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1 Exam Prep – Walker’s Guide to Estimating 31st Edition AH 1

1 Exam Prep

Walker's Guide to Estimating, 31st Edition

Tabs and Highlights

These1 Exam Prep Tabs are based on the 31st edition of the Walker's Building Estimator's Reference Book,

Frank R Walker Company.

Each Tabs sheet has five rows of tabs. Start with the first tab at the first row at the top of the page, and proceed

down that row placing the tabs at the locations listed below. Place each tab in your book setting it down one

notch until you get to the bottom of the page, and then start back at the top again. After you have completed

tabbing your book then you may start highlighting your book.

1 Exam Prep Tab Page #

Table of Contents iii

Introduction 1

Contracting Requirements 29

Definitions 53

Drawing Types 55

Symbols 61

CSI Index 69

General Requirements 109

Critical Path Scheduling 121

Existing Conditions 153

Concrete 159

Shores 215

Weight Plywood/ Nails 239

Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF) 245

Rebar Table 259

Mesh 269

Concrete Yields/Cyd 317



Post-Tensioned Concrete 377

Masonry 413

Bricks 431

Mortar Quantities 451

Block 511

Structural Metals 581

Weight of Steel 597

Nails 621

Rough Carpentry 633

Board Feet Quantities 635

Subflooring 693

Glued Laminated Beam 697

Waterproofing 749

Weights of Tar & Asphalt Felt 763

“R” Values 771

Roof Area 789

Doors & Windows 853

Finishes 933

Suspended Ceilings 971

Acoustical Ceilings 1053

Specialties 1127

Equipment 1139

Furnishings 1145

Special Construction 1147



Conveying Equipment 1155

HVAC 1181

Electrical 1219

Sheepsfoot Roller 1271

Steeling Sheet Piling 1281

Fuel Consumption 1347

Mensuration 1395

Glossary – Appendix A 1415

Construction Safety - Appendix B 1441

Index 1453

***Please continue with the highlights on the following page.***


Page # Highlight

1-2 The Role of the Estimator: The following requisites are essential for the making

of a good estimator: Highlight the first sentence for items 1 thru 7.

2-3 The Role of the Contractor — Erecting a building is a complex undertaking

and seldom is one firm capable of doing all phases of the work. Yet the owner

or developer usually prefers to let one contract and make one firm responsible

for the completion of the project.

The general contractor will ask for bids from several subcontractors in each

trade. This enables the general contractor to put together the best price and

what they believe to be the best team to perform the work.

The general who attempts to "broker" a project by maximum use of

subcontractors in order to limit financial responsibility will find that other

hazards have been created. There will be a considerable loss in coordination

and production, because the general has relinquished the right and ability of

direct control in the assignment of personnel, materials, and equipment.

4 The average percent of work performed by subcontractors for a general

contractor cannot be precisely determined, but surveys conducted by the

Associated General Contractors of America indicate from 40% to 70%.

The American Subcontractor Association claims that 90% of the work force in

the building construction industry is employed by subcontractors.

5 Usually there is a retainage of at least 5 to 10% by the general contractor to the

subs and in turn by the owner to the general contractor. Retainage is not

completely released until the project is substantially complete. It has become

common practice to reduce the retainage by 50% when the project is 50%

satisfactorily completed.

Most municipalities and many states require subcontractors and general

contractors to be licensed. There is no general rule governing licensing in all

jurisdictions.

6-7 The Cost of Money

7 Sources of Money The main sources of money are: Highlight items 1-8.

8 Mortgage Loans Once a loan is approved and accepted, there are certain

charges called closing costs. and a part of these costs, known as points,

origination fees, or the discount, cover the cost of setting up the loan.

The usual range of points is from 1% to 3%, but in states where there are legal

limits set on the interest that may be charged, points have been quoted as high

as 7% as a way to get around the usury laws.


Page # Highlight

8 Mortgage Banker — For consummating the transaction, they charge a flat fee

of around 1%to 2% of the loan placed. This fee is in addition to the usual

closing costs that are charged by the lender.

9-10 Selling the Lender

11 Short Term Loans - The construction loan is a short term loan to cover the

building costs during the erection of the project.

12 One such source is those who loan the difference between the floor and ceiling

of the mortgage, this is known as gap financing. To obtain such a commitment

one must pay in advance a flat fee, usually around 5% of the amount to be

loaned. If the project reaches the income level to qualify for the full mortgage,

and the gap loan is not needed, the fee is not refundable.

12-13 How much front money, or equity, an owner will need to launch the project

will vary with the type of project, the money market, and the owner's

reputation. It is often said that an owner with a proven need, a piece of

property free of debt, and an architect's set of plans can obtain all the financing

they will need.

14 Interim Financing - Progress, at this point, should place the contractor in a

position to obtain from the bank a general commitment as to the limit and terms

under which they would participate in granting short term loans (usually 30 to

90 days)

15 Setting Up the Estimate - There are various reasons for these failures, but

probably the most common one is the inability of the person estimating costs to

come up with realistic and profitable estimates.

Some of the most important considerations that such companies make before

bonding an applicant are: Highlight items 1 thru 3.

17-21 Estimate Types

18 Budget/Feasibility Estimate - The budget or feasibility estimate, once it has

been developed, is effectively cast in stone.

19-20 Schematic Design milestone Estimate — 3% to 5% Overall Completeness;

Design Development Milestone Estimate — 35% to 50% Overall Design

Completeness; 70% to 98% Construction Documents Milestone Estimate(s);

Construction Documents Milestone and Bid Cost Estimate — 100% Overall

Design Completeness. The student should highlight the titles only.


Page # Highlight

21-22 Project Office Expense; Small Tools & Consumables; Weather Protection;

Home Office Support; Escalation; Finance Expense. The student should

highlight the titles only.

23 Profit - On small jobs, alterations, remodeling and similar work, a contractor is

justified in adding 20% to 30% profit to the actual cost, but must ask themselves

whether they can actually obtain this amount.

On new work, where it is possible to estimate cost with a fair degree of

accuracy, a contractor is entitled to 10% to 15% on the actual cost of the work

(job overhead included in the actual cost of the job), but it is safe to say that

competitive figures submitted for many jobs show a 5% instead of a 10% to

15%. A contractor is entitled to a fair profit of 10% profit, but getting it is another

matter.

29 Bidding for a Contract - Construction contracts are awarded in one of two

ways — competitive bidding or negotiation.

30 There are various ways this is done, by organizations, governmental bodies, and

banks, but in general, the information that must be submitted will follow that

contained in AIA document A-305 Contractor's Qualifications Statement.

Once on a bidding list, a contractor will receive an Invitation to bid or Bid

Notice for each prospective job.

31 Often the invitation to bid is accompanied by an Instruction to Bidders further

defining the job restrictions such as completion dates, milestone dates, visiting

job site, special conditions, etc.

The bid bond guarantees that the bidding contractor, if awarded a contract, will

enter into the contract and furnish a performance and payment bond if required.

If they do not honor their bid, they forfeit the amount of the bond.

Bid bonds- and the later performance, material, labor, maintenance, completion,

supply, and subcontractor bonds- are often encountered in public work, but may

not be required in private work, where the contractor's reputation is deemed

sufficient and the cost of bonds unwarranted. Bid bond costs are customarily

minimal, if any, and borne by the contractor.

31 Construction Management — In Construction Management (CM), a general

contractor or engineering company enters into a contract with the owner prior

to the bidding period and acts in a managerial and advisory role. Bid packages

for the project are usually taken under the construction manager's supervision.


Page # Highlight

32 They will provide reports on the project cost status, payment status, and an

analysis of each contract and the project cash flow. The construction

management approach has gained a wider acceptance in recent times, specially

in federally sponsored construction

33 Estimate Check Lists and Practices - A master checklist for every estimator

should include the Bid Document Inventory, Estimating Assignment, Direct

Estimate, Wage Rate Development, Bid Document Reviews, Takeoff General

Practices, etc.

35 Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) — This tax applies to the first $7,000

of wages paid each employee during the calendar year 2013. The rate is 6.0%

but a credit of up to a maximum 5.4% of total wages for contributions paid into

State Unemployment Funds for a total federal tax rate of 0.6%. Federal

Unemployment Tax is imposed on employers and must not be deducted from

wages of employees.

35-36 State Unemployment Tax

Worker's Compensation — Rates vary widely among the states, craft labor and

staff labor categories. In states where medical benefits are limited, it may be

advisable to carry full or extra-legal medical coverage.

Property Damage Insurance

39 Office Overhead Expense — This is sometimes referred to as General and

Administrative (G&A) costs.

