1 china reunited: sui and tang twitchett, denis & fairbank, john k., the cambridge history of...

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China Reunited:China Reunited:Sui and Tang Sui and Tang

Twitchett, Denis & Fairbank, John K., The Cambridge History of China (v3). Sui and T’ang. 589-906; Ch 5: Kao-tsung (reign 649-83) and the empress Wu: the inheritor and the usurper; Ch 6: The reigns of the empress Wu, Chung-tsung and Jui-tsung (684-712). Also available in Chinese translation

Tung, Jowen R., Fables for Patriarchs: Gender Politics in Tang Discourse, 2000, Ch. 2, “The Fate of Imperial Princesses”.

Barfield, Thomas,Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, The Perilous Frontier, Ch 4 pp131-Ch 4 pp131-163.163.

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China ReunitedChina Reunited

Introduction The Rise of Yang Jian (founder of the Sui

dynasty) The Reunification of China under the Sui The Sui empire: Governance

Influence of Empress Wenxian The Reign of Sui Yangdi The end of the Sui

China Reunited (2)China Reunited (2)

The Tang Dynasty Succession Problems

Taizong Gaozong

Usurpation of Empress Wu and the Zhou Dynasty

The Reign of Xuanzong Expensive support of Imperial Family The Rebellion of An Lushan

Tang after An Lushan Reference: Women of the Tang

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44

IntroductionIntroduction By the time the Sui conquered all of China in 589, China

had been fragmented for almost 400 years (not including the 51 years of the W. Jin rule when they were never able to centralize power).

Wei-Jin dynasties:Years AD 200

300

Cao-Wei(220-265)

Western

North China

Shu-Han(221-263)Jin 晋 (265-316)

South China

Wu(222-280)

Fragmentation of power in Northern China: the Sixteen Kingdoms; reunited by Northern Wei, c.439

Eastern Jin (317-420)

55

Introduction (2)Introduction (2)

Years AD 400

North China

Northern Wei (386-534)

South China

Liu-Song (420-479)Southern Qi(479-502)Southern Liang (502-557) !

500

600

Eastern Wei (534-550) Western Wei (535-556) ! !Northern Qi (550-577) Northern Zhou (557-581)

! !______

Sui (581-618)!

!!

Tang

Chen (557-589) ! ! !_

(618-907)

Introduction (3)Introduction (3)

During the long reign of the Northern Wei (146 years) During the long reign of the Northern Wei (146 years) in northern China, there were three different in northern China, there were three different dynasties ruling in southern China.dynasties ruling in southern China.

The Northern Wei finally ended by external forces The Northern Wei finally ended by external forces that placed Tuoba puppets on the throne before that placed Tuoba puppets on the throne before deposing them and setting up their own dynasties, the deposing them and setting up their own dynasties, the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou.Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou.

However, these also did not last long :However, these also did not last long : Northern Qi (27 years) due to succession problems.Northern Qi (27 years) due to succession problems. Northern Zhou (21 years) due to the emperor Northern Zhou (21 years) due to the emperor

wanting to exterminate the family of his empress wanting to exterminate the family of his empress forcing her father to rise up against him and usurp forcing her father to rise up against him and usurp the throne.the throne.

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The Rise of Yang JianThe Rise of Yang Jian The family of the Empress:

Had served both the Northern Wei and the Western Wei. Helped to found the Northern Zhou. Was connected through marriage to all these royal houses.

Her father, Yang Jian 楊堅 (r.581-604), had served the Northern Zhou empire and was rewarded by having his daughter married to the heir-apparent in 573.

When Yang’s son-in-law, succeeded as emperor Xuandi (578-579), he wanted to name his 5th consort Empress but to do so he had to eliminate Yang’s daughter and exterminate her entire clan.

When Xuandi died, Yang first became regent, then eliminated the senior princes, and in 581 proclaimed himself as Emperor Wendi of a new dynasty, the Sui dynasty .

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The Reunification of China under The Reunification of China under the Suithe Sui

Yang Jian (Sui Wendi) spent the first years of his reign: Consolidating his rule over a Northern China that

had been devastated by war. Great numbers of people had fled and millions

more had died. Large areas were devastated and depopulated

and had fallen out of cultivation. Much of the north had become self-sufficient

farming units and society tended to cluster in small local units dominated by one or more large clans.

For 6-7 years he was preoccupied by the threat of the Eastern Turks.; after he had been victorious over them, he easily conquered the Later Liang, in modern Hubei province in 587.

He then turned to the conquest of the south.

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The Reunification of China under The Reunification of China under the Sui (2)the Sui (2)

Southern China, was first ruled by the Eastern Jin 晋 (317-420: 13 years). Due to constant court intrigue, coups, and

usurpations, it was ruled successively by short-lived (Southern) dynasties:

The Liu Song (420-479) – 59 years Southern Qi (479-502) – 23 years Southern Liang (502-557) – 55 years Chen (557-589) – 32 years

Ruling from present day Nanjing all these dynasties were dominated by a small group of powerful aristocratic families and by their generals. Its great families, mostly émigrés had fled from the

north and considered themselves to be the pure heirs of Han culture.

