Paper 1 Biology Knowledge questions

Cell structure and transport

1) What is magnification?2) What is resolution?3) What is resolving power?4) How is image size calculated? Draw the formula triangle. 5) What does a light microscope magnify up to and what is its resolving

power?6) What does an electronic microscope magnify up to and what is its

resolving power?7) Convert the following units:a) Km to m? b) m to cm? c) cm to mm? d) mm to µm8) What are three differences between plant cells and animal cells?9) Write down the function of the following organelles:a) Nucleus b) cytoplasm c) cell membrane d) mitochondria e)

ribosomes

f) cell wall g) cellulose h) chloroplasts i) permanent vacuole

10) What is chlorophyll?11) What is an algae?12) Give the main characteristics of eukaryotic cells? 13) Give the main characteristics of prokaryotic cells?14) Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Explain.15) How are the following cells adapted:a) Nerve cellsb) muscle cells c) sperm cells d)root hair cells

e)photosynthetic cells f) xylem cells g) phloem cells16) What is diffusion? Where does it occur?17) What does partially permeable membrane mean?18) What is osmosis? Where does it occur?19) Define the following terms: HIGHER ONLYa) Isotonic b) hypertonic c) hypotonic 20) What is plasmolysis? HIGHER ONLY21) What is active transport? Where does it occur?22) Explain the importance of surface area: volume in exchange of

materials. HIGHER ONLY

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cell division

1) How many chromosomes are there in each body cell?2) What is mitosis?3) What happens during mitosis?4) Give two importance of mitosis.5) What are stem cells?6) Define differentiation. 7) Name the two types of stem cells.8) What is cloning?9) What is a zygote?10) What is therapeutic cloning? Why is it important in medicine?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Organisation and the digestive system

1) Define the following words:a) Tissue b) organ c) organ system2) For each, give an example in plants and an example in animals.3) List down the level of organisation of organisms. Start with organelles and

finish with organism.4) List down the main parts (organs) of your digestive system.5) What are carbohydraes?6) What are lipids?7) What are proteins?8) What does carbohydrase do?9) What does lipase do?10) What does protease do?11) What is the test for simple sugar such as glucose? Results?12) What is the test for starch? Results?13) What is the test for proteins? Results?14) What is the test for lipids? Results?15) What does ‘’denature’’ mean?16) What are enzymes?17) How do they work?18) What is metabolism?19) Name two factors that affect enzymes’ activities.20) How does each factor affect enzymes? Explain.21) What is bile? Where is it produced from?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Organising animals and plants

1) List down the components of blood (4 parts)2) Give the function of each.3) What is haemoglobin?4) List down the three blood vessels.5) Describe the structure of each.6) Describe the function of each.7) What is double circulation? HIGHER ONLY8) What is coronary artery? 9) Describe its importance. 10) List down the heart’s four chambers.11) Name the artery and vein connected to each chamber.12) What do arteries do?13) What do veins do?14) What does vena cava do? HIGHER ONLY15) Name the artery that takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to

the lungs. HIGHER ONLY16) How is the pulmonary vein different to other veins? HIGHER ONLY17) Where is aorta located? 18) What does aorta do? 19) What is a stent?20) How does it work?21) What are statins? 22) What do they do?23) How do doctors overcome leaky valves? HIGHER ONLY24) What does an artificial pacemaker do? HIGHER ONLY25) Where is it located? HIGHER ONLY26) Name the gas needed by body cells.27) Name the waste gas that needs to be removed from body cells.28) Describe 3 changes that happen in our lungs during inhalation

(breathing in).29) Describe 3 changes that happen in our lungs during exhalation

(breathing out).30) Give 3 adaptations of alveoli and for each, explain how it make

alveoli efficient at gas exchange. 31) Describe the function of the following tissues in leaves:

a) Epidermis b) Mesophyll c) Xylem d) Phloem32) What is translocation?33) What is transpiration?34) What is a photometer?35) Name 3 factors that will increase the rate of transpiration. 36) What is the job of stomata?37) What is the job of guard cells?38) Why are there more stomata on the lower epidermis?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Communicable diseases

1) Define health.2) What make us ill?3) Define pathogens. 4) Name the 4 types of pathogen.5) What is a communicable disease?6) List down factors that affect physical and mental health.7) How do viruses make us ill?8) How do bacteria make us ill?9) List down 3 main ways in which pathogens spread.10) List down 4 main ways of preventing pathogens spread.11) Measles, AIDS and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are all viral diseases

(infections). How does each spread (cause) and can be prevented?12) Salmonella, Gonorrhoea (STD) and Crown galls are all bacterial

diseases (infections). How does each spread (cause) and can be prevented?

13) Rose black spot, Malaria and Athletes foot are fungal infections. How does each spread and can be prevented?

14) List down 5 of the human’s first lines of defence against pathogens. 15) Explain how white blood cells (immune system) defend us against

pathogens (3 ways).

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Preventing and treating disease

1) What are vaccines and how do they work?2) What is herd immunity and why is it important? HIGHER ONLY. 3) What are antibiotics and what do they do?4) Why can’t antibiotics kill viruses? 5) What is digitalis and what does it do?6) How was Penicillin discovered?7) Who discovered it?8) 3 reasons why new medicine is tested before sold?9) What happens in the preclinical trial?10) What happens in the clinical trial?11) What is a double blind trial and why is it important?12) What is a placebo?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Non-communicable disease

1) What are non-communicable diseases?2) What is a risk factor?3) List down at least 5 risk factors for diseases.4) What is the difference between correlation and causation?5) What is a carcinogen?6) List down 3 carcinogens.7) Why are ionising radiations carcinogens? 8) What is a casual mechanism? HIGHER ONLY9) What is a tumour?10) What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?11) What causes cancer?12) How is cancer treated? (2 ways)13) List down 3 diseases caused by smoking.14) List down 3 hazardous substances in a cigarette. 15) How does smoking affect unborn babies?16) Explain why people who exercise regularly are usually healthier than

people who take little exercise.17) What is obesity?18) How does alcohol affect body organs?19) How does alcohol affect unborn babies?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Photosynthesis1) What type of reaction is photosynthesis? Exothermic or endothermic?

Give a reason.2) What is photosynthesis?3) Give its word equation.4) Where do plants get the raw materials (water and CO2) needed for

photosynthesis?5) Give 3 adaptation of a leaf.6) List down the limiting factors of photosynthesis.7) How does each affect the rate of photosynthesis?8) Sketch a graph to show these. (rate of photosynthesis on Y axis)

HIGHER ONLY 9) What is the relationship between the distance of light to plants and

rate of photosynthesis? (The inverse square law) HIGHER ONLY10) Give 5 uses of glucose made in leaves.11) Why do plants need nitrate ions? Where do plants absorb these ions

from?12) How do farmers produce large crops in greenhouses? (What factors

need to be controlled) HIGHER ONLY._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Respiration 1) What type of reaction is respiration? Exothermic or endothermic? Why?2) What is aerobic respiration?3) What is anaerobic respiration?4) Give the word equation for aerobic respiration.5) Where in a cell is the site of respiration?6) Why do living things need to respire? (3 main reasons)7) How does exercise affect our body? (3 changes)8) What is glycogen? HIGHER ONLY9) Why does our heart rate increases during exercise?10) What is oxygen debt?11) How does our body get rid of the lactic acid made during hard

exercise? Give the word equation. HIGEHR ONLY12) What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?13) What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in other

organisms such as plants and yeast?14) What is anaerobic respiration in yeast also known as?15) What is metabolism?16) Give 3 examples of metabolic reactions.17) What is the role of the liver? HIGHER ONLY

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________