Overhead may run 6% to 15% for smaller firms. Larger firms may have

overhead that are as little as 1% to 2% of the annual volume.

40-41 Office Furniture and Equipment; Insurance. The student should highlight the

titles only.

41 Project Indirect Costs. The student should highlight the title only.

42 Contract Documents — Once it is determined which contracting firm is to do

the job, a formal contract will be drawn up. The Contract Documents usually

should include the Owner-Contractor Agreement; the General Conditions of

the Contract; Supplementary Conditions of the Contract (if any); the Working

Drawings, giving all sheet numbers with revisions; Specifications, giving page

numbers; and Addenda or Bulletins issued prior to contract.

42-47 Highlight all bold letters titles for the AIA documents.


Page # Highlight

48 Performance and Payment Bonds – two obligations a performance bond to

indemnify the owner against loss resulting from the failure of the contractor to

complete the work in accordance with the plans and specifications; and a payment

bond to guarantee payment for all bills incurred by the contractor for labor or

materials for the work. The federal government, under the Miller Act, requires

that a contractor furnish two separate bonds, one for the performance and one for

the payment of labor and materials.

48 Maintenance Bonds

49 Bid Bonds — Bids are invited by advertisements, and the bidder may have to

submit with the bid a certified check, usually for a 5% of the bid, or a bid bond,

usually for 10% of the bid.

49 License or Permit Bonds — If the contractor regularly operates within an area

requiring such bonds, this cost should be carried under office overhead, because

is a normal cost of doing business.

49 Supply and Subcontractor Bonds.

49-50 Construction Equipment - The advantages in renting or leasing include:

highlight items 1 thru 5.

51 Negotiating a Contract - A variation of the negotiated contract is fast track,

design build construction. In this arrangement the project may be started before

all the plans are fully developed. Each phase of the job, such as foundation,

masonry, carpentry, etc., is bid separately, just before the phase is required to

be installed. Some advantages and disadvantages are: Highlight items 1 thru 3.

As the phases are bid, the successful subcontractors may be assigned to a

general contractor in the same manner as a lump-sum contract; or the general

may act in the role of a project manager, in which case each subcontractor for

each phase will have a direct contract with the owner. This variation is referred

to as multiple bidding.

52-54 Contracting Definitions - Addenda, Alternates, Approved Equal, Arbitration,

Bid. Bid Bond, Cash Allowance, Certificate of Occupancy, Change Order,

Contract Time, Cost Breakdown, Extras, Final Acceptance. Payment and

Performance Bond, Letter of Intent, Liens, Liquidated damages, Maintenance

Bond, Punch List, Retainage, Separate Contract, Shop Drawings, Subcontractor

Bonds, Substantial Completion, Superintendent, Supplier, Supply Affidavit, Unit

Prices, Upset Price, Warranty". The student should highlight the titles only.


Page # Highlight

55 The Working Drawings - Each sheet should have a title block in the lower

right-hand corner with the sheet number; the number of sheets in each set; the

date made plus each date it has been revised, and the initials of the person or

persons who drew and approved the sheet. The student should be familiar with

the different letters usually assigned to the drawings. (G,C,A,S,M,P,FP,E,I,T)

55 Type of drawings - Most working drawings for building construction are based

on orthographic projection, which is a parallel projection to a plane by lines

perpendicular to the plane. In this way all dimensions will be true. If the plane

is horizontal, the projection is a plan; if vertical, it is an elevation for outside

the building, or a sectional elevation if through the building.

The only descriptive drawing that presents a building as the eye sees it is the

perspective. A perspective is seldom useful for presenting information on

working drawings.

56-58 Highlight types of drawings in these pages. Isometric, Orthographic, Cabinet and

Elevation

59 However. other pictorial presentations are helpful to the builder. Two of these

are the isometric and the cabinet projection. Isometrics are drawings in which

all horizontal and vertical lines have a true length, and those lines parallel on

the object are also parallel on the drawing. Vertical lines are vertical, but

horizontal lines are set at 30 or -30 degrees.

Cabinet drawings are those with the front face shown in true shape and size, as

if it was an orthographic projection, but they simulate a perspective. The sides

are shown receding at 45 degrees and at V2 scale (1:20). Variations of this are

oblique drawings.

Scale - The architect's scale, with the inch divided into 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, is

standard for building construction in the United States. The engineer's scale,

with the inch divided into tenths, is sometimes used in structural work or on site

plans.

The metric scale is divided into centimeters and millimeters, 2.54 centimeters

equaling one inch.

60 Reproduction - There were also processes that transfer blueprints to cloth

drawings or to sepia prints, which could be altered, added to, and printed just like

an original tracing.

61-68 Highlight symbols and specifications

69-102 CSI MasterFormat 2014 edition by Division Numbers and Titles –

This format is ideal for developing estimates and estimating check lists.


Page # Highlight

102 Subdivision — Materials will list the materials to be used in one of several ways,

often found in combination. The closed specification will list a single trade

name, and the specified product that must be furnished. The contractor's option

specification (or bidder's choice) lists more than one trade name, and the

contractor may choose from those listed.

A variation is the product approval specification which asks the contractor to

submit any substitutions prior to submitting a bid. If the architect approves the

substitute, it will be put in an addenda sent to all contractors. This "or approved

equal" type specification is the most common.

The performance specification describes not the material but what work is

required to produce strength, mechanical ability, or similar measurable results.

103-105 Insurance Taxes & Bonds; Contractor's Equipment

Floater; Installation Floater. The student should highlight the titles only.

105 Alternates - On the typical lump sum proposal form, the Alternate follows the

Statement of the Lump Sum price in a form such as the following: Highlight

the sample given in the book.

106 Cash Allowance - Sometimes the architect does not have a final decision from

the owner on certain items. Rather than leave them out of the lump sum

proposal, the architect will state a definite budget amount in the specification

that is to be included in the bid.

106 Unit Prices - Where quantity of materials is in doubt, but quality is known, the

specification may ask for unit prices. For example, unit prices are often asked

for concrete per square yard, piling per lineal foot, partition block per square

foot, etc. These prices should be complete with all costs, profit, and overhead

included.

106 Addenda - These, plus changes the architect and owner may wish to make after

the plans and specifications have been issued but before bids are turned in, are

incorporated in the Addenda.

107 Change Orders are modifications issued after the contract is signed.

115 Project Staff; Mobilization.

115 Construction Scheduling — There are three methods of construction

scheduling: Highlight 1 -3.


Page # Highlight

116-119 Planning - Project Scope and Work Breakdown Structure; Construction

Means and Methods; Drawings and Specifications; Technology; Labor

Availability and Skills Pool; Procurement Strategy; Institutional

Constraints; Project Phasing and Staging; Weather Considerations. The

student should highlight the titles only.

120 Scheduling Methods/Tools - The use of bar charts started the industrial

revolution of the late 1800s. An early industrial engineer named Gantt

developed these charts to improve factory efficiency. Bar charts are often called

`Gantt Charts'.

Critical Path Method (CPM) for project scheduling began in the 1950s in two

parallel applications. The US Navy developed the Project Evaluation and

Review Technique (PERT) to develop the schedule for the construction of its

Polaris Program.

There are two methods for CPM calculations. arrow diagramming and precedence diagramming. In the arrow diagramming method, project activities

are shown as arrows. Circles at the beginning and end of activities are called

nodes. Pairs of nodes or letters are used to identify each activity.

121 In the precedence diagram. activities and their durations are shown "on the

nod." Sequence between tasks is shown with arrows between related activities.

Precedence diagramming is capable of representing activities that start or end

in parallel with other activities.

Identification of Activities — An activity is any significant unit of work within

the WBS' work package. There is no one "right" way to define activities for a

given project.

122 CPM calculations - As stated earlier precedence diagramming (also called

network diagram) graphically represents the relationships between the project

activities.

122-123 Early Start (ES); Early Finish (EF); Late Finish (LF); Late Start (LS);

Forward Pass — Formula (ES + Duration = EF); Backward Pass; Finish to

Start or FS; Start to Start or SS; Finish to Finish or FF; Network Logic

Diagram. The student should highlight the titles only.

124 Total Float - is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying

the end date of the project, and is defined as the difference between the LS and

ES of an activity. Activities with 0 Total Float are critical activities.

125-126 Critical Activity; Contingency Time; Resource Constraints;

Monitoring/Updating; Measuring Progress. The student should highlight the

titles only.


Page # Highlight

151 Temporary Utilities.

152 Temporary Buildings & Construction; Demobilization; Outside Services.

The student should highlight the title only.