Periodically, they tried unsuccessfully to re-conquer the north.

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The major achievement of the Southern dynasties was the colonization of the area south of the Yangzi and the pacification and assimilation of its aboriginal population.

Their land had become more fertile and productive than the north as they had better climate and there had been power struggles rather than battles so the land had not been devastated.

In 588, Yang sent a letter to the Chen ruler saying that the Sui had a heaven-imposed obligation to take over Chen territory. He issued an edict accusing the Chen ruler of bad faith,

wastefulness, oppression of the people and other crimes. He pointed out the unnatural occurrences which gave

clear signs of the withdrawal of heaven’s favor. 300,000 copies of the edit were distributed in the south

to soften up resistance.

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The Chen ruler was captured in 589 and was made to write to aboriginal tribal leaders saying that the Chen had ended and they should give allegiance to the Sui.

The capital of the southern dynasties for 282 years was destroyed.

Ranking Chen nobles and their prized possessions were taken to the Sui capital and presented to the Sui ancestors.

The Chen nobles and elite were forgiven for their crimes and the princes given land in the border areas; some were taken into service by the Sui.

The reunification of China was complete and the south became an important source of wealth and reserves.

1212

The Sui Empire: The Sui Empire: GovernanceGovernance

Administratively there were difficulties between the north and the south: Regional and racial differences

The north: Devastation of land due to wars Inter-racial violence and hatred

Yangzi Valley and further south: Distinctive civilization based on Han heritage

Population differences: North – cultural and racial mix – successive waves

of conquerors and those who intermarried with the Chinese.

South was 16% of the total population and concentrated in the major centers along the Yangzi; behind them lay a untamed wilderness where hostile aborigines lived.

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The Sui Empire: Governance – The Sui Empire: Governance – Influence of Empress WenxianInfluence of Empress Wenxian

Empress Wenxian (b.544-602), wife of the founding emperor, was from a powerful and long sinicized Xiongnu clan. Her clan had inter-married with the great families of

Northern Wei for centuries. She was a literate and cultivated woman with strong

political instincts. The Emperor and the Empress were very close and the

palace attendants called them “the two sage-emperors”. She would ride with him in the carriage to the

audience hall and wait in side room. Her eunuchs would be inside the hall observing and

reporting. When his policy decisions seemed to be mistaken she

would admonish and correct him.

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The Sui Empire: Governance – The Sui Empire: Governance – Influence of Empress Wenxian Influence of Empress Wenxian

(2)(2) She kept her family out of positions of great power.

When a relative of hers committed a crime that required the death penalty she said that the emperor should not consider personal factors and the man was executed.

She was a fervent Buddhist and made sure the imperial princes were taught Buddhism; however, when one wanted to become a Buddhist priest, he was denied permission.

She and the emperor were very close and the Emperor had promised her that he would not have any children by any other wife. When she was about 50 years of age, her husband

was attracted by the charms of the grand-daughter of an old rival and she secretly killed the girl.

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The Sui Empire: Governance – The Sui Empire: Governance – Influence of Empress Wenxian Influence of Empress Wenxian

(3)(3) As she became older, she became more jealous and

whenever the concubine of a prince or of a minister became pregnant she would urge that the husband be dismissed.

She became suspicious when the principal consort of her eldest son, the heir, suddenly died and found that the heir was infatuated with his favorite concubine.

Yang Guang (r. 605-618), the second son, saw an opportunity to plot his brother’s downfall and become the heir. He and his supporters made up evidence to mislead

the suspicious emperor and empress and the heir was deposed and Yang Guang was named heir.

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The Reign of Sui YangdiThe Reign of Sui Yangdi After the death of Empress Wenxian, the emperor

gradually handed over the management of state affairs to Yang Guang. In 603, the emperor was persuaded by alleged

evidence of black magic to degrade his fourth son. The evidence also cast suspicion on the fifth son.

The emperor became ill in 604 and Yang Guang and his supporters may have hastened his end.

Yang Guang became emperor in 605 and is known as Yangdi (r.604-17). Eight days later, the 5th son rebelled but was crushed

and died in prison. He restored Confucian education and the Civil

Examination System recruiting Chinese officials into the Government.

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The Reign of Sui Yangdi (2)The Reign of Sui Yangdi (2) Yang Guang was very ambitious and wanted to

extend the empire into the old Han territories of the north-west and into northern Korea.

He had large public construction projects.

The Reign of Sui Yangdi (3)The Reign of Sui Yangdi (3)

He only reigned for about 26 years as: He lost the support of nomads when his invasions into

Korea failed and there were over 2 million casualties. There were invasions into China from Turkic nomads. The cost and loss of life involved in public works -- the

rebuilding of the Great Wall and the construction of canals, caused widespread suffering and discontent.

He lost the support of Chinese officials when the peasants felt that they could no longer support all these expenses.

He was assassinated by his own ministers and many rebel forces fought and the victor was the Duke of Tang who established the Tang dynasty (618-907). .

