1. ethics and juris

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Definition of Terms:

Profession an occupation or calling requiring advance

training and experience in some specific or specialized body

of knowledge which provides service to society in thatspecific field.

Vocation an occupation of calling.

Ethics refers to a standard to examine and understand

moral life.Morality refers to social consensus about moral conduct

for human beings and society.

Professional Ethics a branch of moral science concerned

with the obligations that a member of the profession owes

to the public.

Health Care Ethics the division of ethics that relates to

human health.

Bio-Ethics a specific domain of ethics that focuses on

moral issues in the field of health care.


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Definition of Terms:

Nursing Ethics related to all the principles of right conduct

as they apply to the profession.

Nursing Profession the performance for a fee, salary orother reward or compensation or professional nursing

service to individuals, families and communities in various

stages of development. The promotion of health, prevention

of diseases, restoration of health and alleviation of sufferingthru:

Utilization of Nursing Process

Establishment of connection with community resources

Motivation of individuals, families and communities

Participation in teaching guidelines and supervision

Undertaking nursing and health manpower

development


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ETHICS

- Greek, ETHOS

- Customs or particular behavior, etymologicalorigin of ethics

- Practical science dealing with the morality of the

human acts of conduct

- Guide the intellect in the acquisition andapplication of moral principles

NURSING ETHICS

-Division of ethics which deals with moral behavioror nurses in the practice of their profession


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MEDICAL ETHICS

-particular science of ethics which guides our

judgment concerning the goodness or badness ofhuman acts in the medical profession

RA 9173

-Philippine Nursing act of 2002 , approved October

21, 2002

Two fold police for the nursing profession

a. state responsibility

b. state guarantee


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Guidelines for making ethical decisions:

-Consideration for people as human beings

-Consideration of consequences

-Proportionate good to come from choices

-Propriety of actual needs over ideal or potential needs

-A desire to enlarge choices and reduce chance

-A courageous acceptance of the consequence of the

decision.


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UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOMEDICAL ETHICS

Autonomy

Veracity

Beneficence / Peace Education

Nonmaleficence

Justice


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ETHICAL APPROACHES

Teleological Approach or Act of Utilitarianism

-Teleology comes from the Greek word telos or goal or

end.

-This is expressed as the right thing to do is the good thing

to do.

-The teleological approach is also termed as actutilitarianism where the good resides in the promotion of

happiness or the greatest net increase of pleasure over pain.


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ETHICAL APPROACHES

Deontological Approach or Duty-Oriented Theory

-The basic rightness or wrongness of an act depends on the

intrinsic natures rather than upon the situation or its

consequences.

-The word deontology came from the Greek word deon

which means duty.


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ETHICAL APPROACHES

Virtue Ethics Approach

-Virtue Ethics, known as aretaic ethics (from the Greek wordarte) is focused primarily on the heart of the person

performing the act.

-It focused on the traits and virtues of a good person such as

courage, temperance, wisdom and justice.

-Intellectual virtue is the power to deliberate about things

good for oneself.

-Moral virtues must be lived over time in order to be

learned.

Divine Command Ethics

-Is based on the theory that there is a Supreme or Divine

being that sets down the rules to provide guidance to moral

decisions.


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IMPORTANCE OF ETHICAL CODES:

1. It is a systematic guide for developing

ethical behavior.

2. It answers normative questions of whatbeliefs and values should be morally

accepted.


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NURSING CODE OF ETHICS

Importance:It strongly emphasizes the four-fold responsibility of nurse, the universality of

the nursing practice, the scope of their responsibilities to the people theyserve, to their co-workers, to society and environment, and to their

profession.

Brief History:

1982

The Philippine Nurses Association Special Committee, under thechairmanship of Dean Emeritus Julita V. Sotejo, developed a Code of Ethics for

Filipino nurses.

1984

The Board of Nursing, Professional Regulation Commission adopted the Code

of Ethics of the International Council for Nurses through Board Resolution No.633 adding promotion of spiritual environment as the fifth-fold

responsibility of the nurse.

1989

The Code of Ethics promulgated by the Philippine Nurses Association was

approved by the Professional Regulation Commission and through BoardResolution No. 1955 was recommended for use.