154-155 Hand Auger Boring Method; Split Spoon Sampling; Thin Wall tube

Sampling; Core Borings; Other Methods. The student should highlight the

titles only.

159 Concrete.

161 Concrete Forming and Accessories - Wood Forms - Forms for Concrete

Footings – Forms for footings that are formed completely are usually simple and

rough, using 2" planking for sides and 2"x4" stakes to hold the sides in place and

2"x4" struts for braces to the banks.

161-162 Ribbon forms for partly formed footings usually consist of 2" thick lumber in

lengths as long as are practical, secured at the correct elevation to 2"x4" stakes

and tied across the tops at intervals of 4'-0" to 6'-0" with 1"x2" spreader ties,

except in the case of column footings, which are usually diagonally tied at the

corners with 1 inch boards and tied transversely, if required, with strap iron.

164 Keyways might be required by the contract drawings, specifications, or by local

building codes. The two basic types of keyways are female and male. Female

keyways are usually either a 2"x4" or 2"x6" chambered and placed in the middle

of the new concrete pour. Male keyways are pre-formed with the lower

pour and placed in the middle of the next pour location.

167 Forms for Concrete Walls

168 When placing concrete into a form, care should be taken to reduce the shock

loading of the concrete hitting against the form material. This can be achieved

by using a tremie, a flexible enclosed chute in the shape of an elephant's trunk,

which confines the concrete until it reaches the bottom of the form or the level

of the preceding lift. The tremie will also keep the concrete mix from

segregating and should be used ever placing concrete that could "free fall" a

distance of more than 4 ft.

172 Uni-Form Steel Panel Forms

175 Concrete Pressure for Column and Wall Forms — Allowable Pressures on

Plyform Class I — For Architectural Applications. - Table

195 Sonotube Fibre Forms


Page # Highlight

201 Forms for Reinforced Concrete Floors-Types of Reinforced Concrete

Floors; Flat Slab Construction; Beam and Girder Type Construction; Pan

Construction with Concrete Joists.

201 Weight of Concrete Floors of Various Thicknesses. In determining the

weight per sqft. of floor, wet concrete is figured at 150 lbs. per cuft. Dead load of

form lumber and live load on forms while concrete is being placed is figured at

38 lbs per sqft."

201-202 Carrying Capacity of 4" x 4" Uprights or Shores — A 4"x4" S4S, 3.5"x3.5"

should never be loaded to more than 6,000 lbs, no matter how short it is, and a

4-x4" rough shore should not be loaded to more than 8,000 lbs.

202 Table — Weight of Concrete Floors

208 Estimating the Quantity of Lumber Required for Flat Slab Concrete Fiber

Forms - If adjustable shores are used instead of 4x4 shores, stringers must be

supported every 4 ft in order to reduce the load to not much more than 3,000 lbs,

per shore although some adjustable shores may carry up to 6,000 lbs.

214 Concrete Shoring - Sectional Steel Shoring

219 Drawing of Shoring for Reinforced Concrete Construction Using Section

Steel Scaffolding Components.

232 Table 1— Maximum Wale Spacing Along Stud/Joist Member.

233 Table 2 — Maximum Mid Tie Spacing Class A (Permanent) Form Design

237 Table — Lumber Size and Weight Table

238 Table — Nominal Plywood Weights for Form Plywood

238 Table — Common Nails

239 Table - Masonry/Concrete Nails

240 Table — Concrete Quantities for Wall Forms per Sqft Contact Area

245 Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF) — are a hollow, lightweight form block

made of expanded polystyrene.

252 Steelforms for Joist Constructed Floors and Roofs


Page # Highlight

252 Estimating Quantities of Steelform: In estimating the area of floor and roof

construction requiring removable or permanent forms, the gross floor or roof area

is used. No deductions are to be made for beams or for tees of beams or for wide

joists

254 Ceco Steelform Construction — Ceco steelform construction is a combination

of concrete joist construction and thin top slabs.

254-255 Forms Other Than Wood

255-256 Tables showing Concrete Quantities for LONGform

257 Concrete Reinforcing

258 Table — Standard Sizes and Weights of Concrete Reinforcing Bars

259 Basis for Estimating Price of Reinforcing Steel - There are five specifications

covering the use of reinforcement steel: Highlight 1 thru 5.

262 Splicing Reinforcing Steel — Reinforcement shall be spliced only at points

shown in the contract document or approved by the engineer when lapped

splices are used in reinforcement in which the critical design stress is tensile,

splices shall not be used at points of maximum stress.

265-266 Bending Reinforcing Steel -Type L Bending; Type H Bending; Spirals for

Reinforced Concrete Columns; Cost of Engineering Service; Hauling

Reinforcing Bars from Shops to Job; Unloading Reinforcing Steel From

Cars or Trucks; Labor Placing Reinforcing Bars; Setting Reinforcing

Bars; Setting Reinforcing Bars Tied in Place. The student should highlight

the titles only.

268 Fabric & Grid Reinforcing — Welded steel fabric is a popular and economical

reinforcing for concrete work of all kinds, specially driveways and floors.

272 Reinforcement for Architectural Concrete Walls — To be most effective,

small bars with a type of deformation to give maximum bond should be placed

relatively close together, rather than larger bars at wider spacings. Generally

#3 and #4 bars are preferable to larger sizes and the horizontal reinforcement

should be at least equal to 0.25% of wall area. In the vertical direction 0.15%

reinforcement is sufficient.

273 Cast in Place Concrete

284 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard for Selecting Proportions for

Concrete Mixes.


Page # Highlight

286 Procedure — Step 1 — Choice of slump — If slump is not specified, a value

appropriate for the work can be selected from Table 1 in Page 287 — Highlight

the table.

287 Step 2 — Choice of Maximum size of aggregate. Large maximum sizes of

well graded aggregates have less voids than smaller sizes. Concretes with the

larger sized aggregates require less mortar per unit volume of concrete.

Ordinarily, the ratio of the nominal maximum aggregate size to the minimum

dimension within which concrete must be placed should not exceed the value

shown in Table 2. Highlight Table 2"

287 Step 3 — Estimation of mixing water and air content — Highlight Table 3 in

Page 288.

289 Step 4 — Selection of water-cement ratio — With typical materials, the

tabulated water cement ratios should produce the strengths shown based on 28-

day tests of specimens cured under standard laboratory conditions — highlight

Table 4(a) on page 289 and Table 4(b) in page 290.

289 Step 5 — Calculation of cement content

290 Step 6 — Estimation of coarse aggregate content

291-292 Step 7 — Estimation of line aggregate content

293 Step 8 — Adjustments for aggregate moisture

293-294 Step 9 — Trial batch adjustments

297 Ready Mixed Concrete

299 Curing — The protection of concrete during the early period to prevent loss of

moisture at low temperatures is an important factor in the development of both

strength and durability in concrete.

High Early Strength Portland Cement — Most cement companies

manufacturing what is designated as high early strength Portland cement which

develops practically the same strength in 72 hours as is obtained with normal

Portland cement in 7 to 10 days.

312 Cold Weather Concreting — Footings are generally protected by covering the

fresh concrete with 8" to 12" of hay or straw and with tarpaulins, polyethylene

thrown over the hay. The use of winter blankets are recommended and used

more and more in place of hay. The economy of the number of re-uses of

blankets may be less than salt hay together with its disposal costs.


Page # Highlight

317 Table — Materials Required for 1.0 cuyd of Concrete

318 Table — Materials Required for 100 sqft Surface Area for Various

Thickness of Concrete

319 Table — Number of sqft of Concrete Floor of any Thickness Obtainable

from One cuyd of Concrete

322 Color for Concrete Floors

323-324 Gilco Non-Shrink Grouting Compound

324 Lightweight Concrete Floor Fill

327 Concrete Slab on Grade Construction

328-329 Lightweight Concrete

Haydite Concrete — uses expanded shale as lightweight aggregate for coarse

aggregate instead of gravel or crushed stone. The inert, cellular material weighs

less than 50 lbs. per cuft and mixed with ordinary torpedo sand and Portland

cement, produces concrete weighing about 98 lbs per cuft instead of 150 lbs for

ordinary concrete.

Perlite Lightweight Concrete — is a sand or volcanic glass that has been

expanded by heat.

329 Pumice Lightweight Concrete — is a strong, durable porous glass aggregate of

volcanic origin. Using pumice as the aggregate, it is possible to get concrete as

low as 60 lbs per cuft.

