1 building const 1

8/3/2019 1 Building Const 1

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BUILDING

CONSTRUCTIONl

PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION


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Preparation for

Construction

Staking-Out the Building

Laying the Batterboards

Formwork & Shoring

Construction Tools &

Equipment

Foundation Bed

Site Investigation

Excavation & Earthworking

Slope Protection and

Retaining Structures

1. PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION

1.1 STAKING-OUT THE BUILDING

1. Measure the required setback from the front cornermonuments and drive two stakes and stretch a linebetween them to represent the front building line.

2. Measure the required side setback from one of theside lot lines along the line established in (1) anddrive a stake A which will represent the first corner of

the building. Then from Stake A, measure the widthof the building and mark with a stake B to obtain theother front corner.

3. Estimate right angles from stakes A and B andmeasure the length of the building. In those twopoints, drive two temporary stakes C and D whichwill mark the rear corners of the building. C-D should

be equal to A-B.

4. Draw lines along the diagonals A-D and B-C andensure that these are equal.

5. Transfer the building lines to batter boards.

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1.1


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Site Investigation




1.2 LAYING THE BATTERBOARDS

Batter boards are horizontal boards used to establish the height of the finish

foundation and to support the guidelines for the excavation of footing

trenches.

They should be carefully leveled because it is important that they are all at thesame elevation.

Leveling is done with a line level or carpenters level, or with a transit.

The height of the batter boards may be level with or a little higher that the topof the finished foundation.

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1.3 FORMWORK AND SHORING

FORMS FOR CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION. Materials used for

form construction are (1) Lumber, (2)Plywood, (3) Steel.

LUMBER FORMS. Lumber used in formconstruction should only be partially

seasoned.

PLYWOOD FORMS. These are usedwhere a smooth surface is required. The

plywood should be waterproof, Grade A

and at least thick.

STEEL FORMS. Steel forms may be in

the form of pans for concrete joist

construction or steel decking orcorrugated steel for concrete slabs andslab-and-joist construction.

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Site Investigation




Knee

BraceLedger

BlockingKicker

Sills

PLYWOOD FORMS

WOOD SHORING METAL SHORING

Braced T-and L-heads

Single PostWood Shore

Metal orWood Joists

Stringers

Jack

Adjustable

Metal Shores

Bracing

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1.3

1. Lumber Forms and Shoring


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Site Investigation




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1.3

COLUMN FORMS

WALL FORMS

WOOD FORMWORKSReusable forms may have asquare or rectangular crosssection

YOKES are clamping devicesfor keeping column forms andtops of wall forms fromspreading under the fluidpressure of newly placedconcrete

SPREADERS usually of wood,space and keep the wall orforms apart

FORM TIES

PLYWOOD SHEATHING

WOOD STUDS

HORIZONTAL WALERS

SILL PLATE

BRACING


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Site Investigation




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1.3FORM TIES

SNAP TIES have notches or crimps thatallow their ends to be snapped off below theconcrete surface after stripping off the forms

small, truncated cones of wood, steel orplastic attached to form ties to space andspread wall forms, leave a neatly finisheddepression in the concrete surface to befilled or left exposed

SHE BOLTS consist of water rods that areinserted through the form and threaded ontothe ends of an inner rod. After striping thewater rods are removed for reuse while theinner rod remains in the concrete

a variety of wedges and slotted devicestighten the formwork and transfer the forcein a form tie to the walers


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Site Investigation




SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS

Ledgers

Standards

Fixed Braces

AdjustableBraces

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1.3

2. Steel Forms and Shoring


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Rapidshor Heads

Base & Tilt Base

Adjustable Jacks

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS

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1.3


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Site InvestigationExcavation & Earthworking



1. Ensure the ground and sleepers areadequately prepared, and the base, jacksand standards are in correct positions.

2. Assemble tower of 4 standardsand ledgers. Fix braces to stabilize.

3. Loosely fit the remainingcomponents until majority of first

level complete. Check standards forverticality and tighten ledgers.

