1 background & key foundations mnf sop planning options & campaign planning process 27 march...

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Background & Key Background & Key FoundationsFoundations

MNF SOP Planning OptionsMNF SOP Planning Options&&

Campaign Planning ProcessCampaign Planning Process

27 March 2006

UNCLASSIFIED

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Purpose

•To provide a broad overview of MNF SOP Detailed Planning Options•Provide information on the background, key foundations & overview of the newly developed Campaign Planning Process

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MNF SOP Recognizes a Base Planning Model For

all Planning Methods

Five Basic Steps:

1 – Situation Review (common level of understanding)

2 – Define the Problem

3 – Analyze the Problem

4 – Explore Possible Solutions

5 – Select & Develop the Preferred Solution

MissionAnalysis

Brief to Cdr

CDRPlanningGuidance

Base MultinationalCTF Planning Model

COA Decision

Brief to Cdr

COA

Selection

Commander’s Est.To Lead Nation

National Authority

National Authority Approval

COA

Development

COAComparison

Plan/OrderDevelopment

COAAnalysis

Warning Order

Mission Analysis

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Planning & Operational Levels

National Strategic Level(Grand Strategy)

Strategic Military Level(Total Military Picture)

Operational Level(JTF / CTF)

Tactical Level(Components)

•Head of Government•United Nations Security Council•Primary Government Agencies

•Minister/Secretary of Defense•Defence Agencies•Joint/General Staff•National & Combatant HQs

•JTF / CTF HQs

•JTF / CTF Components•Subordinate Commands, Units & Field Operating Agencies

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Planning & OperationsResponsibilities

Level

•Strategic

•Operational

•Tactical

Responsibility

•Strategic Objectives & Policy•Decisive Points & Supporting Effects

•Activity (Tasks)The Operational Level links Strategic

Objectivesto Tactical Actions

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Genesis For Change

•Emerging Planning Concepts (~2003):– Joint Military Appreciation Process (JMAP - Australia)– Campaign Planning Processes (Canada & United Kingdom)– Effects-Based Planning – new but not well understood or articulated, &

not adapted to crisis action planning (deliberate planning focus)•MPAT TE-7, New Delhi (JUL – AUG 2004):

– Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP) – baseline MPAT procedures but…

– Difficulty in Course of Action Development No linkage back to Mission Analysis – step missing? Some planners focused on Tasks – others on Decisive Points Each planning process has good points Planners tended to focus on Tactical Level activities (vice Operational Level)

•MNF SOP Mini-Workshop, Honolulu (NOV 04):– Examined various national & effects-based planning processes– Conclusions:

Focus on End State, Conditions Required, Effects to be Achieved (not tasks) New Planning Process Required

•MNF SOP-7, Honolulu (AUG 05):– Validated need for current & a new Detailed Planning Process

•MNF SOP-8, Kuala Lumpur (JAN 06):– Developed & refined the new “Campaign Planning Process”

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MULTINATIONAL FORCE STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES

(MNF SOP)

Version 1.6Feb 2006

Evolution of theCampaign Planning Process

• Campaign Planning Process

• Commander’s Scoping• Review of the Situation• Problem Identification

& Analysis• Campaign Formulation• Linking Planning to

Execution• Commander’s Estimate• Prepare OPLAN &

OPORD

ADFWC

JOINT MILITARY APPRECIATION PROCESS

(JMAP)

CAMPAIGN PLANNING:CAMPAIGN PLANNING:THE UK APPROACHTHE UK APPROACH

Commander Jason Poole RNMajor Andrew Firth RWF

Honolulu, 15 November 2004

The Joint Force HeadquartersThe Joint Force Headquarters

UK Campaign PlanningUK Campaign Planning

Australia OperationalAustralia Operational PlanningPlanning

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Comparison





Option 1 – MilitaryDecision-Making Process

Option 2 – CampaignPlanning Process

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Comparison





Option 1 – MilitaryDecision-Making Process

Option 2 – CampaignPlanning Process

Military Centersof Gravity

System Centerof Gravity

OPLAN / OPORD:•Courses of Action•Task-based

Campaign Plan:•Courses of Action•Conditions

Option 1 Military Decision-Making Process

(MDMP)