331 Table — Cuft of Concrete Displaced by Adjustable Steelform and Tapered

End Forms

332-333 Table — Cuft of Concrete Displaced by Flange Type Steelform and Straight

End Forms

334-335 Table — Cuft of Concrete Displaced by Adjustable Steelforms and Straight

End Forms

336 Table — Sizes and Displacement of Tapered End Steelforms

336 Table — Sizes and Displacement of Ceco Flange Type Steelforms

337 Table — Sizes and Displacement of Adjustable Steelforms

339-340 Tables — Outlining Sizes and Displacement of Ceco Forms


Page # Highlight

342 Vermiculite Insulating Concrete Aggregate

347 Table — Approx. Quantities Required for 1 Cuyd of Ready Mixed

Vermiculite Concrete

348 Perlite Concrete Aggregate -- is a siliceous volcanic rock mined in western

United States. When crushed and quickly heated to above 1,500 degrees F, it

expands to form lightweight, non-combustible, glass like particles of cellular

structure. This material… The dry weight of perlite concrete can be designed

from 20 to 40 lbs per cuft. The extremely light weight… Perlite concrete has

received up to 4-hour ratings in UL fire tests.

351 Pumice Concrete — is a natural white or gray glass foam. It is not a volcanic

ash. It is mined extensively in the western part of the United States.

351-352 Mixing - Concrete for columns, walls, above ground, floors, window sills, and

all self-supporting floor and roof slabs, canopies, and other parts of structure

not coming in contract with ground shall be of a mixture of water, Portland

cement, and pumice aggregate, and shall develop at 28 days a strength of not

less than 2,500 psi and with a slump of not more than 2" by standard test.

354 Architectural Concrete

358 Metallic Floor Treatments (Hardeners)

366-367 Concrete Admixtures

368 Prestressed Concrete

368 Air Entraining Admixtures — 3% to 6% of air is incorporated in the concrete

in the form of minute separated air bubbles.

370 Shotcrete

378 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Mono-strand post tensioning — In the estimate, the

contractor must allow for certain items that are unique to post-tensioning.

Stressing access must be provided, usually a platform or floor for extension at

the perimeter of the structure.

380 Precast Concrete — Flexicore Floor and Roof Slabs

382 Precast Concrete Roof Slabs

397 Tilt-Up Wall Panels

401 Evaluation of the Advantages & Disadvantages


Page # Highlight

401-402 Disadvantages — Highlight items 1-10

402 Advantages — Highlight items 1-7

406 Cast Decks and Underlayment

406 Monolithic or Poured-in-Place Gypsum Roof Construction - The effective

cross sectional area of reinforcing shall be not less than 0.026 sq.in. per foot of

slab width.

416 Masonry Mortaring – Cements - Type I Portland cement is the basic cement

used in most mortars.

Type IA; IIA; IIIA; Type IV; Type V

417 Lime - Quicklime may be purchased in the following forms, the principal

difference being in the size of the particles: pebble lime, crushed lime, ground

lime, and pulverized lime.

419 Table — Quantity of Materials Required for Masonry Using Pebble or

Pulverized Quicklime at 80 Cuft Lime Putty per Ton.

420 Waterproofing and Shrink proofing Mortar

422 Types of Mortar

Type M mortar is a high strength mortar used primarily in foundation masonry,

retaining walls, walks, sewers, and manholes.

422 Table — Type M Mortar — Proportions and Costs for a Cement-Lime

Mixture

Table — Type M Mortar — Proportions and Costs using Masonry Cement.

Type S mortar also has a reasonably high compressive strength and develops

maximum tensile bond strength between brick and cement-lime mortars. It is

recommended for use in reinforced masonry and where flexural strengths are

required, such as cavity walls exposed to strong winds, and for maximum

bonding power, such as for ceramic veneers.

422 Table — Type S Mortar — Proportions and Costs for a Cement-Lime

Mixture

Table — Type S Mortar — Proportions and Costs using Mortar

Type N mortar is a medium strength mortar, generally used in exposed masonry

above grade.


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422 Table — Type N Mortar — Proportions and Costs for a Cement-Lime

Mixture

423 Table — Type N Mortar — Proportions and Costs using Masonry Cement.

Type 0 mortar is a low strength mixture for general interior use where

compressive strengths do not exceed 100 psi. It may be used elsewhere where

exposures are not severe and no freezing will be encountered.

423 Table — Type 0 Mortar — Proportions and Costs for a Cement-Lime

Mixture

Table — Type 0 Mortar — Proportions and Costs using Mortar

424 Cu. Ft. of Mortar Required to Lay 1,000 Face Brick

Table — Width of Mortar Joints, inches

Table — Quantity of Mortar Required to Lay 1,000 Bricks

425-426 Tables (5) — Cost of One Cuft Cement Mortar for Concrete Masonry

426 Table — Quantity of Mortar Required to Lay 1,000 Concrete Brick of

Various Sizes

431 Unit Masonry - Brick

432 Standard Brick — A standard non-modular brick is 8" long, 2-1/4" high, and

contains 18 sq. in. on the face.

433 Table — Number of Standard Brick (8"x2-1/4"x3- 3/4") Required for One

Square Foot of Brick of any Thickness

Variations in Face Brick Quantities

Table — Number of square inches Occupied by One 8"x2-'/4" Face Brick

with Various Width Mortar Joints

Table — Number of 8"x2-1/4"x3-3/4" Face Brick Required per Sq. Ft. of

Wall in Running Bond Without Headers

439 Brick Bonds and Patterns

440 Bonds - Structural Bond; Pattern Bond; Mortar Bond


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443- 447 Bonds - Pattern Bonds; Running Bond; Common or American Bond;

English Bond; Dutch Bond or English Cross Bond; Block or Stack Bond;

Flemish Bond; Double Flemish Blond; Three Stretcher Flemish Bond; Four

Stretcher Flemish Bond; Garden Wall Bond; Diamond Bond Patterns

— (Include all pictorial types)

448 Modular Size Brick

451 Tables (2) — Modular Brick Walls without Headers; Non-Modular Brick

and Mortar Required for Single Wythe Walls in Running Bond

451 Table — Cu. Ft. of Mortar per 100 Sft of Wall — (include the formula

following the table)

453 Brick Cavity Walls

454 Labor Laying Building Brick

458-459 Labor Laying Face Brick - Flush Cut Joint; Concave and V-Shaped Joints;

Weathered Joint; Struck Joint; Raked Joint; Grapevine Joint

471-474 Cleaning Face Brick Work; Brick Fireplaces, Mantels, and Hearths

484 Handling of Masonry by Palletization

485 Standard Pallet 32"x24 - A standard pallet size of 32" x 24" has been chosen,

because it accommodates all common sizes of brick, block and tile, its loaded

weight does not exceed safety regulations for scaffolding or light floor

construction, and it accommodates just enough material to build 10 lin. ft. of

wall, 4' high, 4" thick, allowing proper spacing for stacking on the scaffold

according to standard masonry practice.

487 Structural Clay Facing Tile

Mortar design mixes for tile follow those listed in the previous chapter for brick,

except interior non loadbearing partitions may utilize a low strength type "0"

mortar that calls for 0.111 cuft of cement and 0.222 cuft of lime for each cuft of

sand.

498 Terra Cotta Masonry

499 Method of Manufacturing Architectural Terra Cotta

507 Concrete Unit Masonry

508-509 Modular Size Concrete Block - Table — Number of Modular Size Brick per

Sq. Ft. of Wall of Various Thicknesses


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510 Concrete Blocks and Partition Units — Table following the title

511 Sizes and Weights of Concrete Masonry Units — Concrete masonry units are

usually made with standard modular face dimensions 7-5/8" high and 15-5/8"

long and are available in thicknesses 3/8" less than the nominal 3", 4", 6" 8",

10" and 12" thicknesses.

512 When laid up with 3/8" mortar joints, the units are 8" high and 16" long,

requiring 112.5 units per 100 sqft of wall, not including allowance for waste and

breakage.

514 Table — Sizes, Weights and Quantities of Loadbearing Concrete Blocks and

Tile

520 Control Joints in Concrete Masonry

521 Control joints can be built with regular full and half-length stretcher block or

full and half-length offset jamb block. With this type of joint construction, a

non-corroding metal Z-tiebar, placed in every other horizontal joint across the

control joint will provide lateral support to wall sections on each side of the

control joint.

Reinforced Concrete Masonry

521 Bond Beams - To reinforce concrete masonry walls horizontally bond beams

are frequently used at each story height.

522 Reinforcement for bond beams must satisfy structural requirements but should

not be less than 2 #4 steel bars.

524 Concrete Masonry Cavity Walls

Pictorial — Typical Concrete Masonry Beams

526-534 Examples of Concrete Masonry Construction — Pictorials

534 Insulating Fill for Concrete Masonry Walls

535-536 Tables (5) showing the R-Values of different types of concrete masonry

Walls

540 Seismic Concrete Masonry — Reinforcement - The sum of percents of

horizontal and vertical reinforcement should be at least 0.2%.

