1 copyright © 2011 tata consultancy services limited suitability analysis of last mile connectivity...
TRANSCRIPT
1 Copyright © 2011 Tata Consultancy Services Limited
Suitability Analysis of Last Mile Connectivity Protocols for Smart Metering
Presented by: Radheshyam Patil Abhijeet Shinde
April 19, 2023 TCS Public
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Agenda
Smart Grid
Smart Metering
Various Approaches for Smart Metering Connectivity
Last Mile Connectivity
Indian Scenario
Important Aspects for Last Mile Connectivity
Popular Contenders
Protocol Evaluations
Protocol Evaluation Conclusion
TCS in Smart Metering
References
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Smart Grid: Multiple Use Cases
AMI
Power Quality and Planning
Renewable Integration
SMART GRIDSMART GRID
Demand Response
Distribution Automation
Outage Management
Field Data Applications
PHEV Management
Distributed Intelligence, Automated Controls, Secure Communications
Image Courtesy – Smart Grid Research Consortium and Tropos N/Ws
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HANNeighborhood Area Network
Distribution Area Network Core Network
Distribution Automation
Mobile Applications
Utility Core Systems
Power Quality Sensors
OutageManagement
AMI Network
Demand Response
PHEV Station
Distribution Area Network
SmartGrid = Network of Networks
Image Courtesy – Smart Grid Research Consortium and Tropos N/Ws
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Smart Metering – Essential Part of Smart Grid
Smart Metering:
An energy measurement system that provides smart features for better energy management.
Part of Green Initiative, to reduce Carbon emissions by increasing the energy efficiency.
Smart Metering:
An energy measurement system that provides smart features for better energy management.
Part of Green Initiative, to reduce Carbon emissions by increasing the energy efficiency. Smart Metering – Value Adds
Smart Measurement – provides accurate consumption and pricing in real time.
Smart Management - provides analysed data to guide customer.
Reduced Manual Intervention - Utility companies can save millions on meter readers and loses incurred due to inaccurate billing.
Smart Features - Bi-directional communication to enable temper detection, supply cut-off in case of leakage detection/ non-payment, remote configuration etc.
Smart Metering – Value Adds
Smart Measurement – provides accurate consumption and pricing in real time.
Smart Management - provides analysed data to guide customer.
Reduced Manual Intervention - Utility companies can save millions on meter readers and loses incurred due to inaccurate billing.
Smart Features - Bi-directional communication to enable temper detection, supply cut-off in case of leakage detection/ non-payment, remote configuration etc.
TCS Initiatives:
Ongoing Research and Development to provide End to End Smart Metering Solution.
Analyzed various Smart Metering Specifications and Potential Connectivity Options.
Developed and Tested – End to End Smart Metering Solution
TCS Initiatives:
Ongoing Research and Development to provide End to End Smart Metering Solution.
Analyzed various Smart Metering Specifications and Potential Connectivity Options.
Developed and Tested – End to End Smart Metering Solution
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Short Haul Communication
??????
Long Haul Communication
Power Line Communication
Approach 1
PSTN/ Wired Broadband
Wi-Fi/ Wi-Max
3G Network
Wired
Wireless
Approach 2
Approach 3
Approach 4
Substation
Gateway
Various Approaches for Smart Meter Connectivity
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Last Mile Connectivity
Provides the ability to reach to end customers meter and to his appliances if possible.
Short Haul Communication – Long distances can be covered with other technologies.
Should be economical for mass deployment – Less installation cost and no operating cost
Should take in to account different geographic conditions in cities as well as villages.
Preferably Bi-directionalTCS Smart Metering Findings -Smart Metering – generally a large scale project
Realization of all Smart Metering benefits – highly technology dependent
Improper Protocol Selection – may impair the main objective of the concept
Selection Consequences – has widespread impact on utility providers, silicon vendors and customers
TCS Smart Metering Findings -Smart Metering – generally a large scale project
Realization of all Smart Metering benefits – highly technology dependent
Improper Protocol Selection – may impair the main objective of the concept
Selection Consequences – has widespread impact on utility providers, silicon vendors and customers
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Indian Scenarios – Metro and Non-Metro Cities
Heavily Dense Multistory Buildings Same case with cities in
Western world
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Indian Scenarios – Villages
Different than concept of villages in Western world
No big and isolated Farmhouse or Ranches.
