1 dr. richard a. nesmith studying childhood development the epilogue part iv
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11Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith
Studying Studying ChildhoodChildhood
DevelopmentDevelopmentThe EpilogueThe Epilogue
Part IVPart IV
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 22
Social Learning TheoriesSocial Learning Theories
• Proposed that children learn new behaviors through ___________ and _________.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 33
Social Learning TheoriesSocial Learning Theories
• Albert Bandura maintains that children form ______ representations of their _______ world.
• A child has as much influence on environment as the environment has on the child (________ ___________).
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 44
Social Learning TheoriesSocial Learning Theories
• Children’s mental representations of a situation influence the way they ___ and ____, which determines how others _______ and ________ to them.
• These reactions, in turn, influence children’s thinking and behavior in ___________ ________.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 55
Model of the Bobo Doll Model of the Bobo Doll ExperimentExperiment
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 66
Bandura’s Bobo Doll Bandura’s Bobo Doll & the Study of Violence in Children& the Study of Violence in Children
See the video clip!
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 77
Social Learning TheoriesSocial Learning Theories
• Is an interactive perspective in that emphasis is on __________ relationships between a child’s internal states and the ___________.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 88
Contextual TheoriesContextual Theories
•Help to explain ______ influences on children’s development.
•Assume a child has an _______ role in shaping his/her own development
•___ ________ _______ or endpoints
•Development cannot be separated from the “________” in which it takes place.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 99
Social-Cultural TheorySocial-Cultural Theory
• Lev Vygotsky – considered the influence of a child’s _______ and ________ context.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1010
Social-Cultural TheorySocial-Cultural Theory
• Proposed that knowledge is not individually constructed; rather, it is _____________ between people.
• Believed that children are _______ with certain “elementary functions”.– ___________– Memory– Attention– Language
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1111
Social-Cultural TheorySocial-Cultural Theory
• These functions are transformed into higher _______ functions through ___________ with others.
• As a child gains new skills and knowledge, the other person involved in an interaction ________ his or her level of guidance and assistance, which allows the child to assume more and more _____________.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1212
Social-Cultural TheorySocial-Cultural Theory
Vygotsky did not specify • a set of developmental _______, or a
________ _______ of development...• Because _________ ______ with respect
to goals for children’s development• ___________ cannot be separated from
the context in which it takes place.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1313
Ecological TheoriesEcological Theories
• Urie Bronfenbrenner envisions development as embedded in _________ __________.
• “A child’s world is organized as a set of ______ ________, each inside the next, like a set of Russian dolls.”
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1414
Ecological TheoriesEcological Theories
• Child is at the center, born with certain temperamental, mental, and physical characteristics that create the _________ context for his or her development…
• However, all are __________ in a broader ______ and _________ context.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1515
Ecological TheoriesEcological Theories
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model• ______ ______ – shared beliefs, values,
and customs (as well as various subgroups found within the culture)
• Change can originate from ______ the child or from _________ the child.
• Changes in one level of context can _________ what occurs at other levels.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1616
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological ModelBronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1717
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological ModelBronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
Can:
• Be used for understanding ________ __________ between biological and environmental effects as well as relations between different environmental context.
• Help us understand that the environment in which children live is so ________ and _________ that development cannot be reduced to any one single source.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1818
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 1919
What Teenagers Really What Teenagers Really Think About Their SchoolsThink About Their Schools
Teenagers• Believe education is _________.• Want to do ___ in school and go on to college.• Want teachers who give __________ help, are
enthusiastic and excited, care personally, are compassionate and respectful for them, emphasize class discussions.
• Want ___________ that challenge them personally.
• Need close and unwavering __________ of teachers to help them ______ to learn and help them ________ learning.
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Dr. Richard A. NeSmithDr. Richard A. NeSmith 2020
What Teenagers Really ThinkWhat Teenagers Really Think (cont.)(cont.)
• See most of what they learn as ________ and __________.
• Complain about lack of ________ from teachers and other students.
• Want more _________, firmness, and ___________.
• Complain that we have too many ___________ schools, poor ________, and crowded classes.
• See drugs and ________ as serious concerns in their lives.