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Black and White Black and White PhotographyPhotography

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Film Rewind

This allows the exposed 35mm film to be rewound back into its cartridge.

Lens

The picture is formed and focused through the lens onto the film.

Aperture

This is basically a ‘hole’ through which light is passed by the lens onto the film.

Mirror

The mirror reflects the image the lens is ‘seeing’ up and through the pentaprism so the photographer can view the image prior to releasing the shutter. When the shutter is released, the mirror swings out of the way.

Shutter

The shutter allows light from the lens to hit the film thus exposing the film. The length of time the shutter is open depends on the setting selected by the shutter speed control (see below).

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Self Timer

A self timer allows the photographer to set up the shot, and still be in the final image by releasing the shutter after a pre-determined time.

Shutter Release

Opens the shutter for the duration specified by the shutter speed control (see below)

Film Advance

This lever (or wheel in some cases) advances or winds the film onto the next unexposed frame in the film.

Shutter Speed Control

This sets the length of time that the shutter is open for.

Viewfinder

This allows the photographer to view the image presented through the pentaprism.

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CAMERA BASICSCAMERA BASICS

These basicsThese basics

are commonare common

to ALLto ALL

cameras:cameras: F-StopF-Stop Shutter Shutter

SpeedSpeed Film SpeedFilm Speed

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CAMERA BASICSCAMERA BASICS

•F-Stop (how much light is seen, how much the aperture is open)

•Shutter Speed (how long the light is seen in the aperture)

•FILM SPEED (how fast the film itself responds to this light)

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F-STOPF-STOP

HOW MUCH LIGHT IS SEENHOW MUCH LIGHT IS SEEN Sometimes known as Sometimes known as ‘‘apertureaperture’’ Ranges from about 1.8 to 32Ranges from about 1.8 to 32 A higher number (i.e. 32) means less A higher number (i.e. 32) means less

light is light is ‘‘seenseen’’.. A lower number (i.e. 1.8) means A lower number (i.e. 1.8) means

more light is more light is ‘‘seenseen’’..

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F-STOPF-STOP

HIGHER F-stop (i.e. 32)HIGHER F-stop (i.e. 32)ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Increased Increased depth of fielddepth of field, i.e. image , i.e. image

background is not blurrybackground is not blurry

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Needs more light, i.e. slower shutter Needs more light, i.e. slower shutter

speed.speed.

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F-STOPF-STOP

LOWER F-STOP (i.e. F1.8)LOWER F-STOP (i.e. F1.8)ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Lets plenty of light in! Better to use in Lets plenty of light in! Better to use in

darker settings.darker settings. Less blurry since faster shutter speed Less blurry since faster shutter speed

may be needed to compensate for may be needed to compensate for more light.more light.

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES No depth of field, i.e. No depth of field, i.e. background of background of

image likely out of focus.image likely out of focus.

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F-STOP IMPACTF-STOP IMPACTLow F-stopLow F-stop High F-stopHigh F-stop

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SHUTTER SPEEDSHUTTER SPEED

MEASURES HOW LONG LIGHT IS MEASURES HOW LONG LIGHT IS LET INTO THE FILM/CAMERALET INTO THE FILM/CAMERA

Common values include ½ sec, 1/8 Common values include ½ sec, 1/8 second, 1/1000 second etcsecond, 1/1000 second etc

Shorter time means less time for light to Shorter time means less time for light to get into the cameraget into the camera

Shorter time reduces blurrinessShorter time reduces blurriness

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SHUTTER SPEEDSHUTTER SPEED

FASTER SPEEDFASTER SPEEDADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Reduces blurriness as image is Reduces blurriness as image is ‘‘seenseen’’

only briefly – great for sports events.only briefly – great for sports events.DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Less time for light to enter cameraLess time for light to enter camera Requires bright conditionsRequires bright conditions

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SHUTTER SPEEDSHUTTER SPEED

SLOWER SPEEDSLOWER SPEEDADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Great for darker conditions (more time for Great for darker conditions (more time for

light to enter the camera)light to enter the camera)

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Increased chance of blurrinessIncreased chance of blurriness Often requires a tripod be used for Often requires a tripod be used for

steadiness.steadiness.

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Shutter Speed=1/15 of a SecondShutter Speed=1/15 of a Second

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Shutter Speed=1/150 of a secondShutter Speed=1/150 of a second

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FILM SPEEDFILM SPEED Traditional cameras use film of different Traditional cameras use film of different

sensitivities. It is measured by its ISO sensitivities. It is measured by its ISO number, i.e. 64, 100 400number, i.e. 64, 100 400

Slower speed (i.e. 64) is good for enlarging Slower speed (i.e. 64) is good for enlarging but requires bright light and/or slow but requires bright light and/or slow shutter speed and/or lower F-stop.shutter speed and/or lower F-stop.

Faster Film (i.e. 400) is poor for enlarging Faster Film (i.e. 400) is poor for enlarging but needs less light and thus good for but needs less light and thus good for indoor photography.indoor photography.

Digital Cameras do not use film per se. Digital Cameras do not use film per se. They use a technology called CCD (Charge They use a technology called CCD (Charge Coupled Device) which senses images.Coupled Device) which senses images.

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TIPS ON TAKING PHOTOSTIPS ON TAKING PHOTOS• Be aware of Be aware of ‘‘backlightingbacklighting’’, i.e. a bright , i.e. a bright

background will make your subject background will make your subject appear appear ‘‘darkdark’’..

• Best to have the light on the subject Best to have the light on the subject from from behind youbehind you for proper lighting. for proper lighting.

• Take photos in early morning/late Take photos in early morning/late afternoon for dramatic shadows.afternoon for dramatic shadows.

• Frame your subject in the viewfinder Frame your subject in the viewfinder and use the and use the ‘‘rule of thirdsrule of thirds’’ when framing when framing your subject. See the next slide.your subject. See the next slide.