1 bioenergy and land stewardship august 10, 2006 danny day eprida bob evans, national renewable...
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Bioenergy and Land StewardshipAugust 10, 2006
Danny DayEprida
Bob Evans, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, COJames Lee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
Don Reicosky, USDA Soil Conservation, Morris, MNK.C. Das, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga
Matthew Realf and Ling ZhangGeorgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
Environmental Solutions to Benefit our Future
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What is this talk about? The effects of charcoal produced
through pyrolysis Using charcoal to adsorb Ammonia Using charcoal to remove NOx and
SOx from flue gas Carbon Negative energy and
Carbon Sequestration
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What is pyrolysis
•It is a well understood globally, wherever charcoal is made
•Simple system improvements allow for the capture and use of pyrolytic off-gases (ex: Cars/Trucks in Sweden were converted to run off wood gas during WWII)
•Pyrolytic conversion does not destroy the porous carbon structure created by nature
•Pyrolysis is natural. Nature has spent billions of years building systems and life forms that can take advantage conversion of biomass created by natural fires
•Pyrolysis can offer attractive economics for hydrogen (as well as bio-oil) production partly because of the options for co-product production* *Spath, et al, Update of Hydrogen from Biomass -Determination of the Delivered Cost of Hydrogen, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Milestone Report for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Program 2001
Charcoal is produced by heating biomass with limited air. This process is called pyrolysis
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Progression of Pyrolysis
Well designed continuous process systems can be self-sustaining
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1. Optimal Zone for energy extraction
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2. Complete devolatilizationRequires addition of energy (and/or oxygen)Our investment for a sustainable planet
To maximize carbon storage mankind
should use Zone 1
Zone 2 is best for microbial life
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The World’s Lost Energy
A sustainable hydrogen supply cannot be separated from agriculture as it forms a key link to delivered soil nitrogen
Under modern agriculture, hydrogen is used to make ammonia fertilizer which is used for food production.
(i.e. Hydrogen=Food)
Hydrogen Uses
Agricultural Fertilizer
Oil Refineries
Methanol
Chem-Proc, Other
Space Programs
Smoke from smoldering fires represents lost energy that can produce hydrogen.
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NPKcharcoal
control
NPK
charcoal
Effect of bark charcoal and fertilizer on the plant growth and soil properties in south Sumatra (Yamato 2004 unpublished)
control
Bark Charcoal and Fertilizer
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3 Year Field Trial Studies
Christoph Steiner1, W. G. Teixeira2, J. Lehmann3 and W. Zech1
1 Institute of Soil Science, University of Bayreuth, Germany- 2 Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Manaus, Brazil
-3 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, USA
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3 Year Results Summary
Christoph Steiner1, W. G. Teixeira2, J. Lehmann3 and W. Zech1
1 Institute of Soil Science, University of Bayreuth, Germany- 2 Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Manaus, Brazil
-3 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, USA
49% ave crop yield increase over the 3 year study
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Simple but also complex
Nature has spent billions of years Nature has spent billions of years evolving ecosystems to utilize charcoal evolving ecosystems to utilize charcoal and its byproducts.and its byproducts.
We are just now uncovering the science We are just now uncovering the science behind this fascinating story and the behind this fascinating story and the possibilities may yet provide solutions to possibilities may yet provide solutions to many of our most intractable problems.many of our most intractable problems.
Adding Charcoal to the ground seems easy enough but the impact is far from simple.
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The answer is in the smoke
C. Steiner, M. Garcia, B. Förster and W. Zech
In this In this experiment, experiment, condensed condensed smoke was smoke was added to added to
charcoal and charcoal and kaolin. kaolin.
The impact was The impact was the same as the same as
adding glucose adding glucose to these to these
materials. materials.
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A perfect home for microbes
The germination rate of G. margarita was higher than that on soil (Ogawa 1991)
Bacterial populations show marked increase with charcoal addition
(Beijerinckia, Ogawa 1992)
Note the 3 fold increase
Charcoal provides a preferred habitat for soil micro organisms
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Before 1998 Sep.
Ogawa 1999, Kansai Environmental
Charcoal has Benefits for Existing Forests
Recovering of Pine Tree from Wilting by Charcoal Treatment after a year
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Before 1998 Sep.
The growth of pine root and mycorrhiza formation started at 5 to 6 months after treatment
After 1999 Oct.