Medium dense community concentrated in small patches (typically 50-100 houses in 1 K.M2)
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Important Aspects for Last Mile Connectivity..
Data Integrity and Securityo Data to be used for billing purpose – requires higher level of transmission
integrityo Insensitive to external interferenceo Data encryption to avoid data loss and data hacking
Communication Rangeo Expected range: 600 to 1,000 meters for possible larger network
requirement
Network Sizeo Short-Haul Communication (communication between meters or sub-meters
to the Data Collector)o Support 250 odd meters – considering possible scenarios
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Important Aspects for Last Mile Connectivity..
Spectrum Availability and Operating Frequencyo Unlicensed or licensed, worldwide availabilityo Unlicensed – more reliable and cost-effectiveo Coexistence concern shall be addressedo Lower frequencies provide a larger communication range
Interoperabilityo Devices from different manufacturers shall be compatible with each othero Standard Protocol – to achieve high degree of interoperability
Worldwide Acceptanceo Necessary to achieve interoperabilityo Can be addressed by coming up as a Real Standard
Cost Effectivenesso Cost – the main driving and deciding factoro Includes Installation, Maintenance, Frequency Band and Power
Consumption
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Important Aspects for Last Mile Connectivity
Battery Life / Power Consumption
o Required for communication when power supply is interrupted
o Long battery life to reduce device maintenance and manual intervention
o Smart Metering shall provide a battery life up to 10 or 15 years
o Selected technology shall not consume more than it saves
Data Rate
o Smart Metering – small amount of data to be transmitted
o Typical data transmission frequency requirement:
– Every 15 minutes for electricity consumption data
– Every 30 minutes for gas consumption data
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India Specific Aspects
Minimum installation cost and preferably no operating cost– No special HW requirements– No Spectrum Cost
Bi-directional communication to support features such as tamper detection, Pre-paid meters and power theft/leakage detection
Non proprietary solution – no license fees / patent royalties for usage of technology
Robust enough, not affected by disturbance from any other RF sources.
No dependency on service provider for communication channels– GSM spectrum is licensed to different service providers
across various regions in India.
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Popular Contenders …
ZigBeeo IEEE 802.15.4-based, operating at 2.4 GHzo Network Size: 64000 nodes, range of around 1500 meters at a data rate
of up to 250 Kbps
wM-Buso EN13757-based, operating at 868 MHzo Network Size: Less than 250 nodes, range of around 1000 meters at a
data rate of up to 100 Kbps
Z-Waveo Operating at Sub-Gigahertz frequency (868, 908 MHz)o Network Size: 232 nodes, range of around 100 meters at a data rate of 40
Kbps
* ZigBee is a registered trademark of ‘ZigBee Alliance’* Z-wave is a trademark of ‘Sigma Designs’
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Popular Contenders
Bluetootho IEEE 802.15.1-based, operating at 2.4 GHzo Network Size: Eight nodes, range of around 10 meters at a data rate of
721 Kbps
Wireless HARTo IEEE 802.15.4-based, operating at 2.4 GHzo Network Size: 250 nodes, range of around 200 meters at a data rate of
250 Kbps
Wi-Fio IEEE 802.11-based, operating at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHzo Network Size: 2007 nodes, range of around 100 meters at a data rate of
54 Mbps
* Bluetooth is a registered trademark of ‘Bluetooth SIG’* WirelessHART is a registered trademark of ‘HART Communication Foundation’* Wi-Fi is a registered trademark of ‘Wi-Fi Alliance’’
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Protocol Evaluation
How we analysed these protocols - Analyzed all these Protocols against Smart Metering requirements (OMS, SRSM, ISGF
guidelines)
Observed / experienced testing results for in house implemented technologies
Also figured out its suitability as per applications (such as for Smart Metering and for Smart Home)
Worked on proving the feasibility of using existing electricity meters for Smart Metering. This provides a cost effectiveness and eliminates the need of complete and costly replacement of existing electricity meters.
