Contents

Prelace ix 4.2 Demonstrating Membrane Permeability 444.3 Observing Osmosis 45

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Review Sheet: Membrane Transport 47

Exercise1 BodyOrganizationandTerminology 1Tissues

1.1 Using Anatomical Terms to DescribeBody Organization 2 Exercise5 Epithelialand ConnediveTissues 49

1.2 Defining Anatomical Planes and Sections 5 5.1 Microscopic Observations of Epithelial1.3 Identifying Organs and Organ Systerns 6 Tissue 501.4 Identifying Anatomical Regions 9 5.2 Microscopic Observations of1.5 Exploring the Body Cavities 12 Connective Tissue 56

1.6 Examining the General Organization Review Sheet: Epithelial and Connectiveof Serous Membranes 12 Tissues 63

Review Sheet: Body Organization andThe IntegumentarySystemTerminology 15

Exercise2 Careand Use01the CompoundLight Exercise6 The IntegumentarySystem 67

Microscope 17 6.1 Examining Fingerprint Patterns 69

2.1 Learning the Parts of a Light 6.2 Examining the Microscopic StructureMicroscope 18 of Skin 69

2.2 Viewing a Specimen with the 6.3 Examining the Accessory StructuresCompound Microscope 19 of Skin 70

2.3 Viewing the Letter e 20 6.4 Examining the Anatomical Model2.4 Perceiving Depth of Field 21 of Skin 73

2.5 Using the Oil Immersion Lens 21 6.5 Examining the Structure of Nails 73

2.6 Determining the Diameter of the Field Review Sheet: The Integumentary System 75

of View 22

The SkeletalSystemReviewSheet:Careand Useof theCompoundLightMicroscope 25 Exercise7 IntrodudiontotheSkeletalSystem

The Celland theAxial Skeleton 77

7.1 Classifying Bones According to Shape 77Exercise3 CellStrudureand CellDivision 27 7.2 Classifying Bones According to Location 78

3.1 Preparing a Wet Mount of Cheek 7.3 Examining the Microscopic StructureEpithelial Cells 31 ofBone 81

3.2 Light Microscopic Observations of 7.4 Examining the Gross Anatomy andVarious Cell Types 33 Arrangement of Compact and Spongy

3.3 Examining a Model of a Typical Bone 81

Eukaryotic Cell 33 7.5 Identifying the Bones of the Skull 833.4 Electron Microscopic Observations 7.6 Identifying the Bony Landmarks and

of Cells 34 Openings of the Skull 873.5 Examining the Stages of Mitosis 36 7.7 Examining the Fetal Skull 87

ReviewSheet: Cell Structure and Cell Division 37 7.8 Examining the General Features ofthe Vertebral Column 90

Exercise4 MembraneTransport 39Examining the Unique Features of7.9

4.1 Demonstrating Simple Diffusion 42Specific Vertebrae 92

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7.10 Examining the Structure of the 11.9 ldentifying Anterior Arm Muscles 184

Thoracic Cage 95 11.10 ldentifying Triceps Brachii 187Review Sheet: lntroduction to the Skeletal 11.11 ldentifying Anterior Forearm Muscles 187System and the Axial Skeleton 99

11.12 ldentifying Posterior Forearm Muscles 192

Exercise8 TheAppendicularSkeleton 105 11.13 ldentifying lntrinsic Hand Muscles 195

8.1 Examination of the Upper Extremity 106 11.14 ldentifying Gluteal Muscles 198

8.2 Examination of the Lower Extremity 110 11.15 ldentifying Anterior Thigh Muscles 200

Review Sheet: The Appendicular Skeleton 119 11.16 ldentifying Medial Thigh Muscles 203

11.17 ldentifying Posterior Thigh Muscles 204Exercise9 Articulations 125

11.18 ldentifying Anterior Leg Muscles 2059.1 Examining the Structure of Fibrous 11.19 ldentifying Lateral Leg Muscles 206

joints 12611.20 ldentifying Posterior Leg Muscles 208

9.2 Examining the Structure ofCartilaginous joints 129 11.21 ldentifying lntrinsic Foot Muscles 210

9.3 Understanding the Types ofReview Sheet: Gross Anatomy of the

Movements at Synovia1]oints 131 Muscular System 213

9.4 Examining the Structure and Range Exercise12 Physiologyof the MuscularSystem 217of Motion at Synovial joints 131 12.1 Demonstrating lsotonic and lsometric