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1919

The Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) Li Yuan 李淵 , the Duke of Tang, was a

favorite of the Sui founding emperor, Wendi. His mother and Empress Wenxian were

sisters; he and Sui Yangdi were first cousins.

When Sui began to fall apart, Li Yuan, led one of the many groups of rebels.

In 619, his armies took the capital and he founded a new dynasty that lasted 300 years. The dynasty was briefly by the Second

Zhou Dynasty (690-705) when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne, becoming the first and only female emperor.

The Tang built its great empire based on the solid foundations left by Sui who had unified the country.

The Tang Dynasty (2)

The Tang Dynasty early rulers had many victorious military campaigns against their nomadic neighbors and expandied the territory under rule. The Chinese Empire was always larger when it

was under non-Han rule as they were more expansion-oriented and their territories would also include their homelands.

2020

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Succession Problems: Succession Problems: TaizongTaizong

Li Shimin 李世民 , the 2nd son, was not the heir to the throne. He felt that he had made the greatest contributions in

helping to conquer the empire should be the heir. He accused his brothers of having had illicit

relations with members of the imperial harem. When the brothers learned of this, they went to speak

to the emperor but when they came to the entrance to the palace, they were attacked and killed by Li Shimin’s waiting men.

Li Shimin then marched, fully armed, to see his father who was intimidated and named him the heir.

As heir, he forced his father into retirement and Li Shimin became the second emperor, Taizong (r.626-49).

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Succession Problems: Succession Problems: Taizong (2)Taizong (2)

Taizong named the eldest son of the empress as his heir. He executed those close to the heir so that they would

not be influential; the heir became alarmed and plotted his father.

When the plot was revealed, the emperor degraded the heir to the status of a commoner and imprisoned him.

Taizong’s favorite son was his 4th son, Li Tai, who hoped to be made heir.

The ministers recommended another son but the Emperor was not happy with the choice and wanted to name a son whose mother had been the daughter of Sui Yangdi.

They finally decided on Li Zhi 李治 , the ninth son, and a high powered group was appointed as his tutors.

Li Zhi became emperor, Gaozong (r.649-83).

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Succession Problems: GaozongSuccession Problems: Gaozong

Gaozong was in poor health relied on his second empress, Wu Zetian for help.

In 657 he was forced to hold court only on alternate days. Three years later, he suffered a serious stroke which

left him partially paralyzed and with poor eyesight. The Empress began administering the empire during

his sicknesses and was ruler of the empire in fact though not in name – de-facto ruler. Since there was no precedent for the direct control

of the government by an empress, during the Emperor’s lifetime, there was continued opposition from officials to Wu Zhao.

Succession Problems: Succession Problems: Gaozong (2)Gaozong (2)

Wu looked for the allegiance from groups whose support would give her prestige and influence–the literati and the Buddhist and Taoist clergy.

The heir, Li Hung, was a favorite of the emperor and of the court but had frequently taken the side of the emperor against his mother, Empress Wu. Wu was suspected of poisoning him (671) as

they had just had a public dispute over Consort Xiao’s two daughters who had been imprisoned in the palace for 20 years and were not married.

Wu’s second son, Li Xian, was named the heir.

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Succession Problems: Gaozong Succession Problems: Gaozong (3)(3)

Wu then began to consolidate Wu then began to consolidate her power, removing members of the imperial family that might be a threat to her. The emperor’s second son was banished on

trumped up charges. She wanted to replace her second son, the heir,

with her third son who was only 14. She had a sorcerer say that the heir would not

be a good emperor and rumored that he was not really her son but that of her elder sister.

She made a formal complaint that he was intimate with some of his household slaves.

On investigation, several hundred suits of armor were discovered and he was suspected of planning a coup.

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The emperor did not completely believe in the charges and wanted to pardon him but Wu insisted that he be demoted to commoner status and imprisoned.

The second son was later banished and ordered to commit suicide.

Wu’s third son, the young boy was then named heir in 680.

Gaozong died (683) naming Wu as regent. Wu’s third son, Zhongzong 中宗 (r. Jan 3-Feb 26,

684; Feb. 23, 705-July 3, 710) was on the throne for two months before his mother deposed him in favor of his younger brother. Zhongzong’s chances of succession was remote

so he had not been prepared to be Emperor.

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As Emperor, his first act was to name his father-in-law, the Chief Minister; this was opposed by officials who had been appointed by the previous Emperor.

Zhongzong then said that he could have given his father-in-law the entire empire; ED Wu decided to take it literally.

She summoned her son to court, charged him with treason and deposed him – the guards dragged him from the throne – he and his pregnant wife, Empress Wei, were banished.

The next day, Zhongzong was replaced by Wu’s fourth son, Ruizong 睿宗 (r.684-690; 710-712).

As regent, Wu presided openly at all the functions of the court, not bothering to hang the curtain. Ministers began to warn her that she was behaving

like Empress Lü of Han but she ignored them.

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In 688, some of the princes of the imperial clan revolted and Empress Wu purged the imperial family.

