1 data communication & networking dkt 224 mohd fairuz bin muhd fadzil 04-9855153/ 019-4141205...

1

Data Communication amp Networking DKT 224

Mohd Fairuz Bin Muhd Fadzil04-9855153 019-4141205

Tingkat 1KKF1aTaman Kuala Perlis

School of Computer amp Communication Engineering

mohdfairuzunimapedumy

2

Course Outcomes1 Students will be able to understand the theory

and basic of data communication and network2 Able to identify network connection concept and

protocol used3 Students will be familiarized with the data

communication network equipments and instruments to analyze network protocol and perform some troubleshooting

4 Students be exposed to network architecture and new technologies in data communication and network

3

Assessment

Final Exam - 50 Course Work ndash 50

Lab Reportstest ndash 30 Test 1 amp 2 ndash 15 AssignmentQuiz ndash 4 Attendance tutorials ndash 1

4

Lab experiment LAB 1 - Fundamental of Data

Communication Technique LAB 2 - Network protocol analyzer LAB 3 - Network setup Client-Server LAB 4 - Wireless access point configuration LAB 5 - Network Analysis ndashmeasuring Throughput

5

References

1Behrouz A Forouzan Data Communications and

Networking 4th Edition McGraw Hill 2007 (TEXT BOOK)

2 William Stalling Data and Computer

Communications 7th Edition Prentice Hall 2005

3Wayne Tomasi Introduction to Data

Communications and Networking

Prentice Hall2004

6

Chapter 1

Introduction

Copyright copy The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc Permission required for reproduction or display

7

1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term The term telecommunicationtelecommunication means communication at a means communication at a distance The word distance The word datadata refers to information presented in refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data using the data Data communicationsData communications are the exchange of are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable medium such as a wire cable

ComponentsData RepresentationData Flow

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

8

Figure 11 Five components of data communication

9

Data Representation

bull TEXT ndash unicode (32 bits to represent character)- ASCII

bull NUMBERS

bull IMAGES-composed of a matrix of pixel

bull AUDIO- recording or broadcasting of sound or music

bull VIDEO- recording or broadcasting of a

bull picture or movie

10

Figure 12 Data flow (simplex half-duplex and full-duplex)

11

1-2 NETWORKS1-2 NETWORKS

A A networknetwork is a set of devices (often referred to as is a set of devices (often referred to as nodesnodes) ) connected by communication connected by communication linkslinks A node can be a A node can be a computer printer or any other device capable of sending computer printer or any other device capable of sending andor receiving data generated by other nodes on the andor receiving data generated by other nodes on the networknetwork

Distributed ProcessingNetwork CriteriaPhysical StructuresNetwork ModelsCategories of NetworksInterconnection of Networks Internetwork


12

NETWORKS

Set of nodes connected via physical links ndash 1) Distributing Processing ndash 2) Sharing Data and centralization ndash 3) Security and robustness

13

Network Criteria

bull

1) Performance Transmission and response times - throughput and delay 2) Reliability How often the networks fail 3) Security Privacy and integrity of

communication Data recovery from breaches and data loss

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections

bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be utilized only by end devices

bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo

bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is 1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)

bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash 1000rsquos of Km

bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud of switches (subnet)

bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical links

bull with a dedicated logical channel

bull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequence

bull small chunks (packets) of data at a time

bull packets passed from node to node between source and destination

bull used for terminal to computer and computer to computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliable

bull errors can be caught in end system

bull Frame Relay provides higher speeds

bull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relay

bull fixed packet (called cell) length

bull with little overhead for error control

bull anything from 10Mbps to Gbps

bull constant data rate using packet switching technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38


bull Metropolitan Area Networks

bull MAN towncity

bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use information to our fingertips and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)


40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol which is synonymous with First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesrule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards


47

What is a protocol

Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamples

Internet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements

bull 1) Syntax PDU format ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needs

bull communications model

bull defined data communications

bull overview of networks

bull introduce Internet

Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

2

Course Outcomes1 Students will be able to understand the theory

and basic of data communication and network2 Able to identify network connection concept and

protocol used3 Students will be familiarized with the data

communication network equipments and instruments to analyze network protocol and perform some troubleshooting

4 Students be exposed to network architecture and new technologies in data communication and network

3

Assessment



4



5

References







Prentice Hall2004

6

Chapter 1

Introduction


7





8


9

Data Representation


bull NUMBERS





10


11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

3

Assessment



4



5

References







Prentice Hall2004

6

Chapter 1

Introduction


7





8


9

Data Representation


bull NUMBERS





10


11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

4



5

References







Prentice Hall2004

6

Chapter 1

Introduction


7





8


9

Data Representation


bull NUMBERS





10


11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

5

References







Prentice Hall2004

6

Chapter 1

Introduction


7





8


9

Data Representation


bull NUMBERS





10


11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

6

Chapter 1

Introduction


7





8


9

Data Representation


bull NUMBERS





10


11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

7





8


9

Data Representation


bull NUMBERS





10


11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

8


9

Data Representation


bull NUMBERS





10


11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

9

Data Representation


bull NUMBERS





10


11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

10


11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

11





12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

12

NETWORKS


13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

13

Network Criteria

bull



14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

14

Physical Structures




15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

15


16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

16

Physical Topology

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

17


18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh




19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

19


20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

20


bull B) Star




21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

21


22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

22


23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

23

ndash C) Bus




24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

24


25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

25




26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

26


27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

27



28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

28




29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

29


30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

30







31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

31


32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

32

Circuit Switching





33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

33

Packet Switching





34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

34

Frame Relay






35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

35







36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

36


37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

37


38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

38



bull MAN towncity


39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

39





40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

40

The Internet


41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

41

The Internet




42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

42


43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

43

Internet Elements

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

44


45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

45


46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

46





47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

47

What is a protocol



48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

48

bull Elements



49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

49

What is a standard




50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

50

Summary






Slide 7

Slide 8

Data Representation

Slide 10

Slide 11

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Slide 15

Physical Topology

Slide 17

Physical Topology

Slide 19


Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27


Slide 29


Slide 31

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Frame Relay


Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Internet

The Internet

Slide 42

Internet Elements



Slide 46

What is a protocol

Slide 48

What is a standard

Summary

1 data communication & networking dkt 224 mohd fairuz bin muhd fadzil 04-9855153/ 019-4141205...

Documents

sharing data

data loss

exchange of data

word data

basic of data communication

data flow simplex

network analysis

network setup