9.5 Examining the Structure of Specific Contractions 219Synovia1]oints 136

Examining Resistance Versus12.2Review Sheet: Articulations 145 Contraction Speed 220

12.3 Demonstrating Multiple Motor Unit¡he MuscularSystem Summation 220

Exercise10 Histologyof MuscleTissue 14712.4 Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue 221

Light Microscopic Structure of12.5 Testing Muscle Flexibility 222

10.1Skeletal Muscle 147 12.6 Recording EMG Using the BIOPAC

10.2 Light Microscopic Structure ofLab System 224

Cardiac Muscle 148 Review Sheet: Physiology of the Muscular

Light Microscopic Structure ofSystem 229

10.3Smooth Muscle 149

10.4 ExaminingSkeletalMuscleCellsin ¡he NervousSystemThree Dimensions 150 Exercise13 Histologyof NervousTissue 231

10.5 Examining the Neuromuscularldentifying Major Components

junction at a Skeletal Muscle Cell 15113.1

of Multipolar Neurons 23610.6 Observing the Contraction of Skeletal

Examining the Synapse 237Muscle Fibers 153

13.2

Review Sheet: Histology of Muscle Tissue 15513.3 Examining Microscopic Structure

of the Cerebrum 238

Exercise11 GrossAnatomyof the MuscularSystem 157 13.4 Examining Microscopic Structure

11.1 ldentifying Muscles of the Head 158of the Cerebellum 239

11.2 ldentifying Muscles of the Neck 16513.5 ExaminingMicroscopicStructure

of the Spinal Cord 24011.3 ldentifying Respiratory Muscles of the

Examining MicroscopicStructureThorax 169 13.6of Spinal Nerve Roots 242

11.4 ldentifying Abdominal Wall Muscles 17213.7 Examining Microscopic Structure

11.5 ldentifying Deep Back Muscles 174 of Peripheral Nerves 24211.6 ldentifying Pelvic Floor Muscles 177 13.8 Demonstrating the Significance11.7 ldentifying Anterior Shoulder Muscles 178 of the Myelin Sheath 244

11.8 ldentifying Posterior Shoulder Muscles 180 Review Sheet: Histology of Nervous Tissue 245

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Exercise14 TheBrainandCranial Nerves 247 17.7 Examining Ear Anatomy 318

14.1 Dissecting the Sheep Meninges 251 17.8 Performing Hearing Tests 321

14.2 Dissecting Surface Structures on the Review Sheet: Special Senses 323

Sheep Brain 256

14.3 Examining a Midsagittal Section of The Endocrine Systemthe Sheep Brain 257

Exercise18 The EndocrineSystem14.4 Examining a Coronal Section of the327

Sheep Brain 258 18.1 Examining Gross Anatomy of the

14.5 Examining Brain Ventricles and CSFEndocrine System 327

Flow 259 18.2 Examining Microscopic Anatomy of

14.6 Electroencephalography Using theEndocrine Organs 336

Biopac Student Lab System 260 Review Sheet: The Endocrine System 341

14.7 Identifying the Origins of the CranialThe CardiovascularSystemNerves 263

14.8 Identifying the Openings for the Exercise19 Blood Cells 343Cranial Nerves 265

Identifying Blood Cells19.1 34414.9 Testing the Functions of Cranial

Nerves 266 19.2 ldentifying White Blood Cell Types 345

Review Sheet: The Brain and Cranial Nerves 273 19.3 Performing a Differential White BloodCell Count 346

Exercise 15 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 277 19.4 Determining Your Blood Type 349

15.1 Identifying Spinal Meninges and Review Sheet: Blood Cells 353Associated Structures 277

Exercise20 Gross Anatomy o, the HeartExamining the Gross Anatomy 280

35515.2

Using a Two-Point Discrimination20.1 Examining the Organization of the15.3 Pericardium 355

Test 282

Testing General Sensory Function20.2 Examining the Gross Anatomy of the15.4

Human Heart 357in Dermatomes 284

Review Sheet: The Spinal Cord and Spinal20.3 ldentifying the Blood Vessels of the

Nerves 285 Coronary Circulation 360

20.4 Tracing the Flow of Blood Through theExercise16 Human Reflex Physiology 287 Heart Chambers 362

16.1 Assessing Coordination 288 20.5 Dissection of the Sheep Heart 363

16.2 Assessing Balance 288 Review Sheet: Gross Anatomy of the Heart 367

16.3 Assessing Coordinated Movement Exercise 21 Anatomy o, Blood Vessels 371and Balance 289

21.1 Examining the Microscopic Structure16.4 Reflex Tests for the Upper Extremity 292 of Blood Vessels 37316.5 Reflex Tests for the Lower Extremity 292 21.2 Identifying the Major Blood Vessels inReview Sheet: Human Reflex Physiology 295 the Pulmonary Circuit 376