4. Position scaffold boards and ladders. 5. Additional ledgers and bracescan now be added, with additional

braces.

6. Once all levels are complete,jacks and heads can now be

positioned.

7. Jack head levels finalized and any jackbracing required is now fitted.

8. Primary beams can bepositioned, clamped and levels

checked.

9. Secondary beams can bepositioned and clamped to primarybeams, plywood decking to follow.

SCAFFOLDING ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS1.0

1.3


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1.4 CONSTRUCTION TOOLS & EQUIPMENT

Tools and equipment employed in construction are grouped into four:

1. Hand Toolsare the tools that use power delivered by man only.

2. Power Toolsare those that employ power supplied by forces otherthan that coming from humans.

3. Equipmentis a term that refers to large, complex tools and

machines that is designed to do a particular job.

4. Heavy Equipmentis equipment which is very large and verypowerful.

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1. Hand Tools

A pry bar is usedto force open

boards used informing concrete.

Measurement andlayout tools are the

following:

a. Folding rule andtape measure are

the most common

tools for measuringboards, pipe, wire,

etc.

b. Digital rule isused to measure

relatively longdistances such as

those in highway

construction.

c. Framing square

is a layout tool thatis used to

measure 90-degree angles at

the corners offramework and

joints. They can

also be employedto determine

cutting angles ondimension lumber.

d. Level is a long,

straight tool thatcontains one or

more vials of liquid

and used todetermine if the

horizontal orvertical is exact.

e. Chalk line or

chalk box is used

for marking lines.

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Types of hammers are the

following:

a. Claw hammer is anordinary hammer used to

drive or remove nails.

b. Sledgehammer is a heavy

hammer used to drive stakesinto the ground and to break

up concrete and stone.

Types of screwdrivers are:

a. Standard screwdriver has aflat tip and is designed to fit a

standard slotted screw.

b. Phillips screwdriver has an

X-shaped tip and is used to

turn Phillips-head screws only.

c. Spiral ratchet screwdriver isthat which relies on a pushing

force rather than a twisting

force.

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Types of handsaws are the

following:

a. Ripsaw has chisel-liketeeth designed for ripping or

cutting with the grain ofwood.

b. Crosscut saw is used to

cut across the grain of wood.

c. Backsaw is a special

type of handsaw that has avery thin blade and makes

very straight cuts such asthose on trims and

mouldings.

d. Hacksaw is used to cutmetals.

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Types of Chisels:

a. Wood chisel is used to trim

wood and clear away excessmaterial from wood joints.

b. Cold chisel is used to trim

metals.

Types of specialized hand tools

are the following:

a. Nail set is used to drive finishingnails below the surface of a

wooden trim or molding.

b. Pipe wrench is

used to turn roundobjects like pipes.

c. Brick trowel is

used to place andtrim mortar between

bricks or concreteblocks.

d. Bull float is usedto smoothen out the

surface of wet

concrete.

e. Blind riveter isused to fasten

pieces of sheet

metal together.

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Power drill.

Power screwdriver.

Radial arm saw.

Table saw.

Portable circular

saw.

Power miter saw.

Saber saw.

2. Power Tools

Power drill is used todrill holes in wood,

metal and concrete.

Power screwdriver or

screwgun is used toinstall and remove

screws.

Types of power sawsare the following:

a. Radial arm saw isused for crosscutting

wood and consists ofa motor-driven saw

blade that is hung onan arm over a table.

b. Table saw is used for

cutting large sheets ofwood and wood

composites and consistsof a blade mounted on an

electric motor beneath atable-like surface.

c. Portable circular saw isused for cutting materials

that are difficult to cutwith stationary tools.

d. Power miter saw is a

circular saw mountedover a small table used

to cut various angles in

wood.

e. Saber saw is used tocut curves or holes in

floors and roofs for pipesand has a small knife-

shaped blade that moves

up and down.

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Pneumatic hammer.

Rotary hammer.

