1 changing patterns of drug trafficking: concerted international countermeasures and regional...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Changing patterns of drug trafficking: Changing patterns of drug trafficking: Concerted international countermeasures Concerted international countermeasures
and regional perspective and regional perspective
At the Anti-Drug Liaison Officials’ Meeting At the Anti-Drug Liaison Officials’ Meeting for International Cooperation (ADLOMICO)for International Cooperation (ADLOMICO)
Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, 8-10 June 20058-10 June 2005
2
Global Seizures
3
Illicit Opium and Heroin Production
4
The GoldenThe Golden TriangleTriangle
1993: 192,840 ha2004: 50,800 ha3/4 decline
5
Opium Opium Poppy Poppy Cultivation in the Cultivation in the Golden TriangleGolden Triangle
Development of opium poppy cultivation in South-East Asia, 1990-2003
210,400
128,600123,100
96,300
74,200
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
hec
tare
s
Myanmar Lao PDR Thailand Vietnam Trend
158,30
50,800
184,600
- 73%
6
Myanmar Poppy Growers are Among the Poorest
133(62%)
27681
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
US
$
Opium Sale Other sale
Opium family 214 US$/year
Non-Opium family276 US$/year
Poppy income needed to offset chronic rice deficits
Food security
Medical care
Education
7
Golden Triangle: Alternative Development to Alleviate Poverty
Country Farm-gate income in
2004
(US$ M)
No. of households involved in
opium
Per capita income from
opium ($)
GDP per capita 2003
($)
Myanmar 87 240,000 35 160
Lao PDR 9 22,800 58 309
8
Ha
41.000
49.000
58.000
91.000
8.000
32.00029.000
71.000
54.000
82.000
64.000
131.000
80.000
58.000
74.000
0
20.000
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
140.000
Opium Cultivation in Afghanistan in Hectares (1986-2004)
9
Alternative Development: Missing in Afghanistan
Farm-gate income 2004
(US$ M)
No. of households involved in
opium
Per capita income from
opium ($)
GDP per capita ($)
600 356,000 260 207
No. of families with access to alternative livelihood schemes
unknown
Alternative Development projects under assessment
?
10
International Operations on Precursor Chemicals
• OperationOperation Topaz
• ProjectProject Prism Prism
• Operation PurpleOperation Purple
11
Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS)
• Methamphetamine• Amphetamine • MDMA and its analogues
(Ecstasy)
12
Illicit ATS manufacture requires precursors which are diverted from licit international trade or domestic distribution channels
13
What are the ATS precursors used in illicit What are the ATS precursors used in illicit manufacture?manufacture?
What are the ATS precursors used in illicit What are the ATS precursors used in illicit manufacture?manufacture?
MDMA (Ecstasy)MDMA (Ecstasy)MDMA (Ecstasy)MDMA (Ecstasy)
IsosafroleIsosafrole
3,4-MDP-2-P3,4-MDP-2-P
PiperonalPiperonal
SafroleSafrole
AmphetamineAmphetamineAmphetamineAmphetamine
P-2-PP-2-P
Phenylacetic acidPhenylacetic acid
NorephedrineNorephedrine
MethamphetamineMethamphetamineMethamphetamineMethamphetamine
EphedrineEphedrine
Pseudo ephedrinePseudo ephedrine
14
Routes of diversion/ attempted diversion
Guinea
Canada
ChinaUSA
MyanmarPanama
Preparations containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrinePreparations containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrineEphedrine and pseudoephedrine (raw material)Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine (raw material)
Netherlands
United Kingdom
MexicoHong Kong
SAR of China
FranceGreece
Ukraine
Russian Federation
Pakistan
India
Australia
Philippines
China
Malaysia
3,4-MD-P-2-P and P-2-P3,4-MD-P-2-P and P-2-PSafrole, including safrole in the form of sassafras oilSafrole, including safrole in the form of sassafras oil
Netherlands
France Jordan
Romania
Iran
South Africa
15
International Operations on Precursor Chemicals
• Operation Topaz
• Project PrismProject Prism
• Operation Purple
16
Methamphetamine Plant
(Aerial View)
Illicit Methamphetamine Lab Recent Case (1) – Malaysia
17
Illicit Methamphetamine Lab Recent Case (2) - Fiji
18
Illicit MDMA LabRecent case - Indonesia
19
What? How much?
… provides information on the nature, quality and purity of a suspected material
… provides information on how drugs are made, including the precursors used, and where they come from
… links samples
DRUG TESTING IMPURITY PROFILING
20
+
“Powder” laboratory“Tableting” laboratory
21
Diversion from Illicit Channels into Illicit Trafficking
Increasingly important source of illicit supply
Stimulants: - amfepramone(1971 Convention) - methylphenidate
- phentermine- pemoline
Sedatives: - chlordiazepoxide(1971 Convention) - diazepam
- flunitrazepam- nitrazepam- temazepam- other benzodiazepines
Analgesics: - buprenorphine (1971 Convention)- codeine (1961 Convention)- hydrocodone (1961 Convention)- oxycodone (1961 Convention)
22
Cyber Trafficking
• Increasing supply of internationally controlled drugs through illegal supply via Internet pharmacies:
– Mostly psychotropic substances
– Significant quantities of internationally controlled drugs seized in USA, India and Thailand
23
New Developments: Drug Trafficking by Sea
24
Concerted Action and Joint Operations
25
Concerted Action and Joint Operations
26
RendezvousLatitude 14-30 Longitude 95-30
Latitude 15-30 Longitude 95-17
Latitude 15-27 Longitude 97-47
Trafficking Route
27
ANDAMAN SEA DRUG CASE
-7 January 01
-Thai drug traffickerswere arrested by Thai authorities
Heroin 116 kilosHeroin 116 kilosATS 7.6 million tab.ATS 7.6 million tab.
7 Jan 01
Traffickers arrested by Myanmar authorities
8 Oct-20018 Oct-2001
28
Cross Border Cooperation:
Border Liaison Offices (BLO’s)
29AD/RAS/99/D91
Jinghong
Guan Lei
81 kms.
Lincang R
iver
(Mekong)
Mekong R
iver
Wan KengXiang Kok
Wan Pong Ban Mom
Chieng SaenChieng Khong
Ton PhuengBokeo
Chreng Thom
Kaam Samnor Song Tien
Long Binh
Pone ThongChong Mek
Kaw TawngRanong
30
• Key: Information sharing
InquiriesAlerts
Networks
Working mechanisms Standard operating procedures
31
Presentation by Mr. Akira FujinoRepresentative
UNODC Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific
www.unodc.un.or.thwww.unodc.org