Exercise 17 Special Senses 29721.3 Identifying the Major Arteries of the

Systemic Circulation 37717.1 Examining the Anatomy of Olfactory

Identifying the Major Veins of theStructures 29921.4

Systemic Circulation 38317.2 Testing Olfactory Adaptation 300

Identifying Collateral Pathways in21.517.3 Examining the Anatomy of Gustatory the Systemic Circulation 389

Structures 302Review Sheet: Anatomy of Blood Vessels 391

17.4 Testing Gustatory Sensations 302

17.5 Examining the Anatomy of VisionExercise22 CardiovascularPhysiology 393

Structures 306 22.1 Listening for Heart Sounds 394

17.6 Performing Visual Tests 311 22.2 Measuring Blood Pressure 396

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22.3 Examining the Effect of Exercise on 25.4 Predicting and Measuring VitalBlood Pressure 397 Capacity 447

22.4 Measuring the Pulse Rate 398 25.5 Using the Biopac Student Lab System22.5 Examining the Effect of Exercise on to Measure Depth of Ventilation and

Pulse Rate 398 Breathing Rate 448

22.6 Using the Biopac Student Lab System Review Sheet: Respiratory Physiology 451

to Measure and Evaluate the Electrical

Activity of the Heart 400 The Digestive SystemReview Sheet: Cardiovascular Physiology 405

Exercise26 Anatomy01the DigestiveSystem 453

The Lymphatic System26.1 Examining the General Organization

of the Peritoneum 456

Exercise23 The LymphaticSystem 407 26.2 Examining the Gross Anatomical23.1 Examining the Gross Anatomical Structure of the Alimentary Canal 456

Structure of the Lymphatic System 407 26.3 Examining the Gross Anatomy of the23.2 Examining the Microscopic Structure Teeth, Salivary Glands, and Tongue 463

of Lymphatic Structures 413 26.4 Examining the Gross Anatomy of the23.3 Observing the Antigen-Antibody Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas 466

Reaction Using Immunodiffusion 416 26.5 Examining the Microscopic Structure

Review Sheet: The Lymphatic System 419 of the Alimentary Canal 469

26.6 Examining the Microscopic Structure

The RespiratorySystem of Accessory Digestive Organs 475

Exercise24 Anatomy01the RespiratorySystem 421Review Sheet: Anatomy of the DigestiveSystem 479

24.1 Examining the Gross Anatomy of theNose and Nasal Cavity 421 Exercise27 Adions01a DigestiveEnzyme 483

24.2 Examining the Gross Anatomy of 27.1 Conducting the Control Tests 484

the Pharynx 423 27.2 Testing for the Presence of Starch and24.3 Examining the Gross Anatomy of Disaccharides in Various Beverages 485

the Larynx 423 27.3 Testing the Effect of pH on Amylase24.4 Examining the Gross Anatomy of Activity 486

the Trachea 425 ReviewSheet: Actions of a DigestiveEnzyme 489

24.5 Examining the Gross Anatomy ofthe Lungs 426

The Urinary System24.6 Examining the Gross Anatomy of

the Bronchial Tree 428 Exercise28 Anatomy01the UrinarySystem 491

24.7 Examining the Microscopic Anatomy 28.1 Examining the Gross Anatomy of theof the Respiratory Mucosa 429 Urinary System 492

24.8 Examining the Microscopic Anatomy 28.2 Examining the Nephron 494of the Trachea 430 28.3 Examining the Blood Supply of the

24.9 Examining the Microscopic Anatomy Kidney 496

of the Lungs 431 28.4 Examining the Microscopic AnatomyReview Sheet: Anatomy of the Respiratory of the Urinary System 496

System 435 28.5 Dissecting a Kidney 501

Exercise25 RespiratoryPhysiology 439 Review Sheet: Anatomy of the Urinary

Examining Pulmonary Ventilation 441 System 50325.1

25.2 Measuring Respiratory Volumes 444 Exercise29 UrinaryPhysiology 505

25.3 Calculating Respiratory Volumes and 29.1 Examining the PhysicalCapacities 445 Characteristics of Urine 507

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29.2 Measuring the Specific Gravity 2.5 Identifying the Muscles of theof Urine 508 Hindlimb 563