How we analysed these protocols - Analyzed all these Protocols against Smart Metering requirements (OMS, SRSM, ISGF
guidelines)
Observed / experienced testing results for in house implemented technologies
Also figured out its suitability as per applications (such as for Smart Metering and for Smart Home)
Worked on proving the feasibility of using existing electricity meters for Smart Metering. This provides a cost effectiveness and eliminates the need of complete and costly replacement of existing electricity meters.Data Integrity and Security
Protocol to provide data encryption and CRC or MIC checking
All protocols (except Z-Wave) support data encryption and authentication
o Bluetooth supports E0 stream cipher
o Wi-Fi, WirelessHART, ZigBee and wM-Bus supports AES128
Comparatively weak data security supported by Z-Wave
(TDES using 56-bit key)
New generation Z-Wave to support AES encryption
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Protocol Evaluation
Communication Range (in meters)
Short-Haul Communication – between Meter Node to Data Collector
Data from utility meters or sub-meters within home (on smaller view)
Data from utility meters within 20 to 25-floored apartment (on larger view)
Range between 600-1000 meters shall be sufficient (considering possible complexity)
wM-Bus and ZigBee provided range shall be sufficient
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Protocol Evaluation
Network Size (Number of Nodes)
Data Collector shall be able to collect data from 250 odd meters
Bluetooth supports insufficient network size
Z-Wave may not provide scalability for larger projects
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Protocol Evaluation
Spectrum Availability and Operating Frequency
wM-Bus and Z-Wave operates at unlicensed ISM band at 868 MHz
868 MHz band is less prone to coexistence issues
All other protocols operate at unlicensed ISM band 2.4 GHz
2.4 GHz band supports worldwide availability but at the risk of overcrowding
Interoperability
Generally standardized protocol ensures high degree of interoperability
On the contrary, verity of manufacturer may develop proprietary software or devices
Proprietary protocol might get reduced interest from technology users due to single or limited providers
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Protocol Evaluation
Worldwide Acceptance Proprietary protocol
o Develops much faster due to fast decision making
o May create monopoly
o Generally focused around limited application
Standard Open protocol gets acceptance unless a single owning company is dominant enough. For example, Ethernet won despite IBM’s attempts for token ring technology.
Cost Effectiveness Bluetooth – low cost compared to Wi-Fi. Both have a high maintenance cost
(due to low battery life). ZigBee is at least two times cost-effective than Wi-Fi Compared to Z-Wave and wireless HART, ZigBee devices are much cheaper due
to a high application volume Compared to ZigBee, wM-Bus supports low overhead in terms of protocol and
frame format wM-Bus is more cost-effective because it is simple, application-focused and
power-efficient
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Protocol Evaluation
Current Consumption (in mA)
Wi-Fi consumes much higher power.
Wireless HART, ZigBee and wM-Bus consumes less compared to other.
Power loss increases with increase in operating frequency
Wireless HART, ZigBee operates at higher frequency compared to wM-Bus.
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Protocol Evaluation
Battery Life
Wireless HART, ZigBee and wM-Bus supports longer lifespan due to a comparatively low-power consumption
ZigBee and wireless HART operating at 2.4 GHz – comparatively high-power consumption
ZigBee support features (frequency shifting, multihopping, retransmission) to avoid coexistence issues. These ZigBee features have cost in terms of battery lifetime.
Comparison of existing ZigBee and wM-Bus water meter shows wM-Bus as a strong contender
Battery OK Battery OK Low Battery
Need Attention 6
8%
le
ft
50%
le
ft
18%
le
ft
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Protocol Evaluation
Data Rate (in Kbps)
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi supports much higher data rate
Z-Wave supports very low data rate.
Other protocols communicate at sufficiently enough rate for Smart Metering
Data transferred at the cost of power usage – provides a leading edge to wM-Bus
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Protocol Evaluation – Conclusion..
Protocol Fitness
Protocol Fitness against Various Parameters (on the scale 1-5)Parameters
Weightage wM-Bus ZigBee Z-waveWirelessHA
RTWiFi Bluetooth
Battery Life 3 5 4 3 5 1 2
Power Consumption 3 5 4 3 5 1 2
Data Rate 1 3 3 1 3 5 4
Data Integrity & Security 5 4 4 3 4 4 4
Communication Range4 4 4 2 3 2 1
Network Size 3 3 5 2 3 4 1
Spectrum & Frequency3 4 5 4 5 5 5
Interoperability 5 4 4 3 2 3 3
Worldwide Acceptance3 4 4 3 2 2 2
Cost effectiveness 3 5 4 3 3 1 2
Average Rating 4.15 4.15 2.82 3.45 2.73 2.58
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Protocol Evaluation - Conclusion
Protocol Fitness
ZigBee and wM-Bus – enough potential to become an ideal protocol
ZigBee to reduce its power consumption (may be possible with SubGHz ZigBee).
wM-Bus to increase its worldwide acceptability.
