1.

- (Light Amplification by the Stimulated

Emission of R adiation)

-

-

-

.

-

-3

- :

- :

- :

( ) .

( ) .

-

-

-

-

- :

- .

- .

-

-

- (Einstein coefficient A) .

- .

-

- (Einstein coefficient B) .

- ( )

.

- .

-

-

-

- Planck

- Planck

-

-( )

-

- ( , )

.

- .

-

-

-

- (600 30,000)

.

- ( ) ,

.

- ( )

( )

.

- .

2.

- 3- 4-

-4

- 4

- 4

- : ( ) .

-

- , ,

- :

.

.

- (10-3 ) .

- (metastable state) .

- (10-8).

-

" " .

- :

.

.

- : .

-

.

- ( 4 ) .

- 5%

-

- .

- 100% ,

- .

3.

-

-

-

- (Dye)

- , ,

-poymethine ( ), xanthene (),

coumarine ( ), scintillator ( )

-

-

- .

-

-

(1)

-1960 Maiman

-Ruby Al2O3 ( ) Cr Al

-Al2O3 Cr

-Cr (Cr+3 ) , Cr+3

-Cr+3

- 3

- 2 ( )

100%, 95%

- flash

- Cr+3

-

-

- 694.3

(2) He-Ne

- 10:1 .

- , 0.1 1 10

.

-

-

,

-

-

-

- 3.39, 1.15, 634.8, 543.5

- (Brewster angle)

- He-Ne 634.8 .

-

- ( )

.

-He-Ne ( )

Argon Laser

N2 laser

CO2 Laser

(3)

- pn

-pn p n

.

- LED .

- LED .

-

- GaAs

- ( )

- pn

- LED

- ,

- LED

.

- LED ( ) .

- (direct band gap)

LED .

- (indirect band gap)

LED .

-

.

-

- .

- ( )

- .

- .

- (GaAs) .

- -

( ) .

-

- (threshold current) .

- ,

.

-

.

-1962 GaAs pn

- (homojunction laser)

- .

- .

-

.

- .

-

- , ,

.

- (heterojunction structure)

(confinement) .

-

- (active layer) .

- .

- ( ) .

- ,

n p .

- (light guide)

.

- (quantum wells) .

- .

- .

- .

- .

-VCSEL(vertical cavity surface emitting laser)

-VCSEL .

- (multi-layer mirrors)

. .

- .

-

, VCSEL

.

GaAs 870nm

GaAlAs 750 850nm

AlGaInP 650 680nm

InGaAsP 1.1 1.65 mInGaAsSb 1.7 4.3 mGaN 450 525nm

PbSnTe 6 25 mPbEuSeTe 2 4 m

Quantum Quantum laser

-Quantum well, quantum wire, quantum dot

-Quantum well 3 2

-Quantum wire 1

-Quantum dot 0

-AlGaAs GaAs quantum

-Quantum dot 150

-Quantum well MBE(molecular beam epitaxy)

-GaAs AlGaAs band gap 1.5eV 3.1eV .

-Quantum well band gap GaAs (0.2nm)

band gap AlGaAs .

-Quantum well quantum well laser

- GaAs .

-AlGaAs band gap ,

- GaAs

-Quantum well

- .

- .

-Quantum dot

- (artificial atom)

-Quantum dot band gap .

-Quantum dot

-Quantum dot quantum dot LED, quantum dot laser,

quantum computing, fluorescent tags for biological research

(4)

- .

-

. (fluorescence) .

-

-

- (singlet):

- 0

- (triplet): 1

- (sublevel):

- ( )

.

- .

- .

-

- ,

-

- .

- .

-

- .

- .

-

- .

-

.

-

.

- .

- .

- .

-

- .

4.

- .

- .

- .

-

-

.

-

-I II

.

- -

-

.

5.

-

-

.

-

- ( )

(1)

- , ,

- .

-

- , ,

-

- CO2 Nd:YAG

-

-

- , ,

- CO2 Nd:YAG

-CO2 10.6

-

- 488 .

-

-

- (port wine )

-

(2)

- .

- (band width) .

- ( )

.

Argon Fluoride

Kripton

Fluoride

193nm( )

248nm( )

10W

- ,

-

- Argonfp

-

Argon-Ion 488nm( )

10W

- ( ), ,

- ( )

-

- ,

-

- , ,(Dye)

(Argon-ion

)

631nm( )

3-4W

- ( )

-

Nd:YAG 1.06 ( )

60-100W

- , , ,

-

- ,

CO2 10.6 ( )

80W

- ,

-

-

Ruby 694.3nm( )

0.03-100J

- ,

-

- 200Hz 4,000 .

- ( ) 3,800 .

- 106

0.4%

- ( ; Hz)

10-9 %

- .

- Hz 1010 Hz

(beam) 250 .

- ( 144 ) 2

( , ) 672

50,000 .

- .

- , , .

-

- ,

-

-

.