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Ch. 16-Cardiovascular andCh. 16-Cardiovascular andStroke EmergenciesStroke Emergencies

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16.1 Coronary Artery Disease16.1 Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease- Coronary artery disease- A condition in A condition in which a coronary artery has been damaged which a coronary artery has been damaged

Atherosclerosis- Atherosclerosis- A condition in which fatty A condition in which fatty substances and other debris are deposited substances and other debris are deposited on the arterial wallson the arterial walls

Arteriosclerosis- Arteriosclerosis- A disease condition in A disease condition in which the arteries lose their elasticity which the arteries lose their elasticity

Plaque- Plaque- Fatty deposits on the arterial wallsFatty deposits on the arterial walls

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PROGRESS CHECKPROGRESS CHECK

1. ____________ results when fatty substances are 1. ____________ results when fatty substances are deposited on the inner lining of the arterial walls.deposited on the inner lining of the arterial walls.

(Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis/Angina pectoris)(Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis/Angina pectoris)2. ____________ occurs when arteries lose their 2. ____________ occurs when arteries lose their

elasticity.elasticity.(Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis/Angina pectoris)(Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis/Angina pectoris)3. Coronary artery disease affects the arteries that 3. Coronary artery disease affects the arteries that

supply the ____________. supply the ____________. (heart/lungs/brain)(heart/lungs/brain)4. Heart attack occurs when the coronary artery4. Heart attack occurs when the coronary arterybecomes ____________.becomes ____________.(constricted/dilated/blocked)(constricted/dilated/blocked)

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Angina Pectoris symptomsAngina Pectoris symptoms

Dyspnea (shortness of breath)Dyspnea (shortness of breath) Profuse perspirationProfuse perspiration Light-headednessLight-headedness PalpitationsPalpitations Nausea and/or vomitingNausea and/or vomiting Pale, cool, moist skinPale, cool, moist skin

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VocabularyVocabulary

Angina pectoris-Angina pectoris- Chest pain caused when Chest pain caused when the heart’s need for oxygen is not metthe heart’s need for oxygen is not met

Pulmonary edema-Pulmonary edema- A condition in which A condition in which plasma seeps out of the capillaries into the plasma seeps out of the capillaries into the lungs as a result of pressure from a failing lungs as a result of pressure from a failing heartheart

Silent myocardial infarction- Silent myocardial infarction- A heart attack A heart attack that does not cause chest pain that does not cause chest pain

Myocardial infarction- Myocardial infarction- Heart attack, caused Heart attack, caused when the blood supply to the heart is when the blood supply to the heart is restricted or cut offrestricted or cut off

Myocardium- Myocardium- The heart muscleThe heart muscle

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Congestive Heart Failure Congestive Heart Failure symptomssymptoms

Pulmonary edemaPulmonary edema WheezingWheezing Profuse sweatingProfuse sweating Rapid heart rateRapid heart rate Increased respiratory rate with fast, Increased respiratory rate with fast,

labored breathinglabored breathing Paleness or cyanosisPaleness or cyanosis Difficulty breathing while lying flatDifficulty breathing while lying flat Swelling of the feet and lower legsSwelling of the feet and lower legs

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Myocardial Infarction symptomsMyocardial Infarction symptoms

Shortness of breathShortness of breath Profuse sweatingProfuse sweating Cool, pale, moist skinCool, pale, moist skin CyanosisCyanosis Nausea and/or vomitingNausea and/or vomiting WeaknessWeakness Light-headednessLight-headedness AnxietyAnxiety Feeling of impending doomFeeling of impending doom Pulse exceeding 100 beats per minutePulse exceeding 100 beats per minute A pulse of less than 60 beats per minuteA pulse of less than 60 beats per minute FaintingFainting

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16.3 First Aid Care16.3 First Aid Care

First Aid Care—Pulse Is AbsentFirst Aid Care—Pulse Is Absent First Aid Care—Responsive VictimFirst Aid Care—Responsive Victim

1. Perform an initial assessment1. Perform an initial assessment 2. If the victim complains of chest pain or 2. If the victim complains of chest pain or

discomfort, monitor vital signs continuously; discomfort, monitor vital signs continuously; provide rescue breathing if it becomes appropriate provide rescue breathing if it becomes appropriate

3. If the victim has physician-prescribed 3. If the victim has physician-prescribed nitroglycerin, help the victim take one dose of the nitroglycerin, help the victim take one dose of the medicationmedication

4. Don’t let the victim move on his or her own4. Don’t let the victim move on his or her own 5. Loosen restrictive clothing at the neck and 5. Loosen restrictive clothing at the neck and

midriff, and keep the victim warm, but do not midriff, and keep the victim warm, but do not overheatoverheat

