1 chapter 7 chemical quantities the mole basic chemistry copyright © 2011 pearson education, inc....
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities
The Mole
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Collections of items include dozen, gross, and mole.
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Collection Terms
A collection term states a specific number of items.
• 1 dozen donuts = 12 donuts
• 1 ream of paper = 500 sheets
• 1 case = 24 cans
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Collections of items include dozen, gross, and mole.
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A mole (mol) is a collection that contains
• the same number of particles as there are carbon atoms in 12.01 g of carbon.
• 6.022 x 1023 atoms of an element (Avogadro’s number).
1 mol of Element Number of Atoms
1 mol C = 6.022 x 1023 C atoms
1 mol Na = 6.022 x 1023 Na atoms
1 mol Au = 6.022 x 1023 Au atoms
A Mole of Atoms
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A mole
• of a covalent compound has Avogadro’s number of molecules
1 mol CO2 = 6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 mol H2O = 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules
• of an ionic compound contains Avogadro’s number of formula units
1 mol NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 NaCl formula units
1 mol K2SO4 = 6.022 x 1023 K2SO4 formula units
A Mole of A Compound
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Samples of One Mole Quantities
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Avogadro’s number (6.022 x 1023) can be written as an equality and two conversion factors.
Equality:
1 mol = 6.022 x 1023 particles
Conversion Factors:
6.022 x 1023 particles and 1 mol 1 mol 6.022 x 1023
particles
Avogadro’s Number
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Using Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s number converts moles of a substance to the number of particles.
How many Cu atoms are in 0.50 mol of Cu?
0.50 mol Cu x 6.022 x 1023 Cu atoms
1 mol Cu
= 3.0 x 1023 Cu atoms
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Using Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s number is used to convert the number of particles of a substance to moles.
How many moles of CO2 are in 2.50 x 1024 molecules of CO2?
2.50 x 1024 molecules CO2
x 1 mol CO2
6.022 x 1023 molecules CO2
= 4.15 mol of CO2
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1. The number of atoms in 2.0 mol of Al is
A. 2.0 Al atoms
B. 3.0 x 1023 Al atoms
C. 1.2 x 1024 Al atoms
2. The number of moles of S in 1.8 x 1024 atoms of S is
A. 1.0 mol of S atoms
B. 3.0 mol of S atoms
C. 1.1 x 1048 mol of S atoms
Learning Check
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1. 2.0 mol Al x 6.022 x 1023 Al atoms
1 mol Al
= 1.2 x 1024 Al atoms (C)
2. 1.8 x 1024 S atoms x 1 mol S
6.022 x 1023 S atoms = 3.0 mol of S atoms (B)
Solution
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Subscripts and Moles
The subscripts in a formula state• the relationship of atoms in the formula• the moles of each element in 1 mol of compound
Glucose
C6H12O6
1 molecule: 6 atoms of C 12 atoms of H 6 atoms of O
1 mol: 6 mol of C 12 mol of H 6 mol of O
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Subscripts State Atoms and Moles
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Factors from Subscripts
Subscripts used for conversion factors• relate moles of each element in 1 mol of compound • for aspirin C9H8O4 can be written as
9 mol C 8 mol H 4 mol O
1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol C9H8O4
and
1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol C9H8O4
9 mol C 8 mol H 4 mol O
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Calculating Atoms or Molecules
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Learning Check
How many O atoms are in 0.150 mol of aspirin, C9H8O4?
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Solution
How many O atoms are in 0.150 mol of aspirin, C9H8O4?
STEP 1 Given 0.150 mol of C9H8O4
Need molecules of C9H8O4
STEP 2 Plan
moles of aspirin moles of O atoms of O
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Solution (continued)STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors
1 mol of C9H8O4 = 4 mol of O
1 mol C9H8O4 and 4 mol O
4 mol O 1 mol C9H8O4
1 mol of O = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of O
1 mole O and 6.022 x 1023 atoms O
6.022 x 1023 atoms O 1 mol O
STEP 4 Set Up Problem
0.150 mol C9H8O4 x 4 mol O x 6.022 x 1023 O atoms
1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol O
= 3.61 x 1023 O atoms
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Molar Mass
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Lithium carbonate produces a red color in fireworks.
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Molar Mass
The molar mass • is the mass of one mol of an
element or compound• is the atomic mass expressed in
grams
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Molar Mass from the Periodic Table
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Give the molar mass for
A. 1 mol of K atoms = ________
B. 1 mol of Sn atoms = ________
Learning Check
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Give the molar mass for
A. 1 mol of K atoms = 39.10 g
B. 1 mol of Sn atoms = 118.7 g
Solution
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Guide to Calculating Molar mass
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Molar Mass of a Compound
For a compound, the molar mass is the sum of the molar masses of the elements in the formula.
Example: Calculate the molar mass of CaCl2.
Element Number of Moles
Atomic Mass Total Mass
Ca 1 40.08 g/mol 40.08 g
Cl 2 35.45 g/mol 70.90 g
CaCl2 110.98 g
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Molar Mass of K3PO4
Determine the molar mass of K3PO4.
Element Number of Moles
Atomic Mass Total Mass in K3PO4
K 3 39.10 g/mol 117.3 g
P 1 30.97 g/mol 30.97 g
O 4 16.00 g/mol 64.00 g
K3PO4 212.3 g
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Some One-Mol Quantities
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Calculate the molar mass for Al(OH)3 with four
significant figures.