542-543 Glass Unit Masonry; Mortar for Glass Blocks, Expansion Joints,

Reinforcement


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544 Glass Building Units (Installation); Labor Laying Glass Blocks

548 Stone Assemblies

550 Rubble Stone Work — Ruble stone work is estimated by the cuyd containing 27

cuft or by the perch containing 24-3/4 cuft. Note rubble stone is another word for

mass or bulk foundation — not in text — field knowledge '.

573 Arc Welding in Building Construction

576 Procedures for Making Various Types of Welded Joints

579 Table — Approximate Weight of Bolts

584-586 Pictorial of Beam Framing with Plates or Channels

590 Bolting Field Connections. Most Structural steel projects have sections bolted

together.

591 The most common bolts are ASTM A-325, high strength bolts for structural

steel joints, 3/4" diameter x 2" long, at an approximate cost per bolt unit of $0.95

each. Each bolt unit consists of bolt, washers, and nut. Other grades sometimes

required for connections are A490M-04a Standard specification for High

Strength Steel Bolts, Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3 — Grade A307-04 Standard

Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs. 60,000 PSI Tensile Strength

carbon steel externally threaded standard connection (decrease the cost about

15% per bolt unit

594 Pictorial and explanation of nomenclature of W12x45

595 Pictorial and explanation of nomenclature of S24x 100

596 Pictorial and explanation of nomenclature of C12x20.7

597 Estimating the Weight of Wrought Iron, Steel or Cast Iron

Weight of Wrought Iron — One cuft of wrought iron weights 480 lbs. One sqft

of wrought iron 1" thick weights 40 lbs. One square inch of wrought iron one

foot long weighs 3-1/3 lbs.

Weight of Steel — One cuft of steel weighs 489.6 lbs, or 2% more than wrought

iron, one sqft of 1" thick weights 40.8 lbs. A piece of x 1" x 1' steel weighs

3.4 lbs.

Weight of Cast Iron - One cuft of cast iron weighs 450 lbs. One sqft of cast iron,

1" thick weighs 37-1/2 lbs. A piece of cast iron 1" x 1" x weighs 3-1/8 lbs.

One cubic inch of cast iron weighs 0.26 lbs.


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598 Table — Weight of Square and Round Bars

599 Table — Weights of Flat Steel Bars-Lbs per foot

600 Pictorial and of 4"x4"xl/2" Equal Angles, Unequal Angles 4"x3"xl/2", and

Standard Channel 6x13

600 Table — Weights of American Standard Channels

601 Table — Weights of Steel Angles

602 Table — Weights of Structural Steel Angles

603 Table — Weights of Steel Tees

604 Table — Weights of Standard Diamond Steel Floor Plates

604 Table — Weights of Steel Plates in Lbs per Sq Ft

606 Metal Joists

608 Metal Decking

610 Cold –Formed Metal Framing - Lightgage Framing

611-613 Pictorials of Lightgage Framing

613 Lightgage framing systems can supply complete wall, floor, and roof

construction for buildings up to four stories in height, or can be used in

combination with other framing systems for interior, load bearing partitions,

exterior curtain walls, fire separation walls, parapets, penthouses, trusses,

suspended ceilings, and mansard roofs.

614 Joists come in 6", 8" 10" and 12" depths and in 12, 14, 16, and 18 gauge

material.

Joist bridging, which may be stock 'V' units or solid channels, must be supplied

in the center of all spans up to 14'; at third points on spans from 14' to 20’; at

quarter points on spans from 26' to 32'; and at 8' centers on all spans over 32'.

615 Metal Fabrications

620 Nailing Schedule; Nails Required for Carpentry Work

Splitless Wood Siding Nail Specification


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621 Table — Splitless Wood Siding Nail Specifications (Type 304 SS)

Table - Recommended Sizes and Quantities Commonly Used

622 Table — Bright Common Nail Specifications

Bright box nails are generally of the same length but slightly smaller diameter.

622 Table — Bright Box Nail Specifications

623 Table — Recommended Sizes and Quantities Commonly Used

623 Hand driven nails for roofing-Asphalt and Fiberglass Shingle Nails

624-628 Tables — Different types of roofing nail specifications -

627 Tables - Masonry Nail Specifications

628 Table — Metal Roofing Nail Specifications

629 Tables — Pole Barn — Post and Framing Nail Specifications & Nail

Reference Data Specifications

630-631 Table — Suggested Nailing Schedule (include 1-11 in small letters)

633 Estimating Lumber Quantities — One board foot is always 144 cubic inches.

633-634 Estimating Wood Joists — Table - Number of Wood Floor Joists Required

for any Spacing

634 Table — Board Feet Required per 100 Sq Ft of Surface when used for Studs,

Joists Rafters, Wall and Floor, Furring Strips, etc.

635 Table — Number of Wood Joists Required for any Floor and Spacing

636-637 Estimating number of Wood Studs — Example of how to calculate total

quantities. Ask your instructor for help if needed.

638 Table — Board Ft of Lumber Required for Wood Stud Partitions 2x4 Studs;

16" o.c. Single Top and Bottom Plates (include small letters).

643 Example of calculating board foot (take name of lumber in inches and multiply

it out, then divide by 12 to convert to decimals, and then multiply by lineal foot

= board foot.


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646-650 Wood Framing - Hardware Accessories Used for Wood Framing - Steel Joist

Hangers; Framing Accessories; Timber Connectors; Metal Connector Plates

(Truss Plates); Wedge Fit Split Rings (including Table with costs); Shear

Plates; Toothed Rings; Spike Grids.

650 Wood Floor and Roof Trusses — Floor trusses are used for spans from 12'0"

to as large as 70'-0" and are found in all conventional types of construction.

Wood roof trusses are used for spans as short as 25'-0" and can be used up to

200’-0”.

651 Approximate Prices of Wood Bowstring Truss

652 Crescent Type Roof Truss – Recommended span is from 20’-0” to 85’-0”

653 Belgian Roof Truss — It is used on some higher class store buildings and low

cost churches and is recommended for spans from 20'-0" to 85'-0".

Belgian roof trusses are less efficient than the bowstring type, because the

connections generally govern the member sizes. They cost about 50% more

than bowstring type trusses.

653 The Double fink truss is also referred to as a Belgian truss and is used for spans

from 36'-0" to 60'-0".

Flattop Roof Truss — Spans should not exceed 65' where cost is an important

factor.

654 Parallel Chord 2x4 Truss — Roof slopes should be at least 1/4" per foot of

span.

Modified Queen Post Truss

Fink Truss — The fink truss is generally suitable for spans from 16' to as long

as 46' and for all classes of construction. It is an efficient and cost effective

truss configuration, 50% to 60% the cost of comparable steel truss.

654-655 Pictorial — Types of Trusses

Howe Truss — The Howe truss can be used for spans from 16' to 18'.

Parallel Chord 4x2 Truss — This type of truss can be manufactured with duct

chase openings so that wiring, piping, and ducts can run within the chords.

655 Pictorial — Types of Trusses


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655 Three Hinged Arch

Cantilever Truss — Cantilevers can approach ¼ of the distance of the main

interior truss span.

Clerestory Truss — This type of truss is used extensively in industrial and

agricultural buildings, in spans up to 60'.

Inverted Truss — Vaulted Ceiling Truss

656 Mono-Pitch Truss — Dual-Pitch Truss

656 Pitched Warren Truss — This truss form is most economical in spans from 30'

to 70', on center spacings from 2' to 8'.

The W-Type is the most popular type and is adaptable for spans from 18' up to

40'; roof slope from 2 in 12 to 6 in 12 and higher.

The Triple-W is used for spans up to 80' with slopes of 3 in 12 and higher.

Centerline spacings can be from 2' to 20'.

656 The Kingpost truss is usually recommended for shorter spans. The economical

range is up to 26' under most loading conditions.

657 Other Types of Commonly Used Wood Trusses - The Double ink truss is

generally use for spans from 36' to 60'

An extremely long truss with cantilevered ends can be manufactured in three

sections. Trusses of this type, 128' in overall length, have been fabricated in

this manner.

658 Truss Openings

Installation of Wood Trusses

663 Installation Sequence for Temporary and Permanent Bracing of Wood

Truss

Note that all bracing lumber should be no less than 2" x x 10'. A Minimum

of two 16d double head nails should be used at each connection.

