1 “european r&d benchmarking (2002) “european r&d benchmarking (2002)” science,...

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““European R&D Benchmarking European R&D Benchmarking (2002)(2002)”

Science, Technology and Innovation PolicyScience, Technology and Innovation Policy

Student PresentationsStudent Presentations

Students:

Miguel Carvalho

Oscar Ferreira

Towards a European Research Area

Key Figures 2002

Indicators for benchmarking of national research policies

2Science, Technology and Innovation PolicyScience, Technology and Innovation Policy

““European R&D Benchmarking (2002)”European R&D Benchmarking (2002)”

Key FindingsKey Findings

The difference in R&D financing between the EU and the US is almost 1:2 in The difference in R&D financing between the EU and the US is almost 1:2 in

volume terms.volume terms.

Most of the small EU economies, and those that are catching up, have recorded Most of the small EU economies, and those that are catching up, have recorded

the highest growth rates for R&D investment.the highest growth rates for R&D investment.

In the EU, governments account for a much larger share of R&D investments than In the EU, governments account for a much larger share of R&D investments than

in the US and Japan.in the US and Japan.

The involvement of human resources in knowledge production is comparatively The involvement of human resources in knowledge production is comparatively

low in the EU when compared with Japan or the USA.low in the EU when compared with Japan or the USA.

In terms of scientific performance, the EU as a whole is doing well. With respect to In terms of scientific performance, the EU as a whole is doing well. With respect to

highly cited publications, some EU countries show outstanding world shares.highly cited publications, some EU countries show outstanding world shares.

The existing gap in output per capita between the EU and the US is principally due The existing gap in output per capita between the EU and the US is principally due

to lower employment rates in the EU and to the smaller number of working hours per to lower employment rates in the EU and to the smaller number of working hours per

worker per year.worker per year.

Some candidate countries today possess a huge potential capacity to produce Some candidate countries today possess a huge potential capacity to produce

scientific and technological knowledge.scientific and technological knowledge.



R&D Investment for the Knowledge-Based EconomyR&D Investment for the Knowledge-Based Economy

The difference in R&D financing between the EU and the US is almost 1:2 in The difference in R&D financing between the EU and the US is almost 1:2 in volume terms (caused by a slow growth of EU R&D financing since the mid 90s).volume terms (caused by a slow growth of EU R&D financing since the mid 90s).




Most of the small EU economies, and those that are catching up, have Most of the small EU economies, and those that are catching up, have recorded the highest growth rates for R&D investment.recorded the highest growth rates for R&D investment.




In the EU, governments In the EU, governments

account for a much larger share account for a much larger share

of R&D investments than in the of R&D investments than in the

US and Japan.US and Japan.

The EU’s business sector is The EU’s business sector is

lagging behind.lagging behind.

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The involvement of human resources in knowledge production is The involvement of human resources in knowledge production is comparatively low in the EU when compared with Japan or the USA.comparatively low in the EU when compared with Japan or the USA.

Finland, already the best performer, is still increasing considerably.Finland, already the best performer, is still increasing considerably.

Science, Technology and Innovation PolicyScience, Technology and Innovation Policy““European R&D Benchmarking (2002)”European R&D Benchmarking (2002)”

Human Resources in S&THuman Resources in S&T




The business sector in the The business sector in the

EU lags behind the US and EU lags behind the US and

Japan in taking researchers.Japan in taking researchers.

Encouragement for Encouragement for

businesses to employ businesses to employ

researchers would be needed.researchers would be needed.




The percentual growth in New PhDs in catching up economies is The percentual growth in New PhDs in catching up economies is essentially due to a low starting number.essentially due to a low starting number.

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The high quality of tertiary The high quality of tertiary education should be maintained.education should be maintained.

The tertiary education private sector The tertiary education private sector has a huge potential to grow in the UE.has a huge potential to grow in the UE.



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The main foreign destinations of EU The main foreign destinations of EU students are the USA and Canada students are the USA and Canada (red)(red)..



The main regions of origin of foreign The main regions of origin of foreign researchers in the EU are other researchers in the EU are other European countries, Asia and Oceania, European countries, Asia and Oceania, and Africa and Africa (blue)(blue)..



Comparing, Performance in Science, Technology and InnovationComparing, Performance in Science, Technology and InnovationNumber of scientific publications and highly cited papers

The EU leading countries are research-intensive, medium sized countries with a strong urge to The EU leading countries are research-intensive, medium sized countries with a strong urge to

publish internationally.publish internationally.