Rebellions arose as many opposed her assumptions of power.

She was able to suppress the rebellions. In 690, at the age of 65, she made Ruizong

abdicate and proclaimed herself emperor of a new dynasty, the Zhou dynasty (690-705) which lasted for 15 years. Ruizong and his family were kept in isolation

in the palace with the title Emperor Expectant.

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Usurpation of Empress Wu and Usurpation of Empress Wu and the the

Zhao DynastyZhao Dynasty Wu Zetian -- Wu Zhao -- (b. 625; r.690-705) -- had

been a low ranking concubine of Taizong, entering the palace when she was in her early teens. Her father was a supporter of the founder of the

dynasty and her mother was from the Sui imperial Yang family.

Gaozong had been 8 when his mother died and continued to live in the Inner Palaces and might have been intimate with Wu Zetian.

After Taizong’s death, his minor wives were sent into the temple; on the anniversary of Taizong’s death, Gaozong visited the temple and saw her again and revised his interest in her.

Usurpation of Empress Wu Usurpation of Empress Wu and the and the

Zhao Dynasty (2)Zhao Dynasty (2) At that time, Gaozong’s principal consort, Empress

Wang was childless and her husband’s favorite was a consort named Xiao. Empress Wang decided to bring Wu into the harem

as a rival to Consort Xiao. The Han would view it as incest – since Wu had been a

consort to Gaozong’s father – but the Tang dynasty was of mixed origins and might have accepted the practice as levirate – marrying the widow to the son or brother of the deceased husband.

After Wu had given birth to two sons, Empress Wang realized that Wu was a more dangerous rival than Xiao and began a campaign of slander.

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3131


Zhao Dynasty (2)Zhao Dynasty (2) Wu allied herself with the other women who hated the

Empress and bribed them to spy on the Empress and Consort Xiao.

Wu wanted to be named empress but Gaozong had no intention of deposing his empress. Wu was said to have created the impression that the

Empress had suffocated Wu Zhao’s new-born baby girl.

The Emperor became furious and decided to demote Empress Wang and elevate Wu as empress.

Many officials opposed Wu’s promotion to Empress but Gaozong finally won support and accused Empress Wang and Consort Xiao of plotting to poison him.

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Zhao Dynasty (3)Zhao Dynasty (3) Wu was installed empress (655) after Wang and

Xiao were demoted to commoner status. Wu then murdered Wang and Xiao cutting off

their arms and leaving them to die in a wine vat. She had the officials who opposed her

promotion transferred and those who supported her promoted–she removed all the chief ministers who had served the previous emperor, Taizong.

Since Gaozong was often ill and Wu had to assist Since Gaozong was often ill and Wu had to assist him in court, she tried to gain support from the him in court, she tried to gain support from the common people and the bureaucracy by proposing common people and the bureaucracy by proposing a 12 point program (674).a 12 point program (674). The main provisions were:The main provisions were:

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Usurpation of Empress Wu and the Usurpation of Empress Wu and the

Zhao Dynasty (4)Zhao Dynasty (4) To encourage agriculture and sericulture and To encourage agriculture and sericulture and reduce taxes and labour services.reduce taxes and labour services.

To grant remission of taxes to the metropolitan To grant remission of taxes to the metropolitan districts.districts.

To cease military operations; to transform the To cease military operations; to transform the empire by the virtue of the Way.empire by the virtue of the Way.

Palace buildings would not indulge in extravagantly Palace buildings would not indulge in extravagantly fine workmanship.fine workmanship.

To reduce wasteful employment of corvée labour.To reduce wasteful employment of corvée labour. To increase the opportunities for the expression of To increase the opportunities for the expression of

opinions to the throne.opinions to the throne. To suppress slander.To suppress slander. Everyone, from the princes and dukes down, would Everyone, from the princes and dukes down, would

study the study the Daode JingDaode Jing 道德经道德经 .. Even when the father was still alive, mourning was Even when the father was still alive, mourning was

to be observed for the full three-year period for the to be observed for the full three-year period for the mother.mother.


Zhao Dynasty (5)Zhao Dynasty (5) All honorific officials who had received their documents All honorific officials who had received their documents

of appointment before 674 could retain their titles, of appointment before 674 could retain their titles, however earned.however earned.

Salaries of metropolitan officials of the 8Salaries of metropolitan officials of the 8thth rank and rank and above would be increased.above would be increased.

Long-serving officials, whose talent was greater than Long-serving officials, whose talent was greater than their rank, would be promoted. their rank, would be promoted.

In 690, she made Ruizong abdicate and she proclaimed In 690, she made Ruizong abdicate and she proclaimed herself emperor of a new dynasty, the Zhou dynasty (690-herself emperor of a new dynasty, the Zhou dynasty (690-705).705).

Her nephew began to see himself as her successor and Her nephew began to see himself as her successor and put up a petition to make one of them the heir even put up a petition to make one of them the heir even though Ruizong, had the title, Emperor Expectant. though Ruizong, had the title, Emperor Expectant.