Pneumatic nailer

Powder-actuatedstud driver.

Stapler.

Type of power

hammers are:

a. Pneumatichammer or

jackhammer isused to break

up concrete or

asphalt paving.

Type of power

nailers and staplersare the following:

a. Nailers or nail

guns fastenmaterials together by

shooting nails into

the building material.

b. Powder-actuatedstud driver is a kind

of nailer that ispowered by

gunpowder and isused to drive long

pins into wood, steel

or concrete.

c. Staplers are likenailers but are

loaded with u-shaped staples

instead of nails for

fastening.

b. Rotary hammer is like an electric

drill that operates with both rotatingand reciprocating actions and is used

to drill holes in concrete.

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Conveyors are used for transportingmaterials unto large roofs.

Construction

laser.

Transit.

Surveyors level.

3. Equipment

Conveyor is an equipment whichmoves materials other than fluids.

Types of surveying

equipment:

a. Transit is anequipment used by

surveyors tomeasure horizontal

and vertical angles to

obtain land elevation.

b. Surveyors level isthat which is used to

determine anunidentified elevation

from a known one.

c. Construction laser

flashes a narrow,accurate beam of

light to make abaseline for

additionalmeasurements and

is used as a level or

as an alignment tool.

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Concrete pump.

Water pump.

Arc welding machine.

Weld made by a laser-powered welder.

Types of

pumps are:

a. Water pumpis used to

pump waterout of holes in

the ground so

thatconstruction

work cancommence.

Types of weldingmachines are

the following:

a. Arc weldingmachine is usedto weld materials

by meltingportions of the

metal.

b. Concrete pump is used to move

concrete from the concrete mixer tothe concrete form.

b. Laser-powered welder is used to

weld material by employing a laser toheat the metal.

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Bulldozer.

640-foot crane.

4. Heavy Equipment

Bulldozer is a tractor with a pushingblade which moves earth and clears

land of bushes and trees.

a. Crawler crane is a crane mounted

on metal treads so that it can moveover rough terrain.

b. Truck crane is mounted on a truck

frame so that it can be driven in the

site.

c. Tower crane or climbing crane isused in the construction of tall building

because it has a built-in jack thatraises the crane from floor to floor as

the building is constructed.

Cranes are

machines thatlift large and

heavy

materials. Thetypes ofcranes are:

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Excavator is a machine used for

digging or scooping earth from aplace and depositing it in another.

Types of excavators are:

a. Backhoe is used for general

digging which is usually mounted

on either a crawler or truck frame.

b. Trencher is a special kind which

digs trenches or long, narrowditches for pipelines or cables.

c. Front-end loader is a large

shoveling machine that can scoopor deposit a large amount of

material.

Trencher-excavator.

Backhoe.

Front-end loader.

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Highway construction equipment

are:

a. Scraper is a machine that loads,hauls and dumps soil over medium

to long distances.

b. Grader is an earthworking

machine that grades or levels theground.

c. Compactor or roller is a machine

that compacts soil to prepare forroad paving.

d. Paver is a machine that places,

spreads and finishes concrete or

asphalt paving material

Scraper.

Grader.

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1.5 FOUNDATION BED

The word foundation is applied to:

1. Construction below grade, such as footing courses, basementwalls, etc., forming the lower section of a structure;

2. The natural material, the particular part of the earths surface on

which the construction rests;

3. Special construction such as piling or piers used to transmit the loadsof the building to firm substrata.

Foundation bed is the natural material on which the construction rests.Walls, piers and columns below grade are called, in general, foundationwalls, piers and columns to distinguish them from similar construction

above grade. The lower portions of walls, piers or columns which arespread to provide a safe base are called footing courses.

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1.5.1 TYPES OF FOUNDATION BEDS

Foundation beds may be classified as follows:

1. Rock (solid rock, bedrock or ledge). Undisturbed rock masses forming an

undisturbed part of the original rock-formation. Some examples of harder rocks

are granite, slate, sandstone, and limestone which are all capable of carrying theload of any ordinary structure. Examples of softer rocks are shale, shaley slates

and certain marley limestone and clay stones.

