SPEECHMAKING PROCESS

1. Consider your audience2. Select and narrow your topic3. Determine and develop your general

purpose, specific purpose and central idea

4. Gather your materials5. Organize your speech6. Rehearse your speech7. Deliver your speech

GATHER YOUR MATERIALS Own experience Own knowledge Interview Research

SPEECHMAKING PROCESS

1. Consider your audience2. Select and narrow your topic3. Determine and develop your general

purpose, specific purpose and central idea

4. Gather your materials5. Organize your speech6. Rehearse your speech7. Deliver your speech

ORGANIZATIONAL OUTLINE

WHY SPEECH ORGANIZATION IS IMPORTANT It allows you and the listeners to see

what ideas you have and to put mental “hands” on the most important ones.

Listeners who hear a well-organized speech believe a speaker to be much more competent and trustworthy.

Listeners demand coherence. A speaker must make sure listeners can follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end.

Using a clear and specific method of speech organization can boost your confidence as a speaker and improve your ability to deliver a message fluently.

THE INTRODUCTION OF YOUR SPEECHThe introduction sets the tone of the entirespeech. The introduction should be brief andto the point as it accomplishes these severalimportant tasks. your audience makes strongassumptions about you during the first eight

orten seconds of your speech. For this reason,you need to start solidly and launch the topicclearly. Typically, there are six maincomponents of an effective introduction.

THE INTRODUCTION OF YOUR SPEECH1. Capture the attention of your

audience.2. Authenticate the value ‘What’s in

it for me?” .3. Prove your credibility.4. Reveal the topic of your speech.5. Preview the body of the speech.

HOW TO GET THE ATTENTION & INTEREST OF YOUR AUDIENCE

Relate the topic to your audience, why they should be interested (what’s in it for them), why you are talking about it (experience/qualifications/credibility)

Startle the audience with an arresting or intriguing statement.

Refer to a shocking statistic. Question the audience. Begin with a quotation. Tell a story. Ask audience to imagine themselves in a

situation.

EXAMPLES

A story Humour

One dark summer night in 1849, a young woman in her 20's left Bucktown, Maryland, and followed the North Star. What was her name? Harriet Tubman. She went back some 19 times to rescue her fellow slaves. And as James Blockson relates in a 1984 issue of National Geographic, by the end of her career, she had a $40,000.00 price on her head. This was quite a compliment from her enemies (Blockson 22).

"I'm feeling boxed in." [PAUSE] I'm not sure, but these may have been Henry "Box" Brown's very words after being placed on his head inside a box which measured 3 feet by 2 feet by 2 1\2 feet for what seemed to him like "an hour and a half." He was shipped by Adams Express to freedom in Philadelphia (Brown 60,92; Still 10).   Video is unavailable at this time

EXAMPLES

Rhetorical question Unusual statement

Have you ever heard of a railroad with no tracks, with secret stations, and whose conductors were considered criminals?

"Follow the drinking gourd. That's what I said, friend, follow the drinking gourd." This phrase was used by slaves as a coded message to mean the Big Dipper, which revealed the North Star, and pointed toward freedom.

EXAMPLES

Quotation Statistics

"No day dawns for the slave, nor is it looked for. It is all night--night forever . . . ." (Pause) This quote was taken from Jermain Loguen, a fugitive who was the son of his Tennessee master and a slave woman.

Today, John Elway's talents are worth millions, but in 1840 the price of a human life, a slave, was worth $1,000.00

PAUSE

Prepare an introduction for the speech:

Global warming

3 ELEMENTS IN THE SPEECH BODY

1. Main points2. Supporting points3. Connectives/Signposts

MAIN POINTS AND ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS Select them carefully. Phrase them precisely. Organize them strategically.

1. Chronological order2. Spatial order3. Causal order4. Topical order5. Problem solving order

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Chronological: this uses time sequence for a

framework

Example: Political Ethics: How have they

changed in the US ? I.                   1800

II.                  1900 III.                2000

EXAMPLE OF CHRONOLOGICAL ORDERSpecific purpose: To inform my audience of the steps in

getting a professional tattoo.

Central idea: There are four main steps in getting a professional tattoo.

Main points:

I. First, the skin is shaved and sterilized in the area to be tattoo.

II. Second, the main lines of the tattoo are traced on the skin with a machine called an outliner.

III. Third, coloured pigments are applied inside the outline with a machine called a shader.

IV. Fourth, the tattoo is sterilized and bandaged.

SPATIAL ORDER

Spatial: this organizes material according to

physical space

Example: Economic Recovery: What can we

expect? I. East II. South III. West

EXAMPLE OF SPATIAL ORDERSpecific purpose: To inform my audience about the design

of the Eiffel Tower.

