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Chapter Overview

Ethernet FDDI Wireless Networking

Example

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MAC address

On the card- supposed to be fixed I/G – individual or global (broadcast) G/L – global or local address

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Ethernet Standards

Ethernet is the most popular local area network (LAN) protocol operating at the data-link layer.

There are two sets of Ethernet standards: DIX Ethernet Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers (IEEE) 802.3

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DIX Ethernet Standards

DIX Ethernet. Also known as thick Ethernet, ThickNet, or 10Base5

DIX Ethernet II. Retains 10Base5 and adds 10Base2 (thin Ethernet)

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IEEE 802.3 Standards

IEEE 802.3. 10Base5, 10Base2, and 10Base-T

IEEE 802.3u. Fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3z and IEEE 802.3ab. Gigabit

Ethernet A lot more lately – ready wikipedia for a

recent list, the latest is to define 100 Gbit/s, many utilizes all four pairs of wire.

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DIX Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 Components

Physical layer specifications Frame format CSMA/CD MAC mechanism

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Standard 10-Mbps Ethernet Specifications

Designation Cable Type Topology

Maximum Length

10Base5 RG-8 coaxial Bus 500 meters

10Base2 RG-58 coaxial Bus 185 meters

10Base-T Category 3 UTP

Star 100 meters

Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link (FOIRL)

Multimode fiber optic

Star 1,000 meters

10Base-F Multimode fiber optic

Star 500–2,000 meters

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Fast Ethernet (100 to 10 G Mbps) Specifications

Designation

Cable Type Topology Maximum Length

100Base-TX Category 5 UTP Star 100 meters

100Base-T4 Category 3 UTP Star 100 meters

100Base-FX Multimode fiber optic

Star 412 meters

Up to 10G See book (page 115)

Mostly Star

Up to 40 Kilo-meters

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Gigabit Ethernet (1,000 Mbps) Specifications

Designation

Cable Type Topology Maximum Length

1000Base-T Category 5 or 5E UTP Star 100 meters

1000Base-LX Various multimode fiber optic

Star 550–5,000 meters

1000Base-SX Various multimode fiber optic

Star 220–500 meters

1000Base-LH Singlemode fiber optic

Star 10 kilometers

1000Base-ZX Singlemode fiber optic

Star 100 kilometers

1000Base-CX 150-ohm copper Star 25 meters

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Coaxial Ethernet Standards

10Base5 (thick Ethernet) 10Base2 (thin Ethernet)

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Coaxial Network Characteristics

Runs at 10 Mbps Uses the bus topology Uses mixing segments

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Mixing Segments

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UTP Network Characteristics

Runs at various speeds up to 10Gbps Uses the star topology Requires a hub/Switch Uses link segments

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Link Segments

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Fiber Optic Ethernet

Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link (FOIRL) IEEE 802.3 fiber optic standards:

10Base-FL 10Base-FB 10Base-FP

100Base-FX Gigabit Ethernet standards 10 Gb Ethernet standards

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The 5-4-3 Rule

A standard network can have no more than FIVE segments, connected by FOUR repeaters, of which no more than THREE segments can be mixing segments.

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A Coaxial 5-4-3 Network

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The Ethernet Frame Format

Ethernet_II and 802.3 messages

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Media Access Control (MAC)

Is the mechanism that enables multiple computers to use the same network medium without conflicting

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CSMA/CD Phases

Phase Description

Carrier sense A computer listens to the network before transmitting.

Multiple access When the network is clear, the computer transmits the packet.

Collision detection

The computer checks for signs of a collision. If one occurs, it retransmits the packet.

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Collisions

Collisions are also called signal quality errors.

They are normal on Ethernet networks. The frequency of collisions increases as

network traffic increases. Late collisions are a sign of a serious

problem. Collision domain – a segment of network

that can may collide with each other. It is different from a broadcasting domain

The difference between hub and switch

Hub broadcast Switch is one to one, still support

broadcast, CSMA/CD still is necessary Hub is, mostly, at the physical layer Switch is at the Data-Link layer

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Channel Bonding

Using of multiple connections to have fault tolerance and performance gain

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Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Characteristics

First commercial 100-Mbps fiber optic protocol

Uses the token passing MAC mechanism Supports both singlemode and

multimode cable

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FDDI Topologies

Double ring Logical ring Dual ring of trees

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Dual Ring of Trees

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IEEE 802.11 Standards

IEEE 802.11a. Speeds of 1 to 2 Mbps IEEE 802.11b. Speeds of 5.5 to 11 Mbps IEEE 802.11g. Speeds up to 54 Mbps IEEE 802.11n. Speeds up to 150 Mbps IEEE 802.11ac up Gbps IEEE 802.11ad 7Gbps

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IEEE 802.11 Topologies

Ad hoc. Wireless computers communicating with each other

Infrastructure. Wireless computers using an access point to communicate with a cabled network

What is the latest? -- 802.11ad