Emperor Wu seemed surprised and asked the opinion of Emperor Wu seemed surprised and asked the opinion of officials. officials.

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Zhao Dynasty (6)Zhao Dynasty (6) In 962, one of her officials convinced her of the danger In 962, one of her officials convinced her of the danger

of giving her relatives too much power and she took of giving her relatives too much power and she took away all of their political functions. away all of their political functions. At the same time, she did not want people to think At the same time, she did not want people to think

that Ruizong was to succeed and punished those who that Ruizong was to succeed and punished those who got too close to him. got too close to him.

Emperor Wu was torn between the claims of her own Emperor Wu was torn between the claims of her own clan and those of her sons as successors. clan and those of her sons as successors.

Emperor Wu was recognized as a capable and attentive Emperor Wu was recognized as a capable and attentive ruler even by traditional historians who despised her, ruler even by traditional historians who despised her, and her ability at selecting capable men to serve as and her ability at selecting capable men to serve as officials was admired throughout the rest of Tang officials was admired throughout the rest of Tang Dynasty as well as subsequent dynasties.Dynasty as well as subsequent dynasties.

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Zhao Dynasty (7)Zhao Dynasty (7) During Wu’s reign she oversaw:During Wu’s reign she oversaw:

The greatest expansion of T'ang military power;The greatest expansion of T'ang military power; The expansion of the civil service examination.The expansion of the civil service examination. The emphasis on both Daoism and Buddhism.The emphasis on both Daoism and Buddhism. The development of agriculture -- construction of The development of agriculture -- construction of

irrigation schemes; compilation of text books on irrigation schemes; compilation of text books on agriculture; local officials were to bring more land agriculture; local officials were to bring more land under cultivation. under cultivation.

The reduction of taxes and stopped the imposition of The reduction of taxes and stopped the imposition of corvee upon the peasant population. corvee upon the peasant population.

The allowance of peasant farmers to retain more of The allowance of peasant farmers to retain more of their produce so that they were able to improve their their produce so that they were able to improve their lot.lot.

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Zhao Dynasty (8)Zhao Dynasty (8) Wu was against the Confucianism belief of the Wu was against the Confucianism belief of the

subordination of women to men.subordination of women to men. She improved the position of women in She improved the position of women in

society. society. She employed scholars to write biographies of She employed scholars to write biographies of

famous women to show that women were famous women to show that women were every bit as capable of men. every bit as capable of men.

She promoted equal opportunity for women.She promoted equal opportunity for women. She allowed women to sit for the highest level She allowed women to sit for the highest level

of the civil service examinations, of the civil service examinations, jin shijin shi 进士进士 if if they passed the poetry examinations.they passed the poetry examinations.

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Zhao Dynasty (7)Zhao Dynasty (7) In 698, Zhongzong, and his empress, Wei, were In 698, Zhongzong, and his empress, Wei, were

summoned from their exile on the advice of officials.summoned from their exile on the advice of officials. Zhongzong was given the title of heir-apparent Zhongzong was given the title of heir-apparent

and his younger brother, Ruizong, was demoted.and his younger brother, Ruizong, was demoted. In 705, ED Wu was 80 years old and ill and was In 705, ED Wu was 80 years old and ill and was

unable to prevent Zhongzong and his allies from unable to prevent Zhongzong and his allies from taking power but she retained the title taking power but she retained the title of "emperor" of "emperor" until her death later in the yearuntil her death later in the year

ZhongzongZhongzong’’s reign began with three factions s reign began with three factions competing for power competing for power –– favored ministers, the favored ministers, the imperial family, and the relatives of his wife, imperial family, and the relatives of his wife, Empress Wei. Empress Wei.

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The Reign of ZhongzongThe Reign of Zhongzong In 698, Zhongzong,and his empress, Wei, were summoned In 698, Zhongzong,and his empress, Wei, were summoned

from their exile as ED Wu was growing old had decided from their exile as ED Wu was growing old had decided that the throne should be returned to the Li family.that the throne should be returned to the Li family.

In 705, ED Wu was 80 years old and ill and she was unable In 705, ED Wu was 80 years old and ill and she was unable to prevent Zhongzong and his allies from taking power.to prevent Zhongzong and his allies from taking power.

She abdicated and ZhongzongShe abdicated and Zhongzong’’s reign began with three s reign began with three factions competing for power factions competing for power –– favored ministers, the favored ministers, the imperial family, and the relatives of his wife, Empress Wei. imperial family, and the relatives of his wife, Empress Wei. The imperial family, and the relatives of Empress Wei The imperial family, and the relatives of Empress Wei

sold official positions and merchants and landlords could sold official positions and merchants and landlords could buy their way into officialdom instead of taking the buy their way into officialdom instead of taking the examination.examination.

40

The Reign of RuizongThe Reign of Ruizong

When Zhongzong suddenly died, Empress Wei was afraid that When Zhongzong suddenly died, Empress Wei was afraid that she and her daughter might be suspected of poisoning him. she and her daughter might be suspected of poisoning him. She concealed his death until she had appointed her She concealed his death until she had appointed her

relatives to key military positions and named the emperorrelatives to key military positions and named the emperor’’s s youngest son, a boy of 15, to succeed with herself as youngest son, a boy of 15, to succeed with herself as regent.regent.