29.3 Examining the Chemical Review Sheet: Dissection of the Cat MuscularCharacteristics of Urine 509 System 569

29.4 Examining a Urine Sample Exerdse 3 Dissedion 01 the Cat Peripheral NervousMicroscopically 510

System 571Review Sheet: Urinary Physiology 511

3.1 Identifying Major Nerves of theBrachial Plexus 571

¡he Reprodudive Systems 3.2 Identifying Major Nerves of the

Exerdse30 The Male ReprodudiveSystem 513Lumbar Plexus 573

Examining the Gross Anatomy of the3.3 Identifying Major Peripheral Nerves30.1

of the Sacral Plexus 574Male Reproductive System 515

30.2 Examining the Microscopic AnatomyReview Sheet: Dissection of the Cat

of Male Reproductive Organs 518 Peripheral Nervous System 577

Review Sheet: The Male Reproductive Exerdse4 Dissedion01the CatVentralBodyCavitiesSystem 521 and EndocrineSystem 579

Exercise31 The FemaleReprodudiveSystem 523 4.1 Opening the Thoracic and AbdominalCavities 579

31.1 Examining the Gross Anatomy of theExploring the Contents of theFemale Reproductive System 525 4.2Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities 580

31.2 Identifying Homologous Reproductive4.3 Identifying Organs of the CatStructures 529

Endocrine System 58131.3 Examining the Microscopic Structure Review Sheet: Dissection of the Cat Ventral

of Female Reproductive Organs 529Body Cavities and Endocrine System 585

Review Sheet: The Female ReproductiveSystem 535 Exerdse5 Dissedion01the CatCardiovascular

System 587

CatDissedion Exercises 5.1 Identifying External Heart Structuresand Great Vessels 587

Exercise1 Introdudionto the Catand Removal 5.2 Identifying Internal Heart Structures 59001the Skin 543

5.3 Identifying Arteries of the Head, Neck,1.1 Identifying the Bones of the Cat and Forelimb 591

Skeleton 5445.4 Identifying Arteries of the Thorax,

1.2 Identifying External Structures on Abdomen, and Hindlimb 592the Cat 545

5.5 Identifying Veins of the Head, Neck,1.3 Removing the Skin from the Cat 546 Thorax, and Forelimb 595Review Sheet: Introduction to the Cat and 5.6 Identifying Veins of the Abdomen,Removal of the Skin 549 Pelvis, and Hindlimb 596

Exerdse2 Dissedion01the CatMuscularSystem 551 Review Sheet: Dissection of the Cat

Identifying Muscles of the VentralCardiovascular System 599

2.1Thorax and Abdomen 551 Exerdse6 Dissedion01the CatLymphaticSystem 601

2.2 Identifying Muscles of the Dorsal 6.1 Identifying Lymphatic OrgansThorax and Abdomen 555 in the Cat 601

2.3 Identifying the Muscles of the Head 6.2 Identifying the Thoracic Duct 603and Neck 557

Review Sheet: Dissection of the Cat2.4 Identifying the Muscles of the Lymphatic System 605

Forelimb 559

Exercise7 Dissedion 01 the CatRespiratory System 607

7.1 Identifying Cat Respiratory Organs inthe Head and Neck 607

7.2 Identifying Cat Respiratory Organs inthe Thoracic Cavity 609

Review Sheet: Dissection of the Cat

Respiratory System 611

Exercise8 Dissedion 01theCatDigestiveSystem 613

8.1 Identifying Digestive and RespiratoryStructures in the Head 613

8.2 Tracing the Path of the Esophagus 615

8.3 Identifying Digestive Organs in theAbdominal Cavity 617

Review Sheet: Dissection of the Cat DigestiveSystem 621

Exercise9 Dissedion01theCatUrinarySystem9.1 Identifying Cat Urinary System

Structures

623

623

9.2 Identifying the Internal Structures ofthe Cat Kidney 625

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Review Sheet: Dissection of the Cat UrinarySystem 627

Exercise10 Dissedion01theCatReprodudiveSystem629

10.1 Identifying Structures in theReproductive System of the Male Cat 629

10.2 Identifying Structures in theReproductive System of the Female Cat 631

Review Sheet: Dissection of the Cat

Reproductive System 635

AppendixA:Writinga LaboratoryReport 637

AppendixB:WeightsandMeasures 639

PhotoCredits 641

Index 643