1 gender inequality, economic development and the knowledge economy second mena knowledge for...
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Gender Inequality, Economic Development
and the Knowledge Economy
Second MENA Knowledge for Development Forum
Marseilles, FranceMarch 15-16, 2004
The World Bank
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• Gender Inequality and Economic Development
• Gender Inequality and Human Development
• Gender Inequality around the World
• Gender Inequality and the Knowledge Economy
• ICTs and Gender Inequality
Overview
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Gender Inequality and Economic Development
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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• Main channels through which gender inequality affects economic development
Selection-Distortion Effect
Environment Effects
Demographic Transition Effects
Better Governance and Institutions
Gender Inequality andEconomic Development
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Selection-Distortion and Environment Effects
Gender Inequality in Education
Boys with lower innate abilities get
educated
Less Educated Mothers - Less intellectually
stimulating environment
Less life-long learning at the
household level
Lower quality of students
Gender Inequality in Employment
Lower Quality Labor Force
Lower TFP Growth
Marginal Product of Capital Decreases
Less Investment
Lower Economic GrowthKnowledge for Development Program 2004
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Environment Effects• Gender inequality in education – less female
education at each level of male education
– Less-educated mothers provide environments that are less intellectually stimulating
– Resulting in a lower quality of students
• Equally educated siblings and couples tend to strengthen each other’s educational success and life-long learning
– Gender inequality in education tends to result in less life-long learning
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Demographic Transition EffectsGender Equality in Education
Education attainment of women increases
Lower fertility – less children
Aggregate Savings Increases
More Investment
Higher per-capita Income
Relative size of the working–age population increases
Marginal Product of Capital Increases
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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• Women’s participation in public office tend to be associated with
– Cleaner businesses and government
– Less corruption
• Better governance and institutions tend to be associated with higher rates of economic growth
Better Governance and Institutions
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Governance and Institutions
Index of women’s economic and social rights
Co
rru
pti
on
Ind
ex
Source: World Bank, 2001
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Gender Inequality in the World
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Gender Inequality in the World
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Gender Inequality in the WorldFemale Labor Force
4041
4446
33 32
42
24
40
4244
46
3433
42
26
41
4546
3534
42
29
43
0
10
20
30
40
50
World High income East Asia &Pacific
Europe &Central Asia
LatinAmerica &Caribbean
South Asia Sub-SaharanAfrica
Middle East& NorthAfrica
(% of total labor force)
1990 1996 2002
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Gender Inequality in the World
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Gender Inequality and the Knowledge Economy
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Knowledge Economy
Economy in which knowledge is the engine of growth
Four Pillars of the Knowledge Economy Economic incentive and institutional regime that
provides incentives for the efficient use of existing and new knowledge and the flourishing of entrepreneurship
Educated, creative and skilled people
Dynamic information infrastructure
Effective national innovation system
Knowledge Economy Framework
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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KE Index with Gender Variables
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Gender Inequality in MENA
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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ICT and Gender Inequality
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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World Bank Group defines ICT asconsisting of hardware, software, networks, media
for collection, storage, processing transmission, presentation of information (voice, data, text, images)
OECD defines ICT sectors as a combination of manufacturing and service industries that
capture, transmit and display data and information electronically.
ICT can play an important role in economic development By providing new and more efficient methods of production
By improving the delivery of government services
By facilitating management and transfer of knowledge
ICT
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Some facts on ICT Sector
• Numbers ($1 Trillion in Revenues, Dec 2003)– Efficiency gains in traditional sectors– Creation of New Services– Impact on Employment: Knowledge Worker
• ICT as a sector• ICT as a tool for client sectors • The Dynamism, Growth, and Virtual Nature
(inherent equality) of ICT created a need for a new Learning/Training Industry & Workforce
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ICT: Economic Opportunity for MNA women
• New sector. No legacy from the past• Women are by nature good at information
aggregation; creation and dissemination• Allows unemployed graduates to find a new
niche in local creation in their field of expertise• Allows work to be virtual. Can combine workforce
in one location (childcare) or women can work in politically correct locations with the right tools,
• Infrastructure, and training• Allows life long learning and re-skilling from
home
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ICT Entrepreneur Profile
• Great networker, Extrovert• Dealer and wheeler• Pushy/Aggressive ; marketeer• Well connected to industry / practitioners• Access to Finance and VC• Travel; Partnerships, Participation in exhibits,
events and conferences• Enjoys Freedom of Expression
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Channels via which ICT can improve gender in equality
– Influencing public opinion on gender equality
• Web sites; news; networks; associations on line
– Increasing women’s education
• Via access to public information on relevant topics without having to go through traditional channels
– Allowing more economic opportunities for women
• 10 PERCENT OF OECD LABOR FORCE is employed in ICT SECTOR (directly and indirectly)
ICT and Gender Inequality
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Influencing Public Opinion on Gender Equality
– ICT increases flow of knowledge and information
– Increases exposures of customs, norms and practices from other cultures and societies
– Raises the awareness and informs the constituency of gender inequality issues, on injustices or flagrant system failures
– Increases pressure on policymakers to include gender as an important component of their social and economic policies, and women as an important segment of their constituency
ICT and Gender Inequality
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Increasing Women’s Education– Lack of schooling coupled with gender biases that dictate domestic roles for women tend to perpetuate gender disparities
– ICT allow women to obtain and update their skills for equal participation in the knowledge economy
• Increasing access through distance learning
• Broadening the availability of quality educational materials
• Efficiency and Effectiveness of Educational Administration
ICT and Gender Inequality
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Increasing Economic Opportunities for Women
– ICTs allow women to telecommute and hence they are able to work and interact with men without face-to-face contact and even without being in the same place
– ICTs allow micro and small enterprises (MSE), which are dominated by women, to compete and to partner in the marketplace
–ICT allows women to save time and start valuing their own time
–ICT saves on transportation time and hazards
ICT and Gender Inequality
Knowledge for Development Program 2004
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Q & A
• Many thanks for your participation!
• Pls contact Samia Melhem
for additional questions or follow-up