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DR. O. GEOFFREY EGEKWU

Research Funded by theInstitute for Infrastructure and Information Assurance

(IIIA)James Madison University

ISAT 303: RFID Overview

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Early Attempts toIntegrate RF Technologywith the MovementTracking System

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Solutions for industrial and operations

management::

• Real time tracking – Where & When

• Identification – Who & What

• Security – Access Control & Alarming

• Telemetry – Data Collection & Transmission

• Persistent Historical Data Analysis

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RFID SEEN as an ENABLER …

RFID seen as silent technology Knowledge-enabled logistics and control possible Application in multiple critical industrial sectors Tag read generates: receipt, acceptance, closeout,

payment, inventory adjustment, update asset visibility system,

Real-time asset locator system for many business and government systems

RFID seen as a “silent” technology

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EPCglobal Network is the backbone of RFID Implementation

Developed at MIT Auto ID lab with private and public funds

Major Components of EPCglobal Network: Electronic Product Code (EPC) EPC Tags and Readers Object Name Service (ONS) Physical Markup Language (PML) or EPC

Middleware Savant or EPC Information Services

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RFID Distributed Architecture

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MS SQLServer

IntelliTrack Slap & Ship System Architecture

SNS Application Server- SNS Web Service- IntelliTrack Supply Chain Business Object Library (ISBO)

SNS Workstation Application- SNS Workstation- IntelliTrack Supply Chain Business Object Library (ISBO)

SD

HEWLETTPACKARD NetServer LH 3r

pent ium.........

RFIDMiddleware

Thin Client

StationaryReader

RFID EnabledLabel Printer

PDT

JMU SYSTEM

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System Component Roles/Responsibilities

IntelliTrack Inventory Database Management User Interface (server and wireless) Tag Printing/Encoding

TagsWare (CapTech, Richmond) Reader Control RFID Data Routing/Filtering

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System Capabilities

IntelliTrack Slap and Ship EPC Compliance Labeling System Produces Pallet (SSCC) Labels Produces Case (SGTIN) Labels Validates Case and Pallet Labels Stores information required to produce Advance Shipping

Notices (ASN) Stand alone solution Integrates seamlessly with IntelliTrack WMS 6.0

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EPC – Pallet Label Serialized Shipping Container Code (SSCC) Globally unique identifier for pallet contents Authorized company prefix + serialized #

Header Filter Value Partition Company Prefix

Serial Reference

Unallocated

8 3 3 20-40 37-17 25

The Power of Unique Item Identification

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EPC - Case Label Global Trade Identification Number (GTIN)

Globally unique identifier for product types UPC & EAN systems combined into global standard Authorized company prefix + product code

Serialized Global Trade Identification Number (SGTIN) Globally unique identifier for particular cases of

product GTIN + serialized #

Header Filter Value Partition Company Prefix

Item Reference

Serial Number

8 3 3 20-40 24-4 38

The Power of Unique Item Identification

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Warehouse Shelf Locations

Warehouse Shelf Locations

Warehouse Shelf Locations

Warehouse Shelf Locations

DockDoor

PalletPortal

RFID Reader

IntelliTrack Slap & Ship Workflow Diagram

Packing Area

Workstation

HandheldReader

Printer

Apply Case Tag Validate Case Tag

HandheldReader

Conta

inerize

Apply Pallet Tag Validate Pallet Tag

ValidateContainerizationHandheld

Reader

RFID Reader

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Basic Passive RFID System at JMU

• VIDEO

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RFID Video

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PASSIVE RFID STANDARDS

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Standard….Standard …. Standard!< 140kHz13.56MH860-930MHz2.4-2.4835GHz

< 140kHz13.56MHz869.4-869.65MHz2.446-2.454GHz

< 140kHz13.56MHzTBD UHF2.427-2.47GHz

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Unified Protocol – Performance Comparison