Central idea: The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections which are the lowest, middle and top sections.

Main points:I. The lowest section of the tower contains the

entrance, a gift shop and a restaurant.II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs

and elevators that lead to the top.III. The top section of the tower includes an

observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.

CAUSAL ORDER

Cause/Effect/Solution: first part describes the

cause of a problem, the second describes itseffect and the third presents a solution

Example: School Finance: How should we reform it? I. Cause II. Effect III. Solution

 

EXAMPLE OF CAUSAL ORDERSpecific purpose: To inform my audience of the possible

causes of the unusual occurrences in the Bermuda Triangle.

Central idea: The causes of the unusual occurrences in the Bermuda Triangle have not yet been fully explained.

Main points:I. Many unusual occurrences have taken place in the

Bermuda Triangle.II. Experts have outlined major effects of the

occurrences.III. Three solutions are provided to minimize the

effects/ occurences.

TOPICAL ORDER

Topical: this is when you have several ideas to

present and one idea seems naturally toprecede the other

Example: What issues will determine the2004 Presidential Election? I.       Health Care II.      Economy III.  National Security

EXAMPLE OF TOPICAL ORDERSpecific purpose: To inform my audience about the

uses of lasers.

Central idea: Lasers harness the power of light for a wide range of uses, namely, in science, industry and medicine.

Main points:

I. Lasers have many important uses in science.II. Lasers have become indispensable to

industry.III. Lasers are revolutionizing the practice of

medicine.

PROBLEM SOLUTION

Problem/Solution: first part of a speechoutlines a problem and the second partpresents a solution

Example: What should the government do to prevent terrorism?

I. Problem II. Solution

EXAMPLE OF PROBLEM SOLUTION ORDERSpecific purpose: To inform my audience about the

problems caused by global warming and steps to overcome the problem.

Central idea: The problems caused by global warming can be overcome through world cooperation, governmental

intervention and commitment from everyone.

Main points:

I. Global warming is a major problem that has caused climate change, agricultural destruction and mutation of diseases.

II. Three major ways to overcome the problem of global warming are through world cooperation, governmental intervention and commitment .

PAST/PRESENT/FUTUREPast/Present/Future: first part of the

speechdiscuss the past, second the present and

thethird predicts the future

Example: Is Social Security doomed? I.                    Past II.                  Present III.                Future

SUPPORTING POINTS

Supporting materials are backup ideas for the main points.

Directly support and are relevant to the main points.

CONNECTIVES To start Firstly, we’re going to … Let me begin by … I would like to start by …

Preview of the main points Let me briefly take you through what we’ll be

looking at today.Transitions Another area of consideration … Let’s change direction for a moment … Finally, … So what have we looked at so far? Well …

Conclusion Thank you for listening so patiently. Now, does anyone have any questions?

CONNECTIVES

TransitionsEg: We have spent a lot of time talking about the problem. It’s time now to discuss the solution.

Internal previewsEg: (Transition) Now that we have seen serious the problem of missing children is, let’s take a look at some solutions. (Internal preview) I will focus on three in particular – stronger legal custody laws to …and…Let’s consider them in turn.

Internal summariesEg: In going back over the effects of …

SignpostsEg: The first cause… the final contributing cause is…

THE CONCLUSION OF YOUR SPEECH1. Signal the end of the speech by using cues

like:• Ending words• Voice characteristics – tone, pace, rhythm

2. Reinforce the central idea by:• Restating the main points.• Emphasize what you want your audience to do or

think.• Use a quotation or dramatic statement, if

appropriate.• Refer to the introduction.

“ A speech is like a love affair, any fool can start one but to end it

requires considerable skill.”

PREPARATION OUTLINE (TO BE TYPED USING FONT SIZE 12 TIMES ROMAN NUMERAL AND SUBMITTED ON WEEK 7/12)

Title :

General purpose :

Specific purpose :

Central idea :

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Open with impact

Transition to body of speech

II. BODY

A. Main point 1

i. Supporting details 1

ii. Supporting details 2

Transition to main point 2

B. Main point 2

i. Supporting details 1

ii. Supporting details 2

Transition to main point 3

C. Main point 3

i. Supporting details 1

ii. Supporting details 2

Transition to conclusion

III. CONCLUSION

A. Summary of main points

B. Close with impact/Call for action

 

1. Think of a speech topic (preferably one for your speech presentation). Create an introduction. In your introduction be sure to gain the attention of the audience, to reveal the topic and relate it to the audience, to establish your credibility, and to preview the body of the speech.

2. Using the same topic, create a speech conclusion. Be sure to let your audience know the speech ending, to reinforce the central idea, and to make the conclusion vivid and memorable.