Any other Sub GHz protocol (like wM-Bus) will be more suitable.
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Overview of TCS Energy & Infrastructure Capabilities
Services as below:
•Engineering design for Power Machineries, renewable Power and Power systems Engineering (mechanical, Electrical, Controls & Instrumentation, Power plant engineering)
•Power T&D
•Substation Engineering (SCADA, DMS, Power Controls, Systems integration)
•Geospatial Engineering for Utility survey
•Smart Meter
•Energy management services
•Greening infrastructure include LEED certification under TCS Eco Sustainability Services framework
•Building & Industrial infrastructure
More than 500 Engineers working for Energy, Infrastructure & Utilities Engineering services delivering solutions to Power OEMs (Turbo machineries and power systems engineering) and Power T&D sector. As an emerging trend, TCS is supporting energy management as Service for Building and Industrial infrastructure.
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TCS Current Smart Metering Development
Restructured accelerated development reform program of India (in 12 states of India) –
– The complete scope of services in all these projects covered following activities, services and works in respect of successful setup of IT infrastructure for collection of baseline data for energy and revenue of identified towns and setting up customer care centre in the towns.
– Design, engineering, manufacturing, supply, installation ,commissioning and putting in to satisfactory operation of all necessary hardware, software and managing the facilities created under the scope of services for a period of 5 years after the successful completion of site acceptance.
Meter data acquisition system (MDAS) was initiated for West Bengal State Electricity Development Corporation Limited (WBSEDCL) under power sector reforms in India called R-APDRP.
– Veolia Systems delivered the solution to acquire data from the existing 14,000 meters which are installed at Substations, Distribution Transformers and Industrial consumer premises.
– TCS was responsible for Solution Design and complete System integration of the Meter Data Acquisition System with other modules such as Meter Data Management, GIS, Customer Care and DMS.
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TCS Smart Metering Solution
Smart Metering Solution developed by TCS, provides end to end bi-directional communication between utility meter and utility server with below mentioned features:
Periodic or On Demand Readout
High Data Security using AES 128 Encryption
Tamper Detection, Alarm Handling and Remote Supply cut-off Functionality
Support for Prepaid / post paid billing
Drive by / Walk by Reading
Real time Web Portal Services for Utility Company and End Customer
Support for integration with Smart Home Solution
Support for remote firmware and configuration update
Reduced power consumption
Usage of free ISM band and compatibility for multiple standards
Smart Metering Solution developed by TCS, provides end to end bi-directional communication between utility meter and utility server with below mentioned features:
Periodic or On Demand Readout
High Data Security using AES 128 Encryption
Tamper Detection, Alarm Handling and Remote Supply cut-off Functionality
Support for Prepaid / post paid billing
Drive by / Walk by Reading
Real time Web Portal Services for Utility Company and End Customer
Support for integration with Smart Home Solution
Support for remote firmware and configuration update
Reduced power consumption
Usage of free ISM band and compatibility for multiple standards
Data CollectorData CollectorLong-Haul
Communication
Short HaulTransceiver
Long haulTransceiver
Protocol Bridge
Short- Haul Communication
Data ConcentratorData Concentrator
Electricity Meter Node 1
Electricity Meter Node 1
Sensor
Meter Node
Short- Haul Communication Long- Haul Communication
Electricity Meter Node 2
Electricity Meter Node 2
Sensor
Meter Node
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TCS Smart Energy Solution – Smart Home
TCS SES Differentiator:
Integrated with Smart Metering Data
Collector
Provides multiple choice for wireless
protocols
Can be extended to support web based
appliance monitoring and control (IoT)
Can support integration with Mobile
applications
Provides user friendly In home display
for monitoring and control.
TCS SES Features :
Real time monitoring and control of
home appliances
Support for scheduling appliance usage
in advance
Provides user friendly display for user
profile which supports user in planning
his/her energy consumption.
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TCS Smart Energy Solution – Architectural Overview
Electricity Meter
Electricity Meter
Data CollectorData Collector Ethernet
wM-Bus
wM-Bus Data ConcentratorData Concentrator
TV – In Home Display RF Enabled
Plug
TelevisionWashing machine
RefrigeratorMobile –
Secondary Access
User Web Portal
Admin Web Portal
Water Meter
Water Meter
Gas Meter
Gas Meter
Smart Energy Solution developed by TCS, provides end to end bi-directional communication between utility meter and utility server for Smart Metering. This also supports Smart Home with below mentioned features:
Use of existing utility meter along with add-on Meter Node
Short Haul Communication over wireless M-Bus protocol and aligned with OMS Specifications.
Long Haul Communication over Ethernet.
Smart Home functionality supporting User Interface (IHD) for monitoring and control.
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TCS Smart Energy Solution – Smart Metering
TCS SES Differentiator: Modular Solution – Can be integrated
with Existing and New Meter Designs Can be used for various utilities and
even for M2M communication Integrated with iDigi platform cloud
solution
TCS SES Features : Periodic or On Demand Readout High Data Security using AES 128
Encryption Tamper Detection, Alarm Handling and
Remote Supply cut-off Functionality Support for Prepaid / post paid billing Drive by / Walk by Reading Real time Web Portal Services for Utility
Company and End Customer Support for remote firmware and
configuration update Low power consumption Usage of free ISM band and
compatibility for multiple standards
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TCS Smart Energy Solution Ecosystem
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Conclusion ...
One solution does not fit all…Indian scenarios demands its own customized solution
Sub GHz RF is possibly best solution for last mile connectivity for smart energy solutions
ZigBee and wM-Bus are among top contenders for best fit protocol, though each of them have their own pros and cons
Indian energy eco-system needs to play active role to select and define suitable protocol for Indian smart energy implementation
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Conclusion
TCS is ready to address challenges in Smart Energy implementation in India as it has
Experience and strength in working with large Government programs (15+ years of domain experience)
Well aware about India specific requirement for smart energy implementation and thus can design custom made, reliable and low cost solution for it.
Integrated domain experience covering Controls, Automation and Information Technology, able to provide end to end solution.
Excellent capability in engineering including manufacturing
Proactive Investment in Smart Energy Solutions
Development of end to end solution including connecting to utility server, cloud etc.
Having right connect with the eco system.
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References
• Open Metering System Specification - Volume 2 - Primary Communication - Issue 3.0.1 / 2011/01/29
• MULTICAL 21 Data Sheet – Electronic ultrasonic cold water meter by Kamstrup
• Aqura Submetering Products manual from Wellspring.
• Cambridge Silicon Radio, BlueCore2-External Product Data Sheet. Aug. 2006
• Chipcon, CC2430 Preliminary Data Sheet (rev. 1.03). 2006
• RF Monolithics, XDM2510H Module Data Sheet, Mar. 2011
• Texas Instruments, CC1101 Low Power Sub-1 GHz RF Transceiver Data Sheet, 2011
• Zensys, ZM2102 Z-Wave Module Data Sheet, 2006
• SilverSpring Networks, “Why Unlicensed Spectrum Dominates the Smart Grid” Whitepaper.
• The ZigBee Alliance website (www.zigbee.com)
• Bluetooth Technology website (www.bluetooth.com)
• WiFi Alliance website (www.wi-fi.org)
• Z-Wave Alliance website (www.z-wavealliance.org)
• HART Communication and Foundation website (www.hartcomm.org)
• Wireless M-Bus Specification EN13757-4, Oct. 2005
• Open Metering System Specification - Volume 2 - Primary Communication - Issue 3.0.1 / 2011/01/29
• MULTICAL 21 Data Sheet – Electronic ultrasonic cold water meter by Kamstrup
• Aqura Submetering Products manual from Wellspring.
• Cambridge Silicon Radio, BlueCore2-External Product Data Sheet. Aug. 2006
• Chipcon, CC2430 Preliminary Data Sheet (rev. 1.03). 2006
• RF Monolithics, XDM2510H Module Data Sheet, Mar. 2011
• Texas Instruments, CC1101 Low Power Sub-1 GHz RF Transceiver Data Sheet, 2011
• Zensys, ZM2102 Z-Wave Module Data Sheet, 2006
• SilverSpring Networks, “Why Unlicensed Spectrum Dominates the Smart Grid” Whitepaper.
• The ZigBee Alliance website (www.zigbee.com)
• Bluetooth Technology website (www.bluetooth.com)
• WiFi Alliance website (www.wi-fi.org)
• Z-Wave Alliance website (www.z-wavealliance.org)
• HART Communication and Foundation website (www.hartcomm.org)
• Wireless M-Bus Specification EN13757-4, Oct. 2005