Parameter Class 0 Class 1 Gen 2

Read RateUS: 800 tags/sec

EU: 200 tags/sec

US: 200 tags/sec

EU: 50 tags/sec

US: 1700 tags/sec

EU: 600 tags/sec

Rewriteability Read Only Write Once Fully Rewritable

Privacy 24-bit Password 8-bit Password-- 32-bit Password

-- Concealed Mode

Security

-- Reader broadcasts OID, or

-- Anonymous modes with reduced throughput

Reader broadcasts partial OID

-- Reader does not transmit OID

-- Has authentication and encryption

Regulatory Compliance

North America Worldwide Worldwide

Multi-Reader Environment

-- Reader transmissions are

spectrally separated from tag backscatter

-- Reader transmissions interfere

with tag backscatter

-- Reader transmissions are

spectrally separated from tag backscatter

-- Guardbands prevent reader-on-tag collisions

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User RequirementsClass

0Class

16A/6B

Unified

Worldwide Compliance

Multi Source Availability

Rewriteable Nonvolatile Memory

> 500 tags / second

Dense-Reader Operation

Industry Endorsement

Security

Availability Q3/04

X ??X

X

X

X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

Only the Unified Protocol Meets All User Requirements

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Supply Chain Management – Warehouse [Phillips]Supply Chain Management – Warehouse [Phillips]

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Legacy Corporate Systems

Application Server

Reader Unit

Reader Unit

Reader Unit

Reader Unit

MWVIS’ Products And Services

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An efficient, integrated approach to data collection and business intelligence[Adapted from Acsis®]

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Application areas

Animal (herd) tracking Supply-Chain Management – retail and

logistics Healthcare/Hospital Operations Process Control Hazardous material identification and

management Cargo and port control Access control

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Research Focus at JMU

Anti-collision System efficacy – authentication and security System calibration and analysis Electromagnetic compatibility & interferance System integration Tag/reader antenna tuning Tag performance characterization – read

rates, read accuracy, etc.

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Major RFID Systems

Tag defines an RFID system Active tags Semi-passive tags Passive tags

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Active RFID vs GPS vs Passive RFID

System Active RFID GPS Passive RFID

Advantages: Small tags

Rapid locates (varies)

- Zonal

- High accuracy

High capacity

Centralized information

Tags ($15-$100)

Worldwide operation

3D locates

High accuracy

No infrastructure

Tags ($100 - $500)

Small tags

Very low tag cost (~$1)

- In volume

Passive (no battery)

Disadvantages: Power required on tag

Requires infrastructure

Power required on tag

Signal acquisition time

Blind spots

Foliage, Buildings

No transmit channel

Short Read Range

- Large numbers of readers

Orientation Sensitive

Zone only locations

Best Suited for: High volume campus-wide security and/or asset management

- Military Bases

- Airports

- Factories

- Hospitals

Long Range Tracking

Surveying

Integration with mobile communication systems

Supply Chain Mgmt

High Value Retail

Zonal security

Smart cards

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Active RFID ZONE

Wired or wireless

Signpost to Tag Range to 4 m

Reader to Tag Range = 100 meters

Savi Signpost

Coverage circles NOT to scale

+ Longer read range than passive RFID+ Tags can have large internal memories and can transmit dataSavi Tags in the $20 to $125 range depending on capabilities and volumeSavi Readers about $2,500

Savi Reader/ Interrogatorw/ Antenna

Host/Server

SaviTag

Example: Savi

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Wired or wireless

WherePort to Tag Range to 8 m

Reader to Tag Range = 1000s of meters

WhereNet WherePort

Coverage circles NOT to scale

+ Much longer read range than other Active RFIDs…1000s of meters vs. 100 meters

+ WhereNet can provide precise locations for thousands of tags…RTLS+ WhereNet Tags can transmit small amounts of dataWhereNet OEM Tags $75WhereNet Readers about $4,000

WhereNet RFID Sensors

WhereNetTag

WhereNet Reader/Sensor

w/ Antenna

Host/Server

Example: WhereNet

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Fixed Interrogator:• Used in permanent or semi-permanent installation sites• Perform tag collections and read/write operations• Reading Range 300-600 ft. Radiated power levels of 20

to 100 microwatts• 110/220 VAC, 6 VDC• Interrogators may be networked using hard wire or

wireless modems

RF/ID Tag:• 128,000 byte (character) capacity• 433.92 MHz operating frequency• Radiated power levels less than 20 microwatts• Six (6) volt lithium battery with a 400 milliamp hour capacity• Affixed to containers, major end items, etc.• Provides “inside the box” visibility

ITV Database Server:CONUS

USAREURKOREA

User/STAMIS:• Source Data for Tag generation • Access to stored tag data, queries on

shipment status, geographical depiction of tag/interrogator location and status

• TC ACCIS, TC-AIMS II, SAAS-MOD, SARSS BPS

GTN

JTAV

LOGSA

Communication:•Real Time updates from STAMIS /Read stations via LAN, MODEM, or satellite.

ACTIVE RFID TAG AND ARCHITECTURE

For DoD