1

ComprehensionSpeech perception: Perception of smallest units of speech on up

Lexical access: Finding the entry in memory

Word recognition: Getting meaning of individual words

Sentence understanding: Putting words together and extracting meaning

Discourse processing: Understanding connected sentences and deriving intent of speaker (as well as literal message)

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

2

Production(Levelt, 1989)

Conceptualizing a message/thought

Formulating a linguistic plan

Articulating the plan

Monitoring the output

Levelt, W.J.M. 1989. Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Cited in Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 192.

3

Spoonerisms

You have hissed my mystery lectures.

missed history

I saw you fight a liar in the back quad.

light fire

In fact, you have tasted the whole worm.

wasted term

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 193.

4

Speech Error Types 1Shift

That's so she'll be ready in case she decide to hits it (decides to hit it).

Exchange

Fancy getting your model renosed (getting your nose remodeled).

Anticipation

Bake my bike (take my bike).

Perseveration

He pulled a pantrum (tantrum). Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 194.

5

Speech Error Types 2

Addition

I didn't explain this clarefully enough (carefully enough).

Deletion

I'll just get up and mutter intelligibly (unintelligibly).

Substitution

At low speeds it's too light (heavy).

Blend

That child is looking to be spaddled (spanked/paddled).

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 194.

6

Common Properties of Speech Errors - 1

1. "elements that interact with one another tend to come from similar linguistic environments" The little burst of beaden (beast of burden)

2. "elements that interact with one another tend to be similar to one another."

Sesame Street crackers (sesame seed crackers)

7

Common Properties of Speech Errors - 2

3. "even when slips produce novel linguistic items, they are generally consistent with the phonological rules of the language"

4. "there are consistent stress patterns in speech errors"

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 194-195.

8

Phonological Bias Technique 1(Baars, 1980)

ball doze

bash door

bean deck

bell dark

darn bore

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 201-202.

9

Phonological Bias Technique 2(Baars, 1980)

big dutch

band doll

bill deal

bark dog

dart board

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 201-202.

10

Motley's Biasing List

toy dog flat tire

could knock cold nuns nosey cooks red sky let david

leg dangle dead level

Motley, Michael T. Sept. 1985. Slips of the tongue. Scientific American 253(3): 116-127.

11

Motley's Electric Shock/Sexual Anxiety Experiment

Threat of Electric Shock

sham dock damn shock

varied colts carried volts

worst cottage cursed wattage

Sexual Anxiety

past fashion fast passion

sappy hex happy sex

share boulders bared shoulders

Motley, Michael T. Sept. 1985. Slips of the tongue. Scientific American 253(3): 116-127.

12

Stages of Production(Levelt, 1989)

1. Conceptualizing

2. Formulating

3. Articulating

4. Self-Monitoring

Carroll, David W. 1994. Psychology of Language, second edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 192.

13

Fromkin's Model of Speech Production

Stage Process 1 Generate meaning to be conveyed 2 Select syntactic structure with word

slots specified 3 Generate intonation contour 4 Insert content words 5 Formulate affixes and function words 6 Specify phonetic segments

Victoria A. Fromkin. 1971. The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances. Language 47: 27-52. Cited in Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 198.

14

Accommodation

She's already bagged two packs

(packed two trunks)

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 198.

15

Dell's Parallel Model of Linguistic Planning

1. Semantic

2. Syntactic

3. Morphological

4. Phonological [Including distinctive

features]

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 203-204.

16

Speech Rates and Error Rates

Speech rate:

Error frequencies are:

few/zero occasional (more)

Error types are:

real words real words NOT real words

Based on data in Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 204.

17

Incremental ProcessingA Rough Schematic

PLANNING vvv www xxxx yyy zzzz

SPEAKING vvv www xxxx yyy zzzz

(Spaces represent pauses)

Based in part on the discussion in Carroll, David W. 1994. Psychology of Language, second edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 208.

18

Characteristic Structure of Self-Repairs

1. We interrupt ourselves

2. We utter some "editing expression" that signals (to some extent) what went wrong

3. We repair the utterance

Carroll, David W. 1994. Psychology of Language, second edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 209.

19

Editing Expressions - 1

I saw... uh ... 12 people at the party.(Trying to remember)

I saw... oh ... 12 people at the party.(Estimating)

Bill hit him—hit Sam, that is.("further specify a potentially ambiguous

referent")

Carroll, David W. 1994. Psychology of Language, second edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 211-212.

20

Editing Expressions - 2

I am trying to lease, or rather, sublease, my apartment.

("nuance editing")

I really like to—I mean, hate to—get up in the morning.

("true errors")

Carroll, David W. 1994. Psychology of Language, second edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 211-212.