6. Monitor vital signs continuously, and be 6. Monitor vital signs continuously, and be prepared to start CPR if needed prepared to start CPR if needed

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Nitroglycerin TreatmentNitroglycerin Treatment

If you are authorized to help the victim:If you are authorized to help the victim:1. Take the victim’s blood pressure1. Take the victim’s blood pressure2. Verify that you have the right victim, the right 2. Verify that you have the right victim, the right

medication, and that the victim is alert and responsivemedication, and that the victim is alert and responsive3. Check the expiration date on the victim’s prescription to 3. Check the expiration date on the victim’s prescription to

verify that the medication is still potentverify that the medication is still potent4. Ask the victim to lift his or her tongue; wearing latex 4. Ask the victim to lift his or her tongue; wearing latex

gloves, place the tablet or spray under the tonguegloves, place the tablet or spray under the tongue5. Have the victim keep his or her mouth closed (without 5. Have the victim keep his or her mouth closed (without

swallowing) until the tablet has dissolved and been swallowing) until the tablet has dissolved and been absorbed by the tissues under the tongue.absorbed by the tissues under the tongue.

6. Within 2 minutes, check the victim’s blood pressure; 6. Within 2 minutes, check the victim’s blood pressure; perform a reassessment perform a reassessment

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PROGRESS CHECKPROGRESS CHECK

1. If the victim does not have a pulse, immediately1. If the victim does not have a pulse, immediatelybegin ____________.begin ____________.(monitoring vital signs/CPR/rescue breathing)(monitoring vital signs/CPR/rescue breathing)2. If the victim is responsive, keep the victim in a 2. If the victim is responsive, keep the victim in a

____________ position. ____________ position. (comfortable/supine/prone)(comfortable/supine/prone)3. Do not let the victim ____________.3. Do not let the victim ____________.(eat/drink/move around)(eat/drink/move around)4. If the victim has physician-prescribed ____________, 4. If the victim has physician-prescribed ____________,

help the victim use it. help the victim use it. (pain medication/high blood (pain medication/high blood pressure medication/nitroglycerin)pressure medication/nitroglycerin)

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Causes of StrokeCauses of Stroke

ThrombusThrombus EmbolusEmbolus HemorrhageHemorrhage CompressionCompression

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Signs and Symptoms of StrokeSigns and Symptoms of Stroke

Altered level of consciousnessAltered level of consciousness Motor function problemsMotor function problems Sensory function problemsSensory function problems Altered communication abilitiesAltered communication abilities Headache that is sudden, severe, or Headache that is sudden, severe, or

accompanied by a stiff neckaccompanied by a stiff neck Flushed or pale faceFlushed or pale face Respiratory distressRespiratory distress Constricted pupils, or pupils unequal in size Constricted pupils, or pupils unequal in size

or reactionor reaction Loss of bowel or bladder controlLoss of bowel or bladder control Nausea and/or vomitingNausea and/or vomiting

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First Aid Care for StrokeFirst Aid Care for Stroke

1. Handle the victim calmly and carefully1. Handle the victim calmly and carefully2. If the victim is conscious, position him or her on the 2. If the victim is conscious, position him or her on the

back with the head and shoulders slightly raisedback with the head and shoulders slightly raised3. Assess airway and respiration3. Assess airway and respiration4. If the victim develops difficulty breathing or 4. If the victim develops difficulty breathing or

becomes unconscious, turn him or her on the side becomes unconscious, turn him or her on the side with the paralyzed side down and well cushioned.with the paralyzed side down and well cushioned.

5. Keep the victim warm, but don’t overheat5. Keep the victim warm, but don’t overheat6. Keep the victim quiet and shielded from onlookers6. Keep the victim quiet and shielded from onlookers7. Never give the victim anything to eat or drink7. Never give the victim anything to eat or drink

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PROGRESS CHECKPROGRESS CHECK

1. Stroke occurs when ____________ to the brain is 1. Stroke occurs when ____________ to the brain is impaired.impaired.

(blood pressure/blood circulation/nerve impulse)(blood pressure/blood circulation/nerve impulse)2. Most strokes are caused by ____________.2. Most strokes are caused by ____________.(embolus/thrombus/hemorrhage)(embolus/thrombus/hemorrhage)3. The most serious strokes are characterized by3. The most serious strokes are characterized by____________.____________.(paralysis/loss of vision/total loss of consciousness)(paralysis/loss of vision/total loss of consciousness)4. Position a stroke victim ____________.4. Position a stroke victim ____________.(on the side/flat on the back/on the back with head and (on the side/flat on the back/on the back with head and

shoulders elevated)shoulders elevated)