The young emperor ruled for two weeks until Princess The young emperor ruled for two weeks until Princess Taiping, daughter of Empress Wu, with the help of RuizongTaiping, daughter of Empress Wu, with the help of Ruizong’’s s son son –– the future Xuanzong the future Xuanzong 玄宗玄宗 ---- dragged the young boy from dragged the young boy from his throne and had her brother, Ruizong, take up the throne.his throne and had her brother, Ruizong, take up the throne.

Both Empress Wei and her daughter, Princess Anle ,were Both Empress Wei and her daughter, Princess Anle ,were killed.killed.

Ruizong delegated real power to his sister, Princess Taiping.Ruizong delegated real power to his sister, Princess Taiping.

41

The Reign of XuanzongThe Reign of Xuanzong

Xuanzong was the longest reigning of all the Xuanzong was the longest reigning of all the Tang monarchs; he restored the dynasty to a new Tang monarchs; he restored the dynasty to a new peak of power after decades of corruption during peak of power after decades of corruption during the reigns of his two brothers.the reigns of his two brothers.

He tried to control his relatives from seizing He tried to control his relatives from seizing power and took away the military power of his power and took away the military power of his relatives by forbidding royal princes and consorts relatives by forbidding royal princes and consorts of princesses to hold commands in the guards. of princesses to hold commands in the guards. They were removed from the capital so that They were removed from the capital so that

they could not be used as figure heads for they could not be used as figure heads for different factions. different factions.

They were given ceremonial offices with no They were given ceremonial offices with no power at court but kept near the capital.power at court but kept near the capital.

Two of the princes must rotate and attend Two of the princes must rotate and attend court every three months. court every three months.

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The Reign of Xuanzong (2)The Reign of Xuanzong (2) Xuanzong had 51 children, many of them born Xuanzong had 51 children, many of them born

before he came to the throne. before he came to the throne. The next generation was even more numerous The next generation was even more numerous

–– 94 grandsons 94 grandsons –– and there is no record of the and there is no record of the number of children born to his 30 daughters. number of children born to his 30 daughters.

The support of the imperial clan became very The support of the imperial clan became very expensive. expensive. After some time, the adult royal children were After some time, the adult royal children were

not given individual residences but just a court not given individual residences but just a court yard home for themselves and their families -- yard home for themselves and their families -- they were even more centrally controlled. they were even more centrally controlled.

The End of Xuanzong’s The End of Xuanzong’s Reign and the Rebellion of Reign and the Rebellion of

An LushanAn Lushan In the early 740s, Xuanzong became infatuated with In the early 740s, Xuanzong became infatuated with

Lady Yang, the wife of his son, Li Mao.Lady Yang, the wife of his son, Li Mao. Yang was descended from the Sui imperial clan.Yang was descended from the Sui imperial clan.

She left her husband in 741 and registered as a She left her husband in 741 and registered as a Daoist priestess and took up residence in the palace. Daoist priestess and took up residence in the palace.

In 745, Xuanzong took her into his own harem with In 745, Xuanzong took her into his own harem with the title of Consort of the First Rank the title of Consort of the First Rank 贵妃贵妃 after she after she had been formally separated and her husband had had been formally separated and her husband had remarried. remarried.

From then on, she dominated the palace.From then on, she dominated the palace. In the late 740In the late 740’’s she became a close friend of a s she became a close friend of a

general, An Lushan, and adopted him as her son; they general, An Lushan, and adopted him as her son; they remained good friends.remained good friends.

112/04/1843

44

The End of Xuanzong’s Reign and The End of Xuanzong’s Reign and the Rebellion of An Lushan (2)the Rebellion of An Lushan (2)

An Lushan was a general who was part Turkish and An Lushan was a general who was part Turkish and part Soghdian (part of the Persian Empire).part Soghdian (part of the Persian Empire).

The enemies of Yang and An began to harass An and The enemies of Yang and An began to harass An and accuse him of plotting rebellion; his mansion was accuse him of plotting rebellion; his mansion was raided and it was said that plans for rebellion was raided and it was said that plans for rebellion was discovered. discovered.

An Lushan did not dare to attend court in person but the Emperor still had faith in his loyalty but his enemies continued to convince the emperor that he was going to rebel until An Lushan was forced to do so. An was successful at first and took the eastern

capital, Luoyang. In 756 he proclaimed himself emperor of the new

dynasty of Greater Yan. In 756, the Xuanzong was forced to flee Chang’an.

4545

The End of XuanzongThe End of Xuanzong’’s Reign: s Reign: The Rebellion of The Rebellion of An Lushan (3)An Lushan (3) Xuanzong’s troops were resentful of Consort Yang’s

brother, attacked him and killed him and members of his family.