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RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE NURSE TO THE PATIENTS

1. Give him/her the kind of care his/her condition needs

regardless of his/her race, creed, color, nationality or status.2. The patients care shall be based on needs, the

physicians orders, and the ailment.

3. The nurse shall involve the patient and/or his/her family

so that he/she or any of the family can participate in his/her

care.4. Know the patients Bill of Rights.

5. Be patient advocate. Treat patient in a manner that will

show concern whether the patient is rich or poor.

6. Nurses should not leave a patient or any agency withoutproper permission or resignation or without relief.

7. Nurses should commit themselves to the welfare of those

entrusted to their care.


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CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION

-The patient himself/herself permits such revelation as inthe case of claim for hospitalization, insurance benefits,

among others

-The case is medico-legal such as attempted suicide,

gunshot wounds which have to be reported to the localpolice or NBI or constabulary

-The patient is ill of communicable disease and public

safety may be jeopardized

-Given to members of the health team if information is

relevant to his care

may only be revealed when:


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PATIENTS BILL OF RIGHTS

1. The patient has the right to considerate and respectful

care.

2. The patient has the right to obtain from his physiciancomplete and current information concerning his

diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in terms the patient

can be reasonably expected to understand.

3. The patient has the right to receive from his physicianinformation necessary to give informed consent prior to

the start of any procedure and/or treatment.

4.The patient has the right to refuse treatment and to be

informed of the medical consequences of his action.

5. The patient has the right to every consideration of his

privacy concerning his own medical care program.

6. The patient has the right to expect that all

communications and records pertaining to his care

should be treated as confidential.


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PATIENTS BILL OF RIGHTS

7. The patient has the right to expect within its capacity, a

hospital must make reasonable response to the request

of a patent for services.8. The patient has the right to obtain information as to

any relationship his hospital has to other health care and

educational institutions insofar as his care is concerned.

9. The patient has the right to be advised if the hospitalproposes t engage in or perform human experimentation

affecting his care or treatment.

10. The patient has the right to expect reasonable

continuity of care.

11. The patient has the right to examine and receive an

explanation of his bill.

12. The patient has the right to know what hospital rules

and regulations apply to his conduct as a patient.


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PATIENTS RESPONSIBILITIES

1.Providing information

2. Complying with instructions

3. Informing the physician of refusal to treatment

4. Paying hospital charges

5. Following hospital rules and regulations

6. Showing respect and consideration


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NURSES BILL OF RIGHTS

1. Nurses have the right to practice in a manner that fulfills their

obligations to society and to those who receive nursing care.

2. Nurses have the right to practice in environments that allowthem to act in accordance with professional standards and legally

authorized scopes of practice.

3. Nurses have the right to a work environment that supports and

facilitates ethical practice, in accordance with the Code of Ethics

for Nurses and its interpretative statements.4. Nurses have the right to freely and openly advocate for

themselves and their patients, without fear of retribution.

5. Nurses have the right to fair compensation for their work,

consistent with their knowledge, experience and professional

responsibilities.6. Nurses have the right to a work environment that is safe for

themselves and their patients.

7. Nurses have the right to negotiate the conditions of their

employment, either individuals or collectively, in all practice

settings.


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NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN RESEARCH ON HUMAN

SUBJECTS

-Employment in settings where research is conducted.

-Vigilant protection of human subjects rights

-Scope of Application

-Supporting accrual of knowledge

-Informed consent

-Representation of Human Rights Committee


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EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS BILL OF RIGHTS

1. To be told about the nature and purpose of the study.

2. To be told about the procedures to be followed in the

research study, and whether any of the drugs, devices, orprocedures is different from what would be used in

standard practice.

3. To receive a description of any side effects, discomforts,

or risks that you can reasonably expect to occur during the

study.

4. To be told of any benefits that you may reasonably

expect to from the participation in the study, if applicable.

5. To receive a description of any alternative procedures,

drugs, or devices that might be helpful, and their risks andbenefits compared to the proposed, drugs or devices.

