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Chapter 3Chapter 3

The The BiosphereBiosphere

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Biotic = livingBiotic = living Plants, animals, bacteria, fungus, Plants, animals, bacteria, fungus,

etc…etc…Abiotic = non-livingAbiotic = non-living

Rocks, water, air, temperature, Rocks, water, air, temperature, sunlight, dirt, etc..sunlight, dirt, etc..

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3-1 What is Ecology?3-1 What is Ecology?

Ecology = scientific study of interactions Ecology = scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms among organisms and between organisms and their environmentand their environment

The The biospherebiosphere contains the combined contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water, and air, or exists, including land, water, and air, or atmosphere. atmosphere. 8 kilometers above Earth's surface to as far 8 kilometers above Earth's surface to as far

as 11 kilometers below the surface of the as 11 kilometers below the surface of the ocean. ocean.

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

IndividualIndividual = a single = a single organismorganism of a species (a of a species (a species is a group of organisms so similar to species is a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring) fertile offspring)

PopulationPopulation = groups of individuals that = groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the belong to the same species and live in the same area. same area.

CommunityCommunity = groups of different populations = groups of different populations that live together in a defined area. that live together in a defined area.

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An An ecosystemecosystem is a collection of all is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. physical, environment.

A A biomebiome is a group of ecosystems is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and that have the same climate and similar dominant communities. similar dominant communities.

A A biospherebiosphere = highest level = all the = highest level = all the biomes combinedbiomes combined

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3–2 Energy Flow 3–2 Energy Flow Autotroph (Producer)Autotroph (Producer) = organism = organism

that can capture energy from sunlight that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compoundsown food from inorganic compounds Photoautotrophs (photosynthesis)Photoautotrophs (photosynthesis)

• Plants, protistsPlants, protists Chemoautotrophs (chemosynthesis)Chemoautotrophs (chemosynthesis)

• bacteriabacteria

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ConsumersConsumers Heterotrophs (consumers)Heterotrophs (consumers) = =

Organisms that rely on other Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food organisms for their energy and food supplysupply

Types of consumers:Types of consumers: HerbivoresHerbivores CarnivoresCarnivores OmnivoresOmnivores DetritivoresDetritivores DecomposersDecomposers

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Feeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships from the sun or inorganic compounds from the sun or inorganic compounds

autotrophs (producers) autotrophs (producers) various various heterotrophs (consumers)heterotrophs (consumers)

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Food Chains Food Chains  a series of steps in which organisms a series of steps in which organisms

transfer energy by eating and being eaten transfer energy by eating and being eaten

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Food Webs Food Webs  network of complex interactions network of complex interactions

formed by the feeding relationships formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an among the various organisms in an ecosystemecosystem

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Trophic Levels Trophic Levels  step in a food chain or step in a food chain or

food webfood web

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Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids

a diagram that shows the relative amounts a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web trophic level in a food chain or food web

There are 3 different kinds of pyramids:There are 3 different kinds of pyramids:

1.1.Energy PyramidsEnergy Pyramids2.2.Biomass PyramidsBiomass Pyramids3.3.Pyramids of NumbersPyramids of Numbers

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Energy Pyramid Energy Pyramid  Shows the relative amounts of energy Shows the relative amounts of energy

available at each trophic level.available at each trophic level. Organisms store about Organisms store about 10%10% of this energy; of this energy;

90% is used up in life processes 90% is used up in life processes Much energy is lost as Much energy is lost as heatheat.. Therefore, usually 4-6 levels in an energy Therefore, usually 4-6 levels in an energy

pyramid.pyramid.

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Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic Represents the amount of living organic

matter at each trophic level.matter at each trophic level. grams of organic matter per unit area grams of organic matter per unit area represents the amount of potential food represents the amount of potential food

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Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers  Shows the relative number of individual Shows the relative number of individual

organisms at each trophic level.organisms at each trophic level.

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Water CycleWater Cycle

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The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle

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The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle

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The Phosphorus CycleThe Phosphorus Cycle