1. Conduct Operational Msn Analysis- Msn Analysis- Cdr Briefing

2. Issue Planning Guidance3. Issue Warning Order(s)

4. Develop COAs/Cdr Brief- Develop / Refine COA- Cdr COA Brief for Guidance- Cdr Guidance for COA actions

5. Develop Staff Estimates6. Analyze COA

- Assessment / Wargame7. Compare COA8. Select/Modify COA

- Cdr COA Decision Brief- Cdr Estimate to Higher HQs for review/approval/guidance

9. Prepare OPLAN / OPORDs

Option 2 Campaign Plan Process

1. Commander’s Scoping2. Review of the Situation3. Problem Identification and Analysis. – Mission Analysis – System Center of Gravity Analysis – Evaluation of Factors 4. Campaign Formulation – Develop the Campaign Framework – Decisive Point (DP) Analysis – Campaign Evaluation – Produce Campaign Plan Directive – Determine Prioritized Supporting Effects5. Linking Planning to Execution - Components Analyze SEs / develop COAs - Components present COAs to CCTF - CCTF/Components Analyze COAs - CCTF Selects COA6. Cdr Estimate to Higher HQs7. Prepare OPLAN and OPORD - Assess

Conditions FocusedTask Focused

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ComparisonFactor Option 1 – MDMP

Option 2 – Campaign Plan (Effects Supported)

Primary Focus Tasks Conditions

Mission AnalysisEnemy / Threat Approach (IPB)

Systems Approach (OIPE)

Planning ProductsOPORDs / OPLANs Campaign Planning

Directive(w/ OPORDs & OPLANs)

Planning FocusMission & Intent

(Purpose, Method, End State)

Objectives & Conditions (System End State)

Center of Gravity (COG)Adversarial-based(Attack Threat & Defend Friendly)

System-COG(derived from End

State)

CCTF – COS – StaffProcess

Staff Developed - COS Managed - CCTF

Reviewed & Approved

Requires more Commander Involvement

throughout the Process

CTF Components RoleParallel Planning with

Liaison OfficersIntegrated with CTF HQ

(for OPORD Development)

Summary

CTF generally tells Components “HOW” to

Fight

CTF empowers Components to

determine “HOW” to Fight

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Key Foundations

Systems Approach to Crisis Response

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Planning Contributionsfor Each Level

National Strategic• Broad National guidance - Policy

• Strategic Objectives• Strategic End State

• Justification, Legitimacy, Coalition-building for Operations

Strategic Military• Broad National Military Guidance

• Strategic Military Objectives & Mission• Strategic System Center of Gravity (S-COG)• Coordinated Essential Strategic Guidance

JTF / CTF Operational Level• Operational End States

• Identification of What Conditions Need to be Influenced• Operational Military Objectives & Mission

• Operational S-COG

• JTF / CTF Components – Subordinate Units• Tactical Concept of Operations

• Identification of Tasks to be Accomplished• Tactical Military Objectives & Mission

• Tactical Center(s) of Gravity

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Systems ApproachStrategic Perspective

Crisis

Possible Possible End-StatesEnd-States

Failed State

Extremist Government

This is a graphic This is a graphic depiction of a situation in depiction of a situation in

a givena givenstate or regionstate or region

DESIREDSTRATEGICEND STATE(Stability)

CURRENT STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES & POLICY

CurrentCurrentSituationSituation

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Systems ApproachStrategic Perspective

Crisis


Failed State


COORDINATEDSTRATEGICEND STATE(Stability)



MultinationalMultinationalForceForce

This is a graphic This is a graphic depiction of a situation in depiction of a situation in

a givena givenstate or regionstate or region

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MultinationalCTF Operations

Systems ApproachMilitary Operational Level


Failed State





Follow-on MilitaryActivities

Operational LevelsOperational Levels

Operational End StatesOperational End States

Operational Activities arebounded within the Strategic System

Campaign

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MultinationalCTF Operations

Systems ApproachMultiple Actors & Stakeholders


Failed State




United Nations(Civil & Military)


International & Nongovernmental Organizations

Threat Forces and Factions(internal & external)

IOs & NGOs:support prior to &

after a crisis


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MultinationalOperations

Systems ApproachComplex Environment


Failed State





Recovery / DevelopmentActivities


InformationalActivities

Economic Activities

Diplomatic Activities

Note:Note: Above can be different mixes of functions; Above can be different mixes of functions;this is only one example of such a mixturethis is only one example of such a mixture

Operational LevelsOperational Levels

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Systems Approach

Bottom LineBottom Line::

A Systems Approach to multinational planningA Systems Approach to multinational planningacknowledges the complex nature ofacknowledges the complex nature of

Crisis Response Contingencies in the 21Crisis Response Contingencies in the 21stst Century Centuryand underscores the requirement forand underscores the requirement for

an approach to crises with a coordinatedan approach to crises with a coordinated““civil-military” perspective & effortcivil-military” perspective & effort

from the start, recognizing all actors and from the start, recognizing all actors and stakeholders within the crisis.stakeholders within the crisis.