2. Decayed rock (rotten rock). Sand, clays and other materials resulting from the

disintegration of rock masses, lacking the coherent qualities but occupying thespace formerly occupied by the original rock.

3. Loose rock. Rock masses detached from the ledge of which they originally

formed a part.

4. Gravel. Detached rock particles, generally water-worn, rounded and

intermediate in size between sand particles and boulders.

5. Boulders. Detached rock masses larger than gravel, generally rounded andworn as a result of having been transported by water a considerable distance

from the ledges of which they originally formed a part.

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6. Sand. Non-coherent rock particles smaller than in maximum dimension.

7. Clay. A plastic material resulting from the decomposition and hydration of

feldspathic rocks, being hydrated silicate of alumina, generally mixed withpowdered feldspar, quartz and other materials.

8. Hard-pan. Any strong coherent mixture of clay or other cementing material

with sand, gravel and boulders.

9. Silt. A finely divided earthy material deposited from running water.

10. Mud. Finely divided earthy material generally containing vegetable matter

and deposited from still or slowly moving water.

11. Mould. Earthy material containing a large proportion of humus or vegetablematter.

12. Loam. Earthy material containing a proportion of vegetable matter.

13. Peat. Compressed and partially carbonized vegetable matter.

14. Filled Ground. All artificial fills and some natural fills are liable to a more orless uniform but continuous settlement or shrinkage due to the gradual

consolidation of the material of which the fill is composed

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1.5.2 ALLOWABLE LOADS ON FOUNDATION BEDS

Because there are variations in the materials and conditions affectingsuch materials, thorough investigation is required before one can

determine the allowable unit load on the foundation bed. In caseswherein the material and conditions are uniform over the entire site ofthe building, a uniform unit load may be used. In cases wherein entirelydifferent conditions exist under different portions of the same building,the unit load on the foundation bed must be reduced as much aspossible so as to reduce the differences in settlements between the twosections of the building to a minimum.

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1.6 SITE INVESTIGATION

Before any design is made, the architect is required to get as muchvaluable data about site excavation and building erection at the project

site in order to determine the character of the materials which will beencountered at the level of a foundation bed.

1.6.1 METHODS OFEXPLORATION

1. Test pits. For shallow work, an openpit is the most suitable method since itcalls for an actual inspection of theundisturbed material over aconsiderable area.

2. Test borings. For excavations thatare carried no deeper than theproposed level, the underlying material

may be investigated by test boring.

1.6.2 LOADING TESTS

Loading tests of the materials formingthe foundation bed are made to assistin determining its safe bearingcapacity.

Soil Boring Rig. SPT Sample.

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1.7 EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORKING

These processes entail the following:

1. Excavating is the process of digging

the earth to provide a place for thefoundation of the building.

2. Leveling and Grading are processes

that change land elevation and slope byfilling in low spots and shaving off high

spots.

3. Stabilizing the Soil is the process of

compacting the soil on which thestructure will rest.

4. The protection of adjoining structure is

a law that provides that any person

making an excavation is responsible forresulting damage to adjoining property.

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5. Shoring is a process of

transferring a portion of the

load of the wall to temporaryfootings and done when theexcavation does not go much

below the adjoining footingsand when the material is fairly

solid.

1.7

It consists of the following members:a) sheet piles, which are timber, steel, or pre-cast planks driven side by side to retain earth and

prevent water from seeping into the exaction and

b) wales or continuous horizontal beams which tie the sheet piles in place or

c) soldier piles, which are steel H-sections driven vertically into the ground to support

d) lagging or heavy timber planks joined together horizontally to retain the face of an excavation.

e) crossbracing or rakers are diagonalswhich supportthe wales and soldier piles bearing onheel blocks or footings.

f) tiebacks secured torock or soil anchors are resorted to when crossbracing or rakers wouldinterfere with the excavation procedure.

