1 energy conversion. 2 specific energy the specific energy of a hydro power plant is the quantity of...
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Energy Conversion
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Specific energy
The specific energy of a hydro power plant is the quantity of potential and kinetic energy which 1 kilogram of the water delivers when passing through the plant from an upper to a lower reservoir.
The expression of the specific energy is Nm/kg or J/kg and is designated as m2/s2.
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Gross Head
Hgr
Reference line
zres
ztw
twresgr zzH
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Gross Specific Hydraulic Energy
In a hydro power plant, the difference between the level of the upper reservoir zres and the level of the tail water ztw is defined as the gross head:
Hgr = zres - ztw [m]
The corresponding gross specific hydraulic energy:
][ kgJHgE grgr
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Gross Power
grgrgr HgQEQP where:
Pgr is the gross power of the plant [W] is the density of the water [kg/m3] Q is the discharge [m3/s]
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Net Head
Reference line
z1
ztw
221
1 1
2 21
1 1
2 2
2
twabs atm tw n
twn abs atm tw
cch z h z H
g g
c cH h h z z
g
h1
c1
abs
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Net Head
g
chH pn
2
2
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Impulse turbines(Partial turbines)
The hydraulic energy of the impulse turbines are completely converted to kinetic energy before transformation in the runner
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Impulse turbines(Partial turbines)
Turgo Pelton
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Reaction turbines (Full turbines)
In the reaction turbines two effects cause the energy transfer from the flow to mechanical energy on the turbine shaft.
Firstly it follows from a drop in pressure from inlet to outlet of the runner. This is denoted the reaction part of the energy conversion.
Secondly changes in the directions of the velocity vectors of the flow through the canals between the runner blades transfer impulse forces. This is denoted the impulse part of the energy conversion.
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Reaction turbines (Full turbines)
Francis Kaplan Bulb
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Reaction forces in a curved channel
Newton’s 2.law in the x-direction:
xx
x
xx
dcQdt
dcdtcAdF
QAc
dtcdldt
dcdlAdF
c1y
c2y
c1x
c2x
dl
y
x
where:A is the area [m2] c is the velocity [m/s] is the density of the water [kg/m3] Q is the discharge [m3/s]
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Reaction forces in a curved channel
c1y
c2y
c1x
c2x
dl
Newton’s 2.law in thex-direction:
xx dcQdF
Fx is the force that acts on the fluid particle from the wall. Rx is the reaction force that acts on the wall from the fluid: Rx = -Fx
y
x
FxRx
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Reaction forces in a curved channel
Integrate the forces in the x-direction:
)()( 21
2
1
12 xxxxxx ccQccQdcQR
Integrate the forces in the y-direction: )( 21 yyy ccQR
Using vectors give: )( 21 ccQR
x
c1y
c2y
c1x
c2x
dl
y
RRy
Rx
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15 Reaction forces in a curved channelForce-Momentum Equation
)( 21 ccQR
c1
c2
y
x
R
R1
R2
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16Let the channel rotate around the point ”o”. What is the torque ?
Torque = force · arm:
)( 2211 rcrcQT uu
2
2u2222
1
1u1111
2211
cos
ccandcosra
cos
ccandcosra
)acac(QT
Let us define the u-direction as the normal of the radius (or tangent to the circle)
a1
a2
r1
r2
cu1
cu2
c1
c2
o
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Euler’s turbine equation
Power : P = T•[W]Angular velocity: [rad/s]Peripheral velocity: u = •r [m/s]
)( 2211 uu crcrQP
)( 2211 uu cucuQP
a1
a2
r1
r2
cu1
cu2
c1
c2
o
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Euler’s turbine equation
)( 2211 uu cucuQP
Output power from the runner
nHQP
Available hydraulic power
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Euler’s turbine equation
n
uu
n
uu
Hg
cucu
HgQ
cucuQ
2211
2211 )(
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Velocity triangle
ru
v
c
cwu
cu
cm
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cu1
u1
v1c1
1cm1
u2
v2
c2
2
D2
D1
Francis turbine
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c1
c2
v1
v2
u1
u2
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c1v1
u1
c2
v2
u2
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Guidevanes
Runnerblades
Velocity triangles for an axial turbine
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c1v1
u1
c
c2v2
u2
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u1
v1
v2
c1
c2
u2
Inlet and outlet velocity diagram for reaction turbines
2
1 1
Runner vanes
Guidevanes
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V1=C1- U
V2
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Example1Francis turbine
D2 D1
B1
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Example1Francis turbine
D2 D1
Head: 150 mQ: 2 m3/sSpeed: 1000 rpmD1: 0,7 mD2: 0,3 mB1: 0,1 m: 0,96
Find all the information to draw inlet and outlet velocitytriangles
B1
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Example1Inlet velocity triangle
smD
ru 7,362
7,07,104
21
11
D1
u1
v1c1
sradn
7,10460
21000
60
2
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Example1Inlet velocity triangle
cu1 u1
w1c1
1cm1 D
1
B1
sm
BD
Q
A
Qcm 1,9
1,07,0
2
1111
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Example1Inlet velocity triangle
cu1 u1
w1c1
1cm1
sm
u
Hgc
Hg
cucu
nu
n
uu
4,337,36
13081,996,0
11
2211
We assume cu2 = 0
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Example1Inlet velocity triangle
cu1 u1
w1c1
1cm1
u1 = 36,7 m/scu1 = 33,4 m/scm1 = 9,1 m/s
0
11
11 70tan
u
m
cu
ca
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Example1Outlet velocity triangle
smD
ru 7,152
3,07,104
22
22
smcc mm 101,91,11,1 12
We assume: cu2 = 0and we choose: cm2 = 1,1· cm1
u2
v2
c2
2
0
2
22 5,32tan
u
ca m
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Exercise1Francis turbine
D2 D1
Head: 543 mQ: 71,5 m3/sSpeed: 333 rpmD1: 4,3 mD2: 2,35 mB1: 0,35 m: 0,96cm2 : 1,1· cm1
Find all the information to draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles
B1
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Exercise 2Francis turbine
Speed: 666 rpmD1: 1,0 m: 0,96c1: 40 m/s1: 40o
Find: H1