html
62
Coriolis force
63
Coriolis force
Lo P
PressureCoriolis
64
65
66
Coriolis force
67
69
71
Ocean currents
72
Modeling ocean surface movie
73
Misconception:
The deep (thermohaline or density-driven) circulation
74
Air Circulation:
Familiar
Simple
Symmetrical
75
Why does ocean water sink?Water is heated & cooled, but…
76
Why does ocean water sink?
77
Why does ocean water sink?
78
Why does ocean water sink?
79
Why does ocean water sink?
80
Why does ocean water sink?
81
Why does ocean water sink?
82
Why does ocean water sink?
83
Why does ocean water sink?
The polar water that sinks fastest is saltier water from tropics!
84
85
Why does ocean water rise?
86
Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
87
Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
Not Salinity!
88
Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
1 wind
Not Salinity!
89
Wind blows surface water away,
Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
1 wind
2
Not Salinity!
90
Wind blows surface water away,
allowing deeper water to rise
Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
1 wind
2
3 Not Salinity!
91
Coriolis moves water to right (NH) of wind
92
Upwelling & downwelling
93
Upwelling
94
95
96
97
98
Extras
99
100
Ocean currents
101
Ocean circulation
102
El Niño
103
El Niño
104
SST anom movie