668 Labor Framing Lumber in Building Construction

683 Heavy Timber Construction


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688 Sheating - Plywood Roof and Wall Sheathing, Subflooring and

Underlayment ; Roof and Wall Sheathing - Nailing of plywood sheathing

should be at 6" o.c. along panel edges and 12" o.c. at intermediate supports. Use

6d common nails for panels of ½” or less in thickness, and 8d for greater

thickness.

689 Insulating Sheathing - Insulating sheathing is furnished in sheets 4' wide and 6',

7', 8', 9', 10' and 12' long, and 1/2" and 25/32” thick, the same thickness as

wood sheathing.

690 Insulating Roof Decking - Decking should he laid so that cross joints are

staggered and occur only over supports. Decking should be face nailed to all

framing members. spacing nails 4" to 6" apart and keeping back 3A" to 1" from

edges of plank. Nails should be galvanized common of sufficient length to pass

through decking and penetrate supports at least 1-1/2" and should be driven

flush but not countersunk.

692 Insulating Shingle Backer Strips

697 Shop-Fabricated Structural Wood - Glued Laminated Beam Construction -

Beams glued laminated construction are popular where price is not the controlling

factor.

They are used in schools, auditoriums, churches, stores, and ranch-style homes

and are made of kiln-dried structural woods bonded together by glue, applied

under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure.

698 Glue Laminated Three Hinged Arch — Another type of glued laminated

construction is the three-hinged arch, which gains its support from floor level,

incorporating column and abeam in one compact design.

Purlins are generally used to span the resulting bays and are covered with two

inch decking and suitable insulating material.

699 Finish Carpentry

702 Interior Finish Carpentry

707 Pictorial of Wood Ceiling Cornice and Picture Mold

714- 718 Architectural Wood Work – Wood Board Paneling - Softwood

Plywood Paneling - Solid Wood Paneling

720 Sheet Board Paneling

732 Wood Stairs and Railings


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740 Wood Posts & Columns - Wood Columns

741 Pictorial of several types of columns

749 Dampproofing and Waterproofmg

752 Estimating Quantities of Water or Damp-Resisting Plaster Coats — Based

on damp loose sand containing 5% of moisture and weighing 2,565 lbs per cuyd.

752 Table— Quantity of Cement and Sand Required for One Cu yd of Cement

Mortar

753 Table - Cement Plaster Coat – sq ft. Obtainable from One Cu yd of cement

Mortar

757 Transparent Dampproofing of Exterior Masonry Walls

762 Built up Bituminous Waterproofing — Estimating the Quantity of Felt or

Fabric Required for Membrane Waterproofing - If the felt is applied to walls,

allow bout 6" to lap over the footings at the bottom, with a small allowance at the

top of walls above grade. This will average from 7.5% to 10% of the total area

to be waterproofed.

If the walls or floors are covered with a single thickness of felt or membrane,

lap each strip of felt 4" to 6", depending upon the specifications.

If the lap is 4" wide and only a single thickness of felt is used, add 20% to the

actual area to allow for laps and the additional felt required at the top and bottom

of the wall. If the lap is 6" and only a single thickness, add about 25% to the

actual wall or floor area for laps, etc.

763 Weight of Tar or Asphalt Felt for Membrane Waterproofing — Tar or

asphalt felt for waterproofing is currently furnished in 4 square rolls of 432 sqft

weighing 60 lbs per roll.

Double thickness asphalt felt is also furnished in 60 lbs per roll containing 216

sqft and this felt is known and No.30.

When specifying the grade or weight of felt to be used, it is customary to state

that "felt shall weigh not less than 15 lbs per 108 sqft". This is known as No. 15

felt. Felt is furnished in 4 square rolls of 432 sqft, so there are 32 sqft per roll or 8

sqft per 100 sqft allowed for laps.

Tar or asphalt saturated fabric is usually sold by the roll containing 50 sqyds or

by the sqyd.


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769 Thermal Protection – Thermal Insulation

770 Even the exterior and interior plies will contribute some insulating quality.

Materials are rated for their thermal resistance or their "R" value, the

temperature difference between two exposed faces required to cause one BTU

to flow through one square foot of the material per hour.

770 Table — Different Material R Values

Heat transfer thru the building enclosure is by three means: convection,

conduction, and radiation.

Convection is the thermally produced upward and downward movement of air.

771 Conduction is the transmission of heat thru a material. The rate of conductance

of a material or combination of materials, known as its -U" factor, is the BTU

per hour per inch of thickness per square foot per degree of temperature

difference. The R ratings are the reciprocals of conductance or 1 divided by the

"U" factor.

Radiation is the emission of energy from a surface.

772 Rigid Insulation — Urethane boards have the highest `R' value per inch of

thickness, 7.14, but are flammable and must be covered over, or treated.

777 Blanket Insulation

Insulation formed into bans or rolls is made in a number of materials, such as

stone, slag, glass wools, vegetable and cotton fibers, and suspended pulps.

778 Most batt and blanket materials have 'R' values around 3.5 to 3.7 per inch of

thickness. The 3" will provide an "R" of 11, 3-1/2" of 13, and 6" of 19.

778 Loose Fill Insulation — Loose fill insulation includes mineral wool, which is

molten rock extruded by air and steam into fibers, known as blowing wool for

machine applications, or nodules for pouring or spreading by hand, end

expanded volcanic rocks such as vermiculite or perlite. The latter are most

often specified for filling concrete block or cavity walls.

779 Loose Insulating Wool

The covering capacity of bulk wood as given by most manufacturers is based

on a density of 6 to 8 lbs per cft.

Tables (2) — No of Sqft of Surface covered by One Bag of Loose Insulating

Wool Weighing 40 lbs and Containing 4 cuft. — Not Including Area Covered by

Studs and Joists & Including Area Covered by Studs and Joists


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779 Granule or Pellet Type Insulating Wool

780 Vermiculite or Perlite Loose-fill Insulation

782 Reflective Insulation — Where the heat flows down from a hot roof to a ceiling

below, 93% of the heat transfer is by radiation and only 7% by conduction.

783 Weather Barriers

784 Steep Slope Roofing - Shingles and Shakes

785 Rules for Measuring Plain Double Pitch or Gable Roofs — Highlight

example given.

Pictorial of Plain Double Pitch or Gable Roof and Conical Building and Roof

Rule for Measuring Hip Roofs — Highlight example given.

786 Pictorial of Hip Roofs

786-787 Rules for Measuring Conical Tower Roofs and Circular Buildings —

Highlight examples given

787 A Short Method of Figuring Roof Areas — To obtain the number of sqft of roof

area, where the pitch (rise and run) of the roof is known, take the entire flat or

horizontal area of the roof and multiply by the factor given below for the roof

slope applicable and the result will be the area of the roof.

788 Table — Sample Roof Factor Estimate - Showing different factors to convert

flat areas into various slopes

789 Asphalt Shingles — Estimating Quantities of Asphalt Shingles — When

measuring roofs of any shape, always allow one extra course of shingles for the

"starters" at the eaves. The first or starting course of shingles must always be

doubled.

Asphalt shingles must be properly nailed 6 nails to a strip and nailed low enough

on the shingle (right at the cut-out); otherwise, they will blow off the roof.

790 Nails Required for Asphalt Shingles — When laying square butt strip shingles,

use 11 ga. aluminum nails, 1" long, with a 7/16" head.

791 Metal Shingles


Page # Highlight

791 Porcelain Enamel Shingles — are manufactured to have an exposed surface of

10"x10" with 144 shingles per square. Weight is 225 lbs per 100 sqft. Finish is

fused on at 1500 deg F and provides a long lasting, self-cleaning finish that will

not peel or blister.

792 Slate Roofing

794 Table — Number required per Square and Number of Nails per Square

798 Wood Shingles and Shakes

Estimating the Quantity of Wood Shingles

799 Table — Number of Shingles and Quantity of Nails Required

Wood shingles are usually sold by the square based on sufficient shingles to lay

100 sft of surface, when laid 5" to the weather, 4 bundles to the square.

802 Clay Roofing Tile

806 Roofing and Siding Panels – Aluminum and Siding

To provide adequate drainage the roof surface should never have a slope less

than 2-1/2" per foot, and preferably not less than 3" per foot.

For roofing, sheets should have a side lap of 1-1/2 corrugations. For sidings,

should be lapped 1 corrugation.

810 Steel Siding

It is made with various corrugations, varying in width

and depth, but the 2-1/2" corrugation width is the most commonly used.

When used for siding one corrugation lap is usually sufficient, but for roofing

two corrugations should be used and if the roof has only a slight pitch, the lap

should be three corrugations.

