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Developing &Developing &Supporting Supporting Your IdeasYour Ideas

Chapter 7Chapter 7

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Claims and EvidenceClaims and Evidence

Claim--An assertion Claim--An assertion that must be provedthat must be proved

Evidence--Materials Evidence--Materials speakers use to support speakers use to support their ideastheir ideas

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Claims need supportClaims need support

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ExamplesExamples

Specific instances used to Specific instances used to illustrate a concept, illustrate a concept, experience, issue, or experience, issue, or problemproblem

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Use ExamplesUse Examples

To clarify conceptsTo clarify concepts To reinforce pointsTo reinforce points To bring concepts to lifeTo bring concepts to life To elicit emotionsTo elicit emotions To build case or make To build case or make

credible generalizationscredible generalizations

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Using ExamplesUsing ExamplesEthically & EffectivelyEthically & Effectively

Relevant & appropriateRelevant & appropriate Ethical hypothetical Ethical hypothetical

exampleexample Enough examples to Enough examples to

support claimsupport claim Account for counter Account for counter

examplesexamples

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Narrative Narrative

A story that re-creates A story that re-creates or foretells real or or foretells real or hypothetical eventshypothetical events

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Use NarrativesUse Narratives

To personalize a pointTo personalize a point To challenge an audienceTo challenge an audience To think in new waysTo think in new ways To emotionally draw in an To emotionally draw in an

audienceaudience To unite speaker & To unite speaker &

audienceaudience

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Using NarrativesUsing NarrativesEthically & EffectivelyEthically & Effectively

Make a specific pointMake a specific point Length appropriateLength appropriate Language vividLanguage vivid Delivery appropriateDelivery appropriate Story appropriate for Story appropriate for

audienceaudience

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Statistics Statistics

Numerical summaries Numerical summaries of facts, figures, &of facts, figures, &

research findings research findings

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Use StatisticsUse Statistics

To synthesize large To synthesize large amounts of informationamounts of information

When numbers tell a When numbers tell a powerful storypowerful story

When numerical When numerical evidence strengthens a evidence strengthens a claimclaim

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Using StatisticsUsing StatisticsEthically & EffectivelyEthically & Effectively

Evaluate statistics Evaluate statistics carefullycarefully

Use statistics sparinglyUse statistics sparingly

Visit Web Link 7.2: Statistics Siteat the Invitation to Public Speaking website.

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TestimonyTestimony

Opinions or Opinions or observations of others:observations of others:– direct quotationdirect quotation– paraphraseparaphrase– expert testimonyexpert testimony– peer testimonypeer testimony– personal testimonypersonal testimony

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Use TestimonyUse Testimony

When expert voice need When expert voice need To illustrate differencesTo illustrate differences To illustrate To illustrate

agreementsagreements When experience says When experience says

it bestit best

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Using TestimonyUsing TestimonyEthically & EffectivelyEthically & Effectively Credible source of Credible source of

testimonytestimony Unbiased testimonyUnbiased testimony Paraphrased accuratelyParaphrased accurately Testimony connected to Testimony connected to

the pointthe point

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DefinitionsDefinitions

Denotative definition:Denotative definition:

objective or objective or dictionary definitiondictionary definition

Connotative definition:Connotative definition:

subjective meaning subjective meaning of a of a word or a phraseword or a phrase

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Use DefinitionsUse Definitions

To develop understandingTo develop understanding To clarify an emotionally or To clarify an emotionally or

politically charged wordpolitically charged word To illustrate what a word is To illustrate what a word is

notnot To trace the history of a To trace the history of a

wordword

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Using DefinitionsUsing DefinitionsEthically & EffectivelyEthically & Effectively Source of the definition Source of the definition

crediblecredible Avoid proper meaning Avoid proper meaning

superstitionsuperstition Actually define the termActually define the term

Try Web Link 7.4: Word Origins atthe Invitation to Public Speaking website.