Only a small fraction of the overall scientific output is highly cited.Only a small fraction of the overall scientific output is highly cited.

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Number of patents at the European patent officeEuropean patent office per million population, 2000;

European patents per million population: Average annual growth, 1995 to 2000;

US patentsUS patents per million population, 2000;

US patents per million population: Average annual growth, 1995 - 2000;

Sweden 306 11,79 196 14,46

Finland 283 12,24 130 13,82

Germany 270 11,21 134 9,83

Luxembourg 195 23,84 133 9,25

Netherlands 184 14,79 94 9,83

Denmark 177 11,68 94 17,45

US 144 11,62 315 8,04

EU-15 139 10,81 74 9,78

Austria 135 9,33 77 10,04

Japan 135 12,5 250 7,4

Belgium 130 10,04 88 11,45

France 128 7,54 71 7,1

United Kingdom 113 10,36 72 9,07

Ireland 70 25,98 43 19,06

Italy 67 10,69 32 8,61

Spain 21 15,73 8 11,62

Greece 6 16,52 2 21,85

Portugal 4 13,6 1 37,19


Comparing, Performance in Science, Technology and InnovationComparing, Performance in Science, Technology and Innovation

Number of patents at the EPO, USPTO, and annual growth per million population



Comparing, Performance in Science, Technology and InnovationComparing, Performance in Science, Technology and InnovationWorld market share of exports of high-tech products

The World market share of high-tech products The World market share of high-tech products

indicates the strength of an economy in R&D.indicates the strength of an economy in R&D.

A large share is usually associated with high levels of A large share is usually associated with high levels of

R&D investment, increased productivity, and highly paid R&D investment, increased productivity, and highly paid

jobs for skilled workers.jobs for skilled workers.



Comparing, Performance in Science, Technology and InnovationComparing, Performance in Science, Technology and Innovation

EU exports and imports of high-tech products: Top ten lists



Impacts of the Knowledge-Based Economy on CompetitivenessImpacts of the Knowledge-Based Economy on CompetitivenessLabor productivity – GDP per hour worked

Luxembourg has by far the highest productivity rate, Luxembourg has by far the highest productivity rate,

although it’s small size and special economic structure although it’s small size and special economic structure

probably create some distortions.probably create some distortions.

This benchmarking indicator shows the relationship This benchmarking indicator shows the relationship

between economic input in units of labor and the between economic input in units of labor and the

economic output in GDP.economic output in GDP.



Impacts of the Knowledge-Based Economy on CompetitivenessImpacts of the Knowledge-Based Economy on CompetitivenessValue added and Employment of high-tech and medium high-tech industries

High-tech and medium high-tech industriesHigh-tech and medium high-tech industries: manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, : manufacture of chemicals and chemical products,

mechanical and automotive engineering, machinery and transport, electrotechnology, information and mechanical and automotive engineering, machinery and transport, electrotechnology, information and

communication, measurement, control and instrumentation, optics.communication, measurement, control and instrumentation, optics.



Impacts of the Knowledge-Based Economy on CompetitivenessImpacts of the Knowledge-Based Economy on CompetitivenessValue added and Employment in knowledge intensive services

Knowledge Intensive ServicesKnowledge Intensive Services: post and telecommunications, computer and related activities, : post and telecommunications, computer and related activities,

R&D, water transport, air and space transport, financial intermediary, real estate, renting and business R&D, water transport, air and space transport, financial intermediary, real estate, renting and business

activities, health and social work and recreational, cultural and sporting activities.activities, health and social work and recreational, cultural and sporting activities.



Candidate Countries to EU

Many Candidate countries (Estonia, Poland, Many Candidate countries (Estonia, Poland,

Hungary, Slovak Republic and Turkey) invest in R&D Hungary, Slovak Republic and Turkey) invest in R&D

at the same level as those Member States with the at the same level as those Member States with the

lowest R&D intensities (such as Greece with 0.7% or lowest R&D intensities (such as Greece with 0.7% or

Portugal with 0.8%).Portugal with 0.8%).

1 “european r&d benchmarking (2002) “european r&d benchmarking (2002)” science,...

Documents

eu countries

eu lags

slow growth of eu rd

small eu economies

larger share of rd investments

st slide

knowledge production

technological knowledge