MNF SOP Version 1.6MNF SOP Version 1.6

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Overview

Campaign Planning Process

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MPAT “Words to Live By”

•Be patient - don’t try to solve the problem from the initial stages of the crisis.•Trust & know the planning process.•Start out with the big picture and understand the foundations of the crisis before attempting to solve the problem.•What do I know? Who else needs to know?•Find out WHAT needs to be done before concentrating on HOW to do it.“Sometimes, in order to go fast, it is better to go slow at

first.” - BGen Tan Huck Gim

Singapore Armed Forces

“Plans are nothing. Planning is everything.” - MajGen (Ret) Frank van Kappen

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Campaign PlanningProcess Steps

1. Commander’s Scoping2. Review of the Situation3. Problem Identification and Analysis. – Mission Analysis – System Center of Gravity Analysis – Evaluation of Factors 4. Campaign Formulation – Develop the Campaign Framework – Decisive Point (DP) Analysis – Campaign Evaluation – Produce Campaign Plan Directive – Determine Prioritized Supporting Effects5. Linking Planning to Execution - Components Analyze SEs / Develop COAs - Components present COAs to CCTF - CCTF/Components Analyze COAs - CCTF Selects COA6. Cdr Estimate to Higher HQs7. Prepare OPLAN and OPORD - Assess

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Campaign PlanningProcess Products

• Planning Document 1 - Warning Order 1

• Planning Document 2 - Situation Review Summary (Operational Intelligence Preparation of the Environment-OIPE)

• Planning Document 3 - Mission Analysis Template


• Planning Document 5 - Campaign Plan


• Planning Document 7 – Commander’s Estimate

• Planning Document 8 - OPLAN

• Planning Document 9 - OPORD

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Campaign Planning ProcessStep 1

•Commander’s Scoping:–Description: CCTF receives situation update & strategic guidance; identifies any major information/knowledge gaps; conducts time appreciation review; issues guidance on battle/operational rhythm establishment, broad readiness guidance for staff & units & assigns broad responsibilities & orientation guidance to:

Special Staff C5 Plans, C3 Future Ops (FOPS) & C3 Current Ops (COPS) Components

–Aim: Sets the conditions with CTF HQ & Command for a

disciplined & effective planning environment. Initiates preparatory readiness actions for staff & units

–Product: Warning Order 1 (summarizes key elements of Step 1)

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•Review of the Situation:–Description: CCTF, Staff, NCEs, Components, & interagency (IA) representatives (as applicable) gain shared knowledge on the short & long term foundations of the situation. This step is centered around the Operational Intelligence Preparation of the Environment (OIPE) brief developed by the C2 (supported by the C5, C7 and Political Advisor). OIPE focuses on the whole environment (not just the threat). It should include joint, multinational force, and IA (civil governmental & UN / IO’s / NGO’s perspectives).

–Aim: Gain an initial understanding of the background to the crisis & the current situation in the prospective operational environment.

–Product: C2 Intel Plans publishes the OIPE brief & a summary for distribution to CTF HQ & Components (NLT 2 hours after completing the Review of the Situation step).

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•Problem Identification & Analysis:–Description:

The CCTF leads select staff in a Mission Analysis & also identifies the System Center of Gravity (S-COG) that must be influenced to achieve the operational end state, while the staff (+) conducts parallel factor analyses (functional estimates) to identify “limitations” (constraints / restraints).

It has 3 sub-steps (Mission Analysis; S-COG Analysis & Factor Analysis).

–Aim: Sets the conditions for the development of a common vision between the various elements of the CTF Command for the conceptual & physical principles affecting the crisis.

–Products: Complete Mission Analysis (using the template). Warning Order 2 (outlining the CCTF’s intent, operational

end state & the operational S-COG).

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•Campaign Formulation:–Description:

C5 PLANS analyzes S-COG vulnerabilities & end-state to identify DPs (conditions) linked by relationship, time, space, &/or purpose to formulate a Campaign Framework (requires back brief to CCTF);

Staff & components develop the framework & DPs further to identify Supporting Effects (SEs);

The framework is assessed for feasibility, suitability & acceptability; The Campaign Plan Directive is published & SEs are prioritized.