Ogawa 1999, Kansai Environmental
Results of Charcoal Treatment after a year
Charcoal has Benefits for Existing ForestsResults of Charcoal Treatment after a year
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Global Charcoal Research
Other charcoal benefits
• Surface oxidation of the char increased the cation exchange capacity (Glaser)
• Char increased the available-water holding capacity by 18% more than surrounding soils (Glaser)
• Char experiments have shown up to 266% more biomass growth (2nd Yr Steiner) and 324% (Kishimoto and Sugiura)
• Plant nitrogen uptake doubled in charcoal amended soils (Steiner)
• Charcoal has proven helpful in reducing farm chemical runoff (Yelverton)
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Optimizing a charcoal fertilizer
Leaching Examination of Different Chars
77.5
88.5
99.510
100ml Rinse - Char Sample 20.0g
pH
900 C
600 C
450 C
400 C
Chars were produced at 900, 600, 500, 450, and 400C.
Crushed and sieved to #30 mesh, wt 20g.
Soaked 5 min. in 48% NH4NO3
solution. Each rinse = 100
ml water 8.0 pHMost stabilized Most stabilized after a few rinsesafter a few rinses
But at chars produced 400 C But at chars produced 400 C released ammonia very graduallyreleased ammonia very gradually
We conducted leaching experiments on a variety of chars
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A Novel Twist.
In September, 2002, this story took a novel twist.
A patent was granted to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for capturing CO2, SOx and NOx from flue gas.
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Improving a multi-emissions scrubbing system
HNO + H SO NH NO + (NH ) SO3 2 4 4 3 4 2 4NO SO X X
CH or H NH NH HCO or (NH ) CO4 2 3 4 3 2 2
Catalysis
Catalysis +H O2
N 2 CO 2
Flue-gas
CO
H O2
+
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory US Patent 6,447,437US Patent 6,447,437
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
We saw an We saw an improvement improvement and set out and set out
to to demonstrate demonstrate
it.it.
Chemical Pathways for Simultaneous Removal of Major CO2
and ppm Levels of NOx and SOx Emissions by Innovative Application of the Fertilizer Production Reactions
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Combining Two Approaches
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Integration of Ammonia Carbonation and Biomass Pyrolysis for Carbon Management
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Bench Scale NH3-CO2-Char Experiment
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
CO2 + H20*NH3 Solidifies into Am-Bi-Carb
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The Resulting Fertilizer
HNO + H SO NH NO + (NH ) SO3 2 4 4 3 4 2 4NO SO X X
CH or H NH NH HCO or (NH ) CO4 2 3 4 3 2 2
Catalysis
Catalysis +H O2
N 2 CO 2
Flue-gas
CO
H O2
+
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory US Patent 6,447,437US Patent 6,447,437
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Typical Composition of the
Resulting Nitrogen Compounds
97.5% Ammonium Bicarbonate2% Ammonium Sulfate
0.5% Ammonium Nitrate
Chemical Pathways for Simultaneous Removal of Major CO2
and ppm Levels of NOx and SOx Emissions by Innovative Application of the Fertilizer Production Reactions
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30 Min Granular
15 Min sand likeOriginal Char
PilotTest
•Operated at ambient pressure and Operated at ambient pressure and temperaturetemperature
•CO2 separation is not requiredCO2 separation is not required
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Crushed Interior 2000x SEM
The residual cell structure of the original biomass is clearly visible
The ABC fibrous buildup has started inside the carbon structure
After complete processing, interior is full
Trace minerals are returned to the soil along with essential nitrogen.
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A Simple System
Profit Centers
Exhaust Scrubbin
g
Fertilizer
2.7x H2per CO This can be used to
producea carbon negative
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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Can biomass streams be as competitive fossil fuels?Yes.
Biomass becomes more competitive as as fuel prices rise
Profits are made on co-products not just fuels.
Proportionate funding of research and commercial support
Homogenous standards and testing
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Agricultural use offers Carbon Negative Energy
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
Carbon Negative Energy
Solar Pv (mean)
Natural Gas
LPG
Propane
Gasoline
Diesel
Bituminous
Fu
el
Carbon Dioxide per GJ of Various Fuels
CO2 kg / GJU.S. EPA
Special thanks to Stefan Czernick and Mathew Realff
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A Sustainable SystemForEnergy and Agriculture
NC
NC
NC
NC
NCBiomass
Energy CropsCarbonaceous
Sources
BiomassEnergy CropsCarbonaceous
SourcesRecycled Carbon + Nitrogen + Micronutrients
Carbon
used forscrubbingCO2/SOx/NOx
NH3
+
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
A Sustainable System for Energy and Agriculture
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
© 2004 Eprida Contact: [email protected]
H2Liquid Fuels: F-T Diesel / Gasoline/
Power to Electricity
2H2
CO
Methanol /DME
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Thank You
Danny DayCEO/President
EPRIDAhttp://www.eprida.com
[email protected] 706-316-1765
University of Georgia Bioconversion Center1151 E. Whitehall Rd, Athens, GA 30605