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1.7

STEEL

TIMBER

PRECAST

SOLDIER PILES/BEAMS(STEEL H-SECTIONS)

LAGGING refers to the heavytimber planks joined togetherside by side to retain the face ofan excavation

TIEBACKS

SHEET PILING AND SOLDIERBEAMS WITH LAGGING

SHEET PILING

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6. Needling and underpinning is a

process where needles or girders

are used in cases where part orall of the weight of the wall has to

be carried, as when the oldfooting is removed and the wall

underpinned or carried down to a

new footing at a greater depth.

1.7

NEEDLE; a short beam passedthrough a wall as a temporarysupport while the foundation orpart beneath is repaired, alteredor strengthened

DEAD SHORE; an upright timberfor supporting a dead load duringthe structural alteration of abuilding, esp. one of two supportsfor a needle

NEEDLING

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1.7

EXISTINGWATER TABLE

WATER TABLEAFTER PUMPING

DEWATERING

7. Dewatering refers to the process of lowering a water table

or preventing an excavation from filling with groundwater. It is

accomplished by driving perforated tubes called wellpointsinto the ground to collect water from the surrounding area so

it can be pumped away.

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1 8 SLOPE PROTECTION AND RETAINING


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Retaining Structures 1.8

1.8 SLOPE PROTECTION AND RETAINING

STRUCTURES

1. The need for stabilizing a sloping

ground can be reduced bydiverting the runoff at the top of

the slope or by creating a seriesof terraces to reduce the velocity

of the runoff.

2. Natural means of stabilization

include soil binders --- plantmaterials that inhibit or prevent

erosion by providing a groundcover and forming a densenetwork of roots that bind the soil.

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RIPRAPDepth of layer should be greaterthan the maximum size of stone

FILTER FABRIC or GRADEDSAND and GRAVEL for drainage

3. Riprap is a layer of irregularly brokenand random-sized stones placed on the

slope of an embankment.

4. Cribbing is a cellular framework of squared steel,

concrete, or timber members, assembled in layers atright angles, and filled with earth or stones.

5. A Bin Wall is a type of gravity retaining wallformed by stacking modular, interlocking pre-

cast concrete units and filling the voids withcrushed stone or gravel.

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GABIONS

Filter fabric or gradedsand and gravel fordrainage

6. Gabions are galvanized or PVC coated wire

baskets filled with stones and stacked to form

an abutment or retaining structure.

7. Retaining Structures. When a desired change inground elevation exceeds the angle of repose of the

soil, a retaining wall becomes necessary to hold themass of earth on the uphill side of the grade change.

The types of RC retaining walls are as follows:10 (255)

0.5 H

a) Gravity Retaining Wall - resistsoverturning and sliding by thesheer weight and volume of its

mass.

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b) T type Cantilevered Retaining Wall limited to a height of 20


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8 (205)

0.6H(0.9H w/ surcharge)

Batter refers to backwardsloping face of a wall as it

rises to offset illusion of faceleaning forward

Temperature steel for wallsmore than 10 (255) thick

Structural Steel

reinforcement

Drainage mat w/ filter fabricor porous gravel backfill

2 (51 mm) o weepholes @

4-6 (1220-1830mm) o.c. orperforated drainpipe slopedto outlet away from wall

Footing should extendbelow the frostline or2 (610mm) below the

grade level,whichever is higher

2 (51) min

3 (75) min

b) T-type Cantilevered Retaining Walllimited to a height of 20

(6 M); beyond this height a counterfort wall is employed.

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c) Counterfort Retaining Wall utilizestriangular-shaped cross walls to stiffen the

vertical slab and add weight to the base. Thecounterforts are spaced at equal intervals

equal to one-half the wall height.

0.7H(1.25 w/ surcharge)

0.6H(1.0 w/ surcharge)

d) L-type Cantilevered Retaining Wall

usedwhen the wall abuts a property line or otherobstruction.


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1 building const 1

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