–Aim: Formulate the concept for the campaign, with description of “conditions” that need to be established, to achieve the end state.

–Products: Campaign Schematic – visual depiction of the Campaign Framework Campaign Plan Directive – articulates the overarching campaign

design & includes a copy of the Decisive Point (DP) Analysis & the Campaign Schematic.

Warning Order 3 (Prioritized Supporting Effects [SEs] for the Campaign Plan Directive DPs [described within a Concept of Operations]).

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Purpose

– Identify DPs, linked conceptually in relationships, along Lines of Operation, which contribute to achieving the End State (in a Campaign Schematic)

– SEs developed from DPs

– Check validity of DPs against CCTF’s intent

– Articulates the Campaign Framework with info on how DPs & SEs influence the S-COG, & in-turn support attainment of the End State

– SEs are ordered to identify initial effects (not tasks) to be achieved

Campaign Formulation

– 4A - Develop the Campaign Framework

– 4B - DP Analysis

– 4C - DP Evaluation

– 4D -Produce Campaign Plan Directive

– 4E - Determine Prioritized SEs


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•Linking Planning to Execution:

–Description: Planning is linked to execution by linking DPs & SEs to component activity. CCTF, Staff, & Components formulate Courses of Action (COAs), based on integrated CTF Component Tasks.

–Aim: By linking DPs & SEs to component activity, COAs are identified that plan to achieve SEs & DPs yielding clear options for execution & achievement of the Operational End State, while supporting achievement of the overall End State.

–Product: Identification of Component COAs by which prioritized SEs are influenced and the preferred CTF COA is selected.

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Purpose

– Components conduct mission analysis based on prioritized SEs (from WARNO 3) to identify tasks they can perform to attain SEs.

– Components present COAs to initially deconflict activity, and raise awareness of overall planning effort.

– CCTF & Components develop Component COAs into CTF COA(s) to synchronize, deconflict, coordinate & cooperate component activities in time & space, for execution in an integrated fashion.

– The best COA to achieve prioritized SEs is selected based on analysis (and, with a Commander’s Estimate), is recommended to HHQ.

Linking Planning to Execution

– 5A –Components Analyze SEs, & develop Component COAs to achieve SEs

– 5B – CTF Components present COAs to CCTF

– 5C – CCTF & CTF Components analyze CTF COAs

– 5D – CCTF selects CTF COA


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•Commander’s Estimate:–Description: A completed Commander’s Estimate is forwarded through the Strategic Military Commander to National Authorities for review and approval / comment.

Developed by C5 PLANS, the Commander’s Estimate is based on the Campaign Plan Directive and the CCTF’s recommended COA.

The Lead Nation national authorities in multinational operations coordinate the multinational effort at the national policy level through appropriate strategic consultations with international bodies and participating nations responding to the crisis.

–Aim: To formally recommend what the CTF effort should focus on to accomplish at the Operational and Tactical Levels to support achievement of the overall End State.

–Product: Commander’s Estimate.

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•Prepare OPLAN & OPORD:–Description: C5 PLANS develops the OPLAN 1 (assigning prioritized SEs within a Concept of Operations) and C3 FOPS & Components prepare OPORD 1 (assigning prioritized tasks within a Concept of Operations); these plans are issued by the CCTF to subordinate CTF Component Commanders for execution of an operational mission.

–Aim: Synthesize the information produced to date with an OPLAN approved by HHQ and used to develop an OPORD issued to CTF Components for execution of operations.

–Products: Operational Plan 1 (OPLAN 1) Operational Order 1 (OPORD 1)

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Summary

•MNF SOP provides two Planning Processes–Option 1 – Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP)–Option 2 – Campaign Planning Process

•Both options are flexible for the Lead Nation & Multinational Force Commander•Campaign Planning Process–Adapted to today’s complex planning environment–Focus on the Conditions required to meet the End State–Supports “whole of government” approach to crisis action planning–Greater integration of CTF HQ and Component HQs

Questions?

UNCLASSIFIED

1 background & key foundations mnf sop planning options & campaign planning process 27 march...

Documents

issue planning guidance3

base planning model

new delhi

key foundations overview

mission analysis step

courses of actiontask

crisis action

issue warning orders4