Dr. Cristina Laureta

SPEECHmedium of oral communication that employs

a linguistic code (language);

through which one can express thoughts, feelings, & understand those of others who employ the same code

communication through verbal symbols motor act of verbal expression

COMMUNICATIONprocess of exchange of meanings between

individuals through a system of symbols

any means by which an individual relates experiences, ideas, knowledge, & feelings to another includes :

(a) speech (simplest) (b) writing (c) gestures (d) sign language

VOICEsound produced by the vibration of the vocal

folds & modified by resonators

CEREBRATION

ultimate center of all neural activity & controlling system of articulation.

neurologic network functions synergistically to mediate all aspects of oral communication.

any problems with interconnections, timing of motor impulses, or sensory feedback to brain can be detrimental to articulation / speech.

Neurologic Systems for Articulation Central nervous system CNS - main

Peripheral nervous system PNS - main

Autonomic nervous system ANS - assistance

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMbrain & spinal cordcontrol voluntary & involuntary overlapping