1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

Metropolitan Club – Business, Political leaders who met to discuss and plan for America’s future

as a world power

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

Metropolitan Club – Business, Political leaders who met to discuss and plan for America’s future

as a world power

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity

Treaty – Treaty – Agreement that Hawaiian Agreement that Hawaiian goods could be sold in the goods could be sold in the U.S. in exchange for what is U.S. in exchange for what is now Pearl Harbor (Led to a lot now Pearl Harbor (Led to a lot of American investment in of American investment in Hawaii)Hawaii)

1890 – 1890 – McKinley McKinley TariffTariff

1893 – Hawaiian Rebellion -AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed anbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

PProclaims the Republic roclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

How prepared was the US for war?

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements withwith foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. to the U.S. forfor naval and coaling station. naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.debt.

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great Great administrator.administrator.

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got The U.S. government got thetheschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in segregate Asians in separateseparateschools.schools.

1908 1908 Root-Takahira Root-Takahira AgreementAgreement..

Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry Senator Henry CabotCabotLodge, Sr.Lodge, Sr.

Non-European Non-European powers,powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from excluded from owningowningterritory in the territory in the WesternWesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for TeddyNobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

What the U. S. Has What the U. S. Has Fought ForFought For

What the U. S. Has What the U. S. Has Fought ForFought For

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..Officially the Organic Act of 1900, is a Officially the Organic Act of 1900, is a United States federal law that established United States federal law that established civilian (limited popular) government on civilian (limited popular) government on the island of Puerto Ricothe island of Puerto Rico,,

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..The Supreme Court said that full The Supreme Court said that full constitutional rights did not automatically constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American extend to all areas under American control.control.

1917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..

Was a 1917 Act of the United States Was a 1917 Act of the United States Congress by which Puerto Ricans were Congress by which Puerto Ricans were collectively made U.S. citizens,collectively made U.S. citizens,

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Panama – The Building of a Panama – The Building of a CanalCanal1850 1850 Clayton-Bulwer TreatyClayton-Bulwer Treaty..

John M. Clayton,(President Taylor’s Sec. Of State) John M. Clayton,(President Taylor’s Sec. Of State) met with a British representative, Sir Henry Bulwer, met with a British representative, Sir Henry Bulwer, to calm a potentially troublesome issue in Central to calm a potentially troublesome issue in Central America. Both powers had studied the feasibility of America. Both powers had studied the feasibility of constructing a canal to link the Atlantic and Pacific constructing a canal to link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow isthmus in Central oceans through the narrow isthmus in Central America.America.

Initially the most promising site appeared to be in Initially the most promising site appeared to be in Nicaragua. Neither party was prepared in 1850 to Nicaragua. Neither party was prepared in 1850 to undertake the massive project, but wanted to undertake the massive project, but wanted to ensure that one country would not act in the ensure that one country would not act in the absence of the other. absence of the other.

Under the terms of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, the Under the terms of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, the two parties agreed: two parties agreed:

Not to seek exclusive control of the canal or Not to seek exclusive control of the canal or territory on either side of such a canal territory on either side of such a canal

Not to fortify any position in the canal area Not to fortify any position in the canal area

Not to establish colonies in Central America Not to establish colonies in Central America

PanamaPanama• 1901 1901 Hay (U.S.)-Paunceforte Hay (U.S.)-Paunceforte

(G.B.) Treaty(G.B.) Treaty..– During the course of Spanish-American During the course of Spanish-American

War it was highlighted that there was War it was highlighted that there was a need for rapid access between the a need for rapid access between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

– The following points were approved by The following points were approved by both nations: both nations: • The U.S. was authorized to construct and The U.S. was authorized to construct and

manage a Central American canal manage a Central American canal • The U.S. was to guarantee the neutrality of The U.S. was to guarantee the neutrality of

the canal and was authorized to fortify the the canal and was authorized to fortify the area, if necessary area, if necessary

• The canal was to be open to all nations; The canal was to be open to all nations; rates were to be fair and equal. rates were to be fair and equal.

Panama – The Building of a Panama – The Building of a CanalCanal• Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Strategy for Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Strategy for

building the Canalbuilding the Canal– Panama was a province of the ColombiaPanama was a province of the Colombia– Roosevelt offered to purchase the land needed Roosevelt offered to purchase the land needed

to build the Canal but the Colombian Senate to build the Canal but the Colombian Senate rejected this offerrejected this offer

– Roosevelt then worked with a group of native Roosevelt then worked with a group of native Panamanians and foreign investors who were Panamanians and foreign investors who were associated with the canal project and plotted a associated with the canal project and plotted a revolt against the Colombian government.revolt against the Colombian government.

– When the Rebellion broke out the Roosevelt sent When the Rebellion broke out the Roosevelt sent U.S. warships towards PanamaU.S. warships towards Panama

– Just as the USS Nashville arrived in the harbor of Just as the USS Nashville arrived in the harbor of Colon Panama declared itself independentColon Panama declared itself independent

– The U.S. immediately recognized the new The U.S. immediately recognized the new republic republic

PanamaPanama1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla TreatyHay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. .

Agreement between Hay,and Philippe Agreement between Hay,and Philippe Bunau-Varilla, (the former engineer for Bunau-Varilla, (the former engineer for the French canal company) & Panamanian the French canal company) & Panamanian envoy to the United States, Terms envoy to the United States, Terms includedincluded

The United States was to receive rights to a The United States was to receive rights to a canal zone which was to extend five miles on canal zone which was to extend five miles on either side of the route either side of the route

Panama was to receive a payment of $10 million Panama was to receive a payment of $10 million

Panama was to receive annual rental payments Panama was to receive annual rental payments of $250,000. of $250,000.

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary to the to the

Monroe Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine: 1905 1905

The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary to the to the

Monroe Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine: 1905 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano

ZapataEmiliano Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditosSearching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.

Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898