811 When used for siding, a 1" to 2" end lap is sufficient, but when laid on roofs it

should have an end lap of 3" to 6" depending on the pitch of the roof. For a 1/3

pitch, a 3" lap is sufficient; for a 1/4 pitch, a 4" lap should be used; and for a 1/8

pitch, a 5" end lap is recommended.

817 Membrane Roofing — Pictorial — Flat Roof with Parapet Walls


Page # Highlight

817-818 Rules for Measuring Flat Roof — When measuring flat roof surfaces that are

to be covered with composition, tar and gravel, tin, metal, or prepared roofing,

the measurements should be taken from the outside of the walls on all four sides

to allow for flashing up the side of each wall. The flashing is usually 8" to 1'-

0" high.

Pictorial — Flat Roof Overhanging Walls

819 Quantity of Roofing Gravel Required for Built-Up Roofs — Roofing gravel

should be uniformly embedded into a heavy top pouring of asphalt or pitch so

that approximately 400 lbs of gravel or 300 lbs of slag is used per 100 sqft of

roof area.

823 EPDM Roof Systems — Ethylene Propylene Diene Methylene Rubber is

popularly known in the trade as EPDM. EPDM membranes can be produced in

various colors, including black, reinforced, reinforced, or non-reinforced, and

in thicknesses ranging from 30 to 90 mils.

826 Sheet Metal Roofing

827 Copper Roofing

828 Standing Seam Sheet Metal Roofing

828 Standing Seam Metal Roofing

830 The following table gives the covering capacity of painted or galvanized steel

sheets of the different sizes. Include table following the paragraph.

V Crimped Roofing — When estimating quantities of V crimped roofing, allow

for the end lap but there is no waste in the width as only the actual covering

capacity is charged for by the manufacturer.

830-831 The following table gives the quantity of V-crimp roofing required to cover 100

sqft of roof with end laps 1" to 6". — Highlight the table following the paragraph.

837 Sheet Metal Flashing and Trim

844 Fire and Smoke Protection; Applied Fireproofing — Gypsum tile are used for

partitions and column fireproofing. They are 12"x30" in face dimensions.

844 Estimating Quantities of Gypsum Tile - The gypsum tile should be estimated

by the square foot taking the area of all walls or partitions and making

deductions in full for all openings.


Page # Highlight

844 Tables (2) - Sizes and Weights of Gypsum Partition and Furring Tiles; Cuft

of Mortar Required to Lay 100 sqft of Gypsum Partition Tile.

845 Fire Brick Work — Table — Sizes and Shapes of Standard Fire Brick and

Number Required per Square Foot

849 Fire Resistance of Brick - Fireproofed Column Fire Ratings — Highlight

the 4 lines following the title including the small italic letters.

858 Fire Label Requirements

861 Pictorial — Colonial Front Entrances

862 Pictorials — Stud Wall Drip Cap Frame — Brick Wall Frame — Brick Veneer

Wall Frame

863 Table — Setting Exterior Wood Door Frames

865 Plastic Doors

874 Specialty Doors and Frames - Tin Clad Fire Doors

879 Sliding Glass Doors

884 Garage, Factory and Warehouse Doors

886 Entrances, Storefronts, and Curtain Walls – Aluminum-Framed Entrances

and Storefronts — Materials are made from an aluminum alloy and extruded into

many different shapes and sizes of various thicknesses. The extrusions are offered

in stock lengths of 24' long, but longer lengths are available upon special order.

887-888 Installed Costs of Storefront Construction — For budget purposes only, the

following installed costs of aluminum storefront framing, glass not included,

are given on a per sqft basis: Highlight 1 thru 6. Add 15% for bronze anodized

finish, 20% for black anodized finish. Add for transom over single door,

$119.00; over pair of doors, $210.00.

888 Curtain Walls and Glazed Assemblies - Insulated Metal Wall Panels

892 Windows — For Example, a 27" x 43" window is a total of 70" and can be priced

between $3.00 to $13.00 per inch and $210.00 to $910.00 per window

depending on the material.

Metal Windows

893 Table – Labor of Installing Steel Windows and Doors – Special attention to

Residence Casement (Roto), single and two or more units.


Page # Highlight

895 Anchors — Anchors for securing frames to wood or masonry walls are included

with window units. Four anchors per opening are furnished for heights up to

and including 4'-5-1/2". Six anchors per opening to and including 5'-9-1/2".

Eight anchors for opening to and including 8'-1-1/2".

898-898 Wood Windows

Double Hung Windows — Frame; Sash; Glazing; Glazing System;

Weatherstripping; Anchoring Flange and Windbreak; Sill; Jamb Liner;

Sash Lock and Lift.

901 Gliding Window Units — With the sub-titles of definitions

902 Awning Panel Wall Units — With the sub-titles of definitions.

904 Casement Window Units — With the sub-titles of definitions.

905-906 Circle Top Window Units — With the sub-titles of definitions.

908 Roof Windows and Skylights

915 Metal-Framed Skylights

915 Erecting and Glazing Metal Skylights — An average skylight (single, double

pitch or hip) up to 8'x12' in size containing 100 sqft should be erected and glazed

complete by a sheet metal worker and glazing in 8 to hrs time at the following

labor cost — highlight the table following the paragraph.

916 Erecting Skylights with Side Sash — If the skylights have side sash, the

erection cost will vary with the number of sash in the skylight and whether

stationary or pivoted. On an average it will require 1 to 1-1/2 hrs labor time for

each sash in the skylight, at the following labor cost per sash - Highlight the

table following the paragraph.

920 Weather Stripping and Seals

925 Glazing — Table - Clear Float Glass - Glazing Quality

930 Leaded and Art Glass

934 Plaster and Gypsum Board – Plaster & Gypsum Board Assemblies

935 Pictorial, Vertical and Horizontal Applications

936 Table – Size and Thickness

939 Pictorial, screw sizes


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946 Metal Furring

947 Supports for Plaster & Gypsum Board - Metal Studs and Furring

952 Metal Lath Construction - Spans of Lath; Table- Minimum Allowable

Spacing of Supports in Inches

952 Attachment of Lath —Nail-on attachment of metal lath to horizontal or sloping

surfaces (ceilings and soffits) requires the use of No. 11 ga. barbed, galvanized

roofing nails with a head diameter of 7/16". The length of such nails must

permit a minimum penetration into the wood of 1-3/8". In nail-on attachment

of metal lath to vertical surfaces (walls and partitions), 4d common nails are

permitted. They should penetrate the wood at least 3/4 inches. However, and

the remainder should be bent over the strands of lath.

954 Pictorial - Partition Framing at Door Openings

955 Pictorial - Hollow Partitions Ceilings and Floors

964 Horizontal Support Systems — Table — Hanger Sizes for Suspended

Ceilings

965 Table — Spans and Spacing for Main Runners in Suspended Ceilings

965 Table - Spans and Spacing for Cross Furring

Pictorial — Details of Suspended Ceiling

966 Lath

966 Estimating Quantities of Lathing and Plastering

968 Gypsum Lath — Nails Required for Gypsum Lath

969 Gypsum Lath - Mechanical Stapling of Gypsum Lath; Two-Inch Solid

Gypsum Long Length Lath and Plaster Partition; Floating Systems of

Attachment of Gypsum Lath; Suspended Gypsum Lath Ceilings; Hollow

Steel Stud Partitions Using Gypsum Lath as a Plaster Base.

973 Estimating Plaster Quantities

974 Table — Number of 100 lb. Sacks of Gypsum Cement Plaster Required per

100 Sqyd

975 General Notes Applying To Finish Plaster Coats


Page # Highlight

1004 Other Plastering - Perlite and Vermiculite Plaster

1005-1006 Recommended Proportions and Quantities — Highlight the (2) Tables

on pages 1005-1006.

1006 Table — Number of 100 lbs Sacks of Wood Fiber Plaster Required per 100

Sqyds

1011 Exterior Stucco

1019 Base Coat

1024 Tiling - Ceramic Tiling

1025 Estimating Quantities — Ceramic tile is estimated by the square foot with trim

pieces such as base, cap, etc., being estimated by the lineal foot.

1036 Stone Tiling - Marble tile

1053 Ceiling - Acoustical Ceilings

1055 Acoustical Tile on Suspended Systems

1059 Wood Flooring

1065 Setting Sleepers in Mastic on Concrete Floors

1069 Finishing Hardwood Floors

1069 Table - Chart for Floor Surfacing Operations

1072 Laminated Wood Floors – Glue Laminated 954

1074 Resilient Flooring

1078 Terrazzo Flooring

1086 Carpeting

1087 Wall Finishes - Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS)

1088 The following checklist of items from a manufacturer's installer will ensure a

quality product: Highlight 1 thru 9.