They demanded the execution of Consort Yang. The Emperor had no choice but to order her

strangled. The troops were pacified and they went on to

Chengdu. Meanwhile, the heir-apparent, the future Suzong

(r.756-762), organized resistance in the north. He was in command of 2,000 troops and was

persuaded to usurp the throne and give Xuanzong the title, Retired Emperor.

The rebellion continued after An’s death and was finally suppressed in 763.

The Tang had a century of stability until the An Lushan rebellion in 775.

4646

Tang after An LushanTang after An Lushan By the time the rebellion was over, China had abandoned its

territories in southern Manchuria, and the entire modern Gansu had fallen to the Tibetans.

The most important long-term damage was the loss of authority by the central government as the military governors 节度使 had been given powers over local administration. The next emperor and his successors had to compromise

with these powerful local forces resulting from the rebellion.

In the late 9th century, discontent led to the Huang Chao rebellion and the fragmentation of the country leading to the period known as the Five Dynasties and Kingdoms. Some parts of northern China fell into alien rule in the

early 10th century and northern China remained under foreign domination for about four centuries before all of China was conquered by the Mongols.

4747

Reference:Reference:Women of the TangWomen of the Tang

Women of the Tang was greatly influenced by the nomadic cultures.

Comparison of Han and Tang handbooks show more freedom for Tang women.

Women of the Tang had the characteristics of: Princess Pinyang, daughter of founding emperor Empress Wu; Emperor of the second Zhao

Dumasty Empress Wei, wife of Zhongzong Princess Anle, daughter of Zhongzong and

Empress Wei Princess Taiping, daughter of Empress Wu and

sister to Zhongzong As the empire began to end, its grip on women

tightened.

4848

Princess Pin-yangPrincess Pin-yang Princess Pinyang (ca.600-623), daughter of the first

Tang emperor, helped her father overthrow the Sui by organizing the “Woman’s Army”.

She formed a woman’s army among the peasants. Other rebel forces in the region began to join her when

they heard of her father’s successes; as she won battles, many new rebel groups were eager to fight under her banner.

After each of her victories, her army would distribute food and win over the people in the captured territories.

When her army grew to 70,000 troops, the Sui army took her seriously and launched an attack on her but were defeated.

When her father became emperor, she was made a marshal with the same entitlements as her brothers.

But the hard struggles of war had worn her out and she died soon after, at the age of 23.

Empress Wei, wife of Empress Wei, wife of ZhongzongZhongzong

Zhongzong’s reign began with three factions competing for power – favored ministers, the imperial family, and the relatives of his wife, Empress Wei. The imperial family, and the relatives of Empress Wei sold

official positions and merchants and landlords could buy their way into officialdom instead of taking the examination.

The most powerful persons were Empress Wei and her lover, Wu Sansi, the son of Wu’s half-brother. By being Wei’s lover, Wu Sansi survived his aunt’s downfall. Her faction Empress Wei’s faction was made up of Wu Sansi,

Shanghuan Wan-er – who drafted Empress Wei’s official documents, and her daughter, Princess Anle 安乐公主 .

4949

Empress Wei (cont.)Empress Wei (cont.) During palace struggles between Empress Wei and her

husband’s sister, Princess Taiping, made Zhongzong unhappy about his wife’s affairs. Empress Wei was afraid and when the Emperor suddenly

died she was suspected of having poisoned him. The Empress concealed his death until she had appointed

her relatives to key military positions and named the emperor’s youngest son, a boy of 15, to succeed with herself as regent.

The young emperor ruled for two weeks until Princess Taiping, with the help of Ruizong’s son – the future Xuanzong 玄宗 -- dragged him from his throne and had her brother, Ruizong, take up the throne.

Both Empress Wei and her daughter, Princess Anle were killed.

5050

5151

Princess Anle, Daughter of Princess Anle, Daughter of Zhongzong and Empress WeiZhongzong and Empress Wei

Princess Anle, the only surviving child of Empress Wei, was very powerful and was married to the son of Wu Sansi.

She became rich from selling ordination certificates for 30,000 cash each so that persons of any social rank could be ordained to the Buddhist clergy; for ten times that amount, a person could become an official on the staff of one of the princesses.

Wu Sansi hoped to rule through his daughter-in-law and so lobbied to have Princess Anle named as heir to the throne.

As no woman had ever been considered as heir, the court was upset and the ministers blocked the plan and retained the current heir, the emperor’s second son by a concubine.

Wu destroyed his opponents and had them promoted to empty titles of kings then found pretexts to disgrace and banish them. He bribed eunuchs so that they would not oppose him.

5252

Princess Anle (cont.)Princess Anle (cont.)

Wu Sansi tried a second time to promote Princess Anle as the heir. The heir-apparent – Zhongzong’s only son born of

a concubine -- became very uneasy and felt that he had to act and so he marched on the Wu mansion.

He killed Wu Sansi and his son, the husband of Princess Anle.

The widowed Princess Anle started having an affair with another nephew of ED Wu and soon married him.

After the death of Wu Sansi, Empress Wei, Anle and her new husband tried to slander Ruizong and the Taiping Princess 太平公主 but the two easily cleared themselves.