6. To be told of what sort of medical treatment, if any, will

be available if any complications should arise.


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EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS BILL OF RIGHTS

7. To be given a chance to ask any questions concerning

the research study both before agreeing to participate

and at any time during the course of the study.8. To refuse to participate in the research study.

Participation is voluntary. You may refuse to answer any

question or discontinue your involvement at any time

without penalty or loss of benefits to which you mightotherwise be entitled. Your decision will not affect your

right to receive the care you would receive if you were

not in the experiment.

9. To receive a copy of signed and dated written consent

form and a copy of this form.

10. To be given the opportunity to freely decide whether

or not to consent to the research study without any

force, coercion, or undue influence.


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RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE NURSE TO THE PHYSICIAN

Section 28(a) of RA 9173 states that: It shall be the duty

of the nurse to:

Provide nursing care through utilization of the nursing

process. Nursing care includes, but not limited to, traditional and

innovative approaches, therapeutic and innovative approaches,

therapeutic use of self, executing health care techniques and

procedures, comfort measures, health teachings, and administrationof written prescription for treatment, therapies, oral, topical and

parental medications, internal examination during labor in the

absence of antenatal bleeding and delivery. In case of suturing or

perineal laceration, special training shall be provided according to

protocol established.


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RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSES TO THEIR COLLEAGUES

Establish good working relationships with co-workers.

Nurses shall adjust themselves to the

organization and know its policies and

procedures.


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RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSES TO THEMSELVES

Develop their own skills.

Their conduct must bring credit to theprofession.

They shall endeavor to live a life that will uphold

their self-respect.

Wear uniform with respect and dignity (clean,neat hair style, moderate make-up, without

jewelries)

Must act in a manner that is worth emulating

especially while they are on duty.


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Special Concepts and Principles which Guide Client-

health Professional Relationship

Right to Health Care

Right to Informed Consent

Promise Keeping (Fidelity)

Truth-Telling (Veracity)

Confidentiality


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MORAL PRINCIPLES

The Golden Rule

The Two-fold Effect

The Principle of Totality

Epikia

One who acts through an agent is himself

responsible

No one is obliged to betray himself/herself

The end does not justify the means

Defects of nature may be corrected


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MORAL PRINCIPLES

If one is willing to cooperate in the act, no justice

is done to him/her

A little more or less does not change the

substance of an act

The greatest good for the greatest number

No one is held to the impossible

The morality of cooperation

Principle relating to the origin and destruction of

life


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The Good Samaritan Law-It is based on the biblical story of a man who aided an injured

person who was waylaid by thieves and was left half-dead. A

nurse, therefore, who renders first aid or treatment at the sceneof an emergency and who does so within the standard of care,

acting in good faith, is relieved of the consequences of the act.

CODE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

-Promulgated by the PRC on July 23, 2003

-States that the hallmark of all professionals is their willingness to

accept a set of professional and ethical principles which they will

follow in the conduct of their daily lives.

-This code is adopted by the professional regulation commission

and the 42 professional regulatory boards to cover an

environment of good governance in which all Filipino

professionals shall perform their duties.


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GENERAL PRINCIPLES

1. Service To Others

2. Integrity and Objectivity

3. Professional Competence

4. Solidarity and Teamwork

5. Social and Civic responsibility

6. Global Competitiveness

7. Equality of all professions


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Amended Code of Ethics for Nurses

-Pursuant to Section 3 of Republic Act No. 877, known as the

Philippine Nursing Law, and Section 6 of PD No. 233, theamended Code of Ethics for Nurses recommended and

endorsed by the Philippine Nurses Association was adopted

to govern the practice of nursing in the Philippines.

-The Code was adopted under Republic Act 9173 and

promulgated by the Board of Nursing under Resolution No.

220 Series of 2004 last July 14, 2004.


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LAWS AND ORGANIZATIONS PROTECTING NURSES:

1. International Labor Organization Convention 1492. ILO Recommendation 1977

3. International Council of Nurses

4. Code of Ethics for Nurses

5. Magna Carta for Health Workers (RA 7305)

6. Philippine Nursing Law7. Philippine Constitution

1. ethics and juris

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