1091 Wall Covering

1095 Painting and Coating


Page # Highlight

1115 Steel Coatings - Painting Pipe

1117 Painting Structural Steel

1135 Storage Specialties – Lockers and Postal Specialties

1139 Equipment - Residential Equipment

1145 Furnishings

1147 Special Construction – Special Facility Components – Specialty Element

Construction; Concrete Storage Bins and Silos

1152 Special Construction – Special Purpose Rooms – Sauna Rooms

1155 Conveying Equipment - Dumb Waiters; Elevators; Escalators & Moving

Walks; Lifts

1163 Fire Suppression

1165 Plumbing

1167 Preparing Detailed Plumbing Estimates — Highlight 1-35

1169 Facility Sanitary Sewage

1174 Septic Sewage Disposal Tanks — The capacity of a septic tank should be at

least equal to the maximum daily flow of sewage. This is normally estimated

at 100 gallons per person per day. For part time service in factories, churches,

schools, etc., 50 gals per person per day is generally satisfactory for estimating

tank facilities.

1177 Residential Plumbing Fixtures

1181 Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

Types of Conventional Heating Systems

1184 Types of Cooling Equipment for Residential Use

1186 Electrical Heating

1198 Items to Be Included in the Estimate — Highlight 1-14

1220 Electrical - The electrical take off sheet for residential work should have a

column for each of the following: Highlight 1 thru 11.


Page # Highlight

1222 Increasing Estimating Accuracy

1225 Conduit for Electrical Systems

1226 Tables (3) for Material and Labor Costs for Installing Conduit and Pulling

Wire in Conduit

1228 Switches and Receptacles – Table – Cost per unit / Hours to install

1229 Low-Voltage Electrical Transmission – Low-Voltage Electrical Service

Entrance - Service Entrance Equipment — Table — Circuit Breakers

1233 Electronic Safety and Security – Electronic Detection and Alarm

1241 Stripping & Stockpiling Topsoil — any area cleared of trees and stumps will have

a loss factor of approximately 15% to 50% depending on the number of stumps

removed.

1247 Earthwork — Estimating Quantities of Excavation — Excavating is measured by

the cubic yard, cu. yd. One cubic yard contains 27 cubic feet.

1247 On construction projects (OSHA) as well as state and local agencies, request

excavations of five feet deep and over soil support of sheeting or some other

type.

Digging in previously undisturbed material and assuming that no water or

unstable conditions exist, most estimators, when taking off quantities for

excavation, use a 1:1 slope; that is one horizontal to one vertical, for sand and

gravel; a 1:2 slope for ordinary clay and aa:3 or 1:4 slope for stiff clay.

1248 Example of a method for calculating the volume of the excavation.

1249 Typical Examples of Swell Factors - these are often used in excavation

problems. Compare with Principles and Practices, they are different. The exam

should specify which book to use in the problem.

1251 Cross Sectional Method — One of the easiest and most frequently used

methods of computing grading cuts and fills when the plot plan shows both

original and proposed contours is that of gridding or dividing up the area to be

graded into squares, rectangles, triangles, or combinations of these figures, of

regular and convenient dimensions, thus forming a series of truncated prisms.

1254 End Area Method — It often happens that a cut and fill operation is to

performed over a long and narrow area such as for road, levees, ditches, etc. In

this case the usual method of computing the earthwork quantities is by means

of end areas.


Page # Highlight

1257 Highlight table showing the end area method of calculations.

1263-1264 Rock Removal - Drilling Rock for Blasting; Rock Excavation – see examples

and problem solving in Tables

1269-1271 Fill - Highlight the example beginning at the end of page 1270 and continuing

into 1271 including the table titled "Rate of Sheepsfoot Roller Compaction in

Cuyds per Hr. Based on 5', 2-1/2 mph Speed, 12" Fill Layers and 100% Job

Efficiency". Look at the example and follow the solution and how the table

was used and adjusted. Ask your instructor for help with this problem if needed.

1272 Backfill

1275-1279 Sheet Piling - Sheet Piling for Basements and Deep Foundations - Include

Tables Steel Sheet Piling

1280 Steel Sheet Piling - Include the Table.

1280 Estimating the Quantity of Steel Sheet Piling - Analyze the example

appearing in page 1280 including the shorter method to the solution of the

problem. - Ask your instructor for help if needed.

1281-1282 Trench Shielding - Bracing and Sheet Piling Trenches and Piers - When

excavating trenches and piers 5' 0" to 8' 0" deep, it is not always necessary to

sheathe the banks solid but two or three lines of braces placed along the sides of

the trench (as illustrated) will often be sufficient. Study and highlight the problem

on page 1281 . Ask your instructor for help if needed.

1283-1286 Driven Piles - Drop Hammer; Air and Steam Hammers; Diesel

Hammers; Vibratory Driver/Extractor" - The student should highlight the

titles only.

1288 Concrete Piles - There are two principal types of concrete piles, cast-in-place

and precast.

Cast-in-place is most common because the required length can be readily adjusted

n the field as the job progresses. There is no need to predetermine lengths. In

contrast. it is necessary to predetermine the length of precast piles, and to

provide for contingencies, it is generally required that piles be ordered longer than

the actual anticipated length.

.

1288 Precast piles are prestressed and are manufactured at established plants.

In marine installations, either in salt water or fresh water, the precast pile is used

almost exclusively, because of the difficulty of placing cast-in place piles in

open water.


Page # Highlight

1300-1301 Driving Steel HP Piles; Driving HP Section Piles;

Prices of Steel HP Piles; Cutting off Steel HP Piles; Splicing Steel HP Piles.

- The student should highlight the titles only.

1302-1303 Timber Piles - Driving Wood Piles - Highlight tables

1303 Cutting off Wood Piles- The student should highlight the titles only.

1304 Caissons - Caisson foundations are normally used to support heavy structures,

where soil conditions near grade cannot support them.

Hand Dug Caissons - The hand method of excavation most commonly used is

known as the Chicago method.

1315 Site Improvements – Chain Link Fences & Gates - Industrial chain link fences

usually consist of 3" OD tubular end posts and 2" to 2-1/2" OD intermediate posts

depending upon the height of the fencing to be installed.

For chain link fencing over 6' in vertical height, 6 gauge wire fabric will be

used in lieu of the 9 gauge fabric.

The maximum line post or intermediate post spacing is 10' on center and these

posts as well as in the corner posts are usually set in a 9" diameter by 3' feet

footing.

1316 Residential Chain Link Fencing - The standard corner posts are 2" to 2-1/2"

diameter. The standard line posts are 1-5/8" diameter, set at 10' on center.

Normally, with residential fencing, a top rail is added for stability.

1317 High-Security Chain Link Fence and Gates- This expanded metal fence is non

climbable and normally does not have barbed wire on top. Each expanded metal

section is 4' x 8' which is overlapped and bolted together to make each section 7'-

9" wide x 8' high. The security fence is sometimes referred to as “Alabama

Fence".

1317 Wire Fences with Wood Posts - Wood and Wire Fence

1318 Stringing Fence Wire - Cyclone wire fencing in 42" rolls is used for these

fences and is stapled to the top and bottom rails and posts about 4" on centers.

1346 Operating Costs, Engine Fuel, and Lubricating Oil - Highlight the formula

and also the example.

1349 How Degrees of Swing Affect Clamshell Yardage - Highlight the Table

"Angle of Swing in Degrees"


Page # Highlight

1362 Graders – tractors and scrapers

1363 Hourly Cost of Ownership - The cost of ownership has as its basis the total

delivered cost of the piece of equipment and is composed of several items

depreciation, interest insurance and taxes. In figuring the hourly depreciation

cost, most contractors usually take the full delivered price of the machine, less

cost of tires, and divide by the expected economic life of the machine in hours.

The life expectancy accepted is 5 years of 2,000 hrs each or 10,000 hours.

1395-1396 Mensuration - Formulas, Conversions, and Examples

1397-1398 Computing Areas and Volumes

1398-1400 Areas and Pictorials

1401-1402 Volumes and Pictorials

1404 Table of Feet and Inches Reduced to Decimals

1404-1405 Table of Common Fractions Stated in Decimals

1409-1410 Conversion Factors to Decimal and S.I. Metric Equivalents

1415 Glossary of Construction Terms - The test will ask at least one question from

here.

1416-1417 Construction Term - Arch (including all types)

1424 Construction Term - Corbel

1424 Construction Term - Culls

1428 Construction Term - Frog

1440 Construction Term - Wythe

1441-1451 OSHA / pit issues