5353

Princess Taiping, Daughter of Princess Taiping, Daughter of Empress Wu and sister to Empress Wu and sister to

ZhongzongZhongzong The only persons at court who had matched Wu Sansi’s

prestige were Ruizong and his sister, the Taiping princess. Wu Sansi rewarded them with money to keep them out

of politics; he made it possible for Princess Taiping and 6 other princesses to have the same benefits as other royal princes.

After Wu’s death, the Wei faction tried to eliminate her and so she began to build support for her brother, Ruizong.

Ruizong delegated real power to her when she helped place him on the throne.

Xuanzong, Ruizong’s son, was a very popular heir-apparent and Princess Taiping began to fear and slander him. As the attacks grew, Ruizong was pressured by his

ministers to send her away from the capital into temporary exile.

5454

Princess Taiping (cont.)Princess Taiping (cont.) Even in exile, her influence was still strong and the

heir, knowing that she blamed him for her banishment asked that she be allowed to return. When she returned to the capital she immediately

replaced five of the top seven officials with her own men.

Ruizong was upset that he could not control the situation and in 712, he decided to abdicate in favor of the heir.

Taiping convinced him to retain the title “Retired Emperor” and control high appointments and capital punishments.

When Xuanzong (r.712-756) became emperor, she became uneasy and tried an armed coup but the plan was leaked and Xuanzong seized her supporters and had them beheaded. She escaped to a monastery but was forced to

commit suicide.

5555

Consorts of XuanzongConsorts of Xuanzong Xuanzong’s empress, Wang, was a member of the

prominent Wang clan of Taiyuan. Her twin brother was married to Ruizong’s 7th

daughter and had helped to overthrew Princess Taiping.

Xuanzong kept both him and his father from positions of power but allowed them to become wealthy.

The Empress had no children and since it was important to settle the question of succession Xuanzong’s second son was named heir in 715. He was probably chosen as his mother was

Xuanzong’s favorite concubine.

5656

Consorts of Xuanzong (2)Consorts of Xuanzong (2) Xuanzong secretly discussed, with his minister, the

removal of the Empress as she was childlessness but this was leaked to her. The Empress was now fearful of her position and was

desperate to produce a son to ensure her position at court.

Her brother arranged for a monk to perform ceremonies for her to ensure that she had a child.

When this was discovered in 724, the Empress was accused of witchcraft and degraded to commoner status.

Her her brother was exiled, divorced from his royal wife, and ordered to commit suicide.

The deposed empress was allowed to live in separate quarters in the palace where she died a few months later.

5757

Consorts of Xuanzong (3)Consorts of Xuanzong (3)

Soon after Xuanzong came to the throne, he became enamored of his concubine Lady Wu. – daughter of a close relative of the ED Wu.

When the position of Empress became vacant, Xuanzong wished to name her empress but this was opposed by the bureaucracy as: her family, Wu, had been enemies of the Tang; she was not the mother of the heir and did not yet

have sons – she later gave birth to a son, Prince Mao.

The emperor did not make her empress during her lifetime although she was treated as his most important consort and her family members were given honors and promotion appropriate to the family of an empress.

5858

Consorts of Xuanzong (4)Consorts of Xuanzong (4)

Consort Wu wanted to get rid of the heir and have her son named heir-apparent. She had her son-in-law accuse the heir and his

fellow princes, together with the heir’s brother-in-law (consort of Xuanzong’s 3rd daughter) of plotting rebellion.

The emperor reduced the princes to commoner status and ordered them to commit suicide; many relatives of the mothers and wives of the princes were sent into banishment.

The position of heir-apparent was now available but Consort Wu died and her son, Li Mao, no longer had the support of his mother.

5959

Consorts of Xuanzong:Consorts of Xuanzong:Yang Guifei Yang Guifei

After the death of Consort Wu, Xuanzong did not have a favorite until the early 740’s when he became infatuated with the wife of his son, Li Mao. She was descended from the Sui imperial clan. She left her husband in 741 and registered as a

Daoist priestess and took up residence in the palace.

In 745, Xuanzong took her into his own harem with the title of Consort of the First Rank 贵妃 after she had been formally separated and her husband had remarried.

From then on, she dominated the palace.

6060

Consorts of Xuanzong:Consorts of Xuanzong:Yang Guifei (cont.)Yang Guifei (cont.)

Lady Yang was very talented and shared similar interests as the emperor in music and dance and was a skilled performer. Several members of her family were given

noble titles and high positions at court. In the late 740’s she became a close friend of a

general, An Lushan, and adopted him as her son; they remained good friends. An Lushan a general who was part Turkish

part Soghdian (part of the Persian Empire). The enemies of Yang and An began to harass An

and accuse him of plotting rebellion; his mansion was raided and it was said that plans for rebellion was discovered.

6161

Next ReadingNext Reading

The Turks, China and the Five Dynasties Wang Gungwu, The Structure of Power in

Northern China during the Five Dynasties, Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1967.1967.

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