1) 44.00 g/mol
2) 75.00 g/mol
3) 78.00 g/mol
Learning Check
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STEP 1 Obtain the molar mass of each element. Al 26.98 g/mol O 16.00 g/mol H 1.008 g/molSTEP 2 Multiply each by the subscript.
1 mol Al x 26.98 g Al = 26.98 g 1 mol Al
3 mol O x 16.00 g O = 48.00 g 1 mol O
3 mol H x 1.008 g H = 3.024 g
1 mol H STEP 3 Calculate the molar mass by adding the
masses of the elements. 1 mol of Al(OH)3 = 78.00 g (3)
Solution
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Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is an antidepressant that inhibits the uptake of serotonin by the brain. What is the molar mass of Prozac?1) 40.06 g/mol2) 262.0 g/mol 3) 309.4 g/mol
Learning Check
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Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is an antidepressant that inhibits the uptake of serotonin by the brain. What is the molar mass of Prozac?
STEP 1 Obtain the molar mass of each element. C 12.01 g/mol H 1.008 g/mol F 19.00 g/mol N 14.01 g/mol O 16.00 g/mol
STEP 2 Multiply each by the subscript in the formula. 17 mol C x 12.01 g C = 204.2 g
1 mol C 18 mol H x 1.008 g H = 18.14 g
1 mol H
Solution
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Solution (continued)
STEP 2 3 mol F x 19.00 g F = 57.00 g
1 mol F 1 mol N x 14.01 g N = 14.01 g 1 mol N
1 mol O x 16.00 g O = 16.00 g
1 mol O
STEP 3 1 mol of C17H18F3NO = 309.4 g
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Calculations Using Molar Mass
Calculations Using Molar Mass
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Table salt is NaCl.
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Molar mass conversion factors • are written from molar mass• relate grams and moles of an element or
compound
Example: Write molar mass factors for methane CH4
used in gas cook tops and gas heaters.
Molar mass:
1 mol CH4 = 16.04 g
Conversion factors:
16.04 g CH4 and 1 mol CH4
1 mol CH4 16.04 g CH4
Molar Mass Factors
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Acetic acid HC2H3O2 gives the sour taste to vinegar. Write an equality and two molar mass conversion factors for acetic acid.
Learning Check
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Acetic acid HC2H3O2 gives the sour taste to vinegar.Write an equality and two molar mass conversion
factors for acetic acid.
Equality:
1 mol of acetic acid = 60.05 g of acetic acid
Molar mass conversion factors:
1 mol acetic acid and 60.05 g acetic acid 60.05 g acetic acid 1 mol acetic acid
Solution
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Guide to Calculation Using Molar Mass
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Aluminum is used to build lightweight bicycleframes. How many grams of Al are in 3.00 mol of Al?
Moles to Grams
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STEP 1 Given 3.00 mol of Al Need grams of Al
STEP 2 Plan moles of Al grams of Al
STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors
1 mol of Al = 26.98 g of Al 1 mol Al and 26.98 g Al
26.98 g Al 1 mol Al
Solution
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STEP 4 Set Up ProblemSet up with molar mass as a factor:
3.00 mol Al x 26.98 g Al = 80.9 g of Al 1 mol Al molar mass factor for Al
Solution (continued)
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The artificial sweetener aspartame (NutraSweet), C14H18N2O5, is used to sweeten diet foods, coffee, and soft drinks. How many moles of aspartame are present in 225 g of aspartame?
Learning Check
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STEP 1 Given 225 g of C14H18N2O5 Need molesSTEP 2 Plan g of aspartame moles of aspartameSTEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors
1 mol aspartame = 294.3 g 1 mol aspartame and 294.3 g aspartame 294.3 g aspartame 1 mol aspartameSTEP 4 Set Up Problem
225 g aspartame x 1 mol aspartame 294.3 g aspartame
mole factor (inverted)
= 0.765 mol of aspartame
Solution
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Learning CheckAllyl sulfide, C6H10S, is a compound that has the odor of garlic. How many moles of C6H10S are in 225 g of C6H10S?
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STEP 1 Given 225 g of C6H10S Need moles of C6H10S
STEP 2 Plan g of C6H10S moles of C6H10S
STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors
1 mol of C6H10S = 114.21 g of C6H10S
1 mol C6H10S and 114.21 g C6H10S
114.21 g C6H10S 1 mol C6H10S
STEP 3 Set Up Problem 225 g C6H10S x 1 mol C6H10S
114.21 g C6H10S
= 1.97 mol C6H10S
Solution
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Guide to Converting Grams to Particles
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Learning Check
How many molecules of H2O are in 24.0 g of H2O?
1) 4.52 x 1023
2) 1.44 x 1025
3) 8.02 x 1023
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Solution
STEP 1 Given 24.0 g of H2O
Need molecules of H2O
STEP 2 Plan
g of H2O moles of H2O molecules of H2O
STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors
1 mol of H2O = 18.02 g of H2O
1 mol H2O and 18.02 g H2O
18.02 g H2O 1 mol H2O
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Solution (continued)
STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors (continued)
1 mol of H2O = 6.022 molecules of H2O
1 mol H2O and 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules
6.022 H2O molecules 1 mol H2O
STEP 4 Set Up Problem
24.0 g H2O x 1 mol H2O
18.02 g H2O
x 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules
1 mol H2O
= 8.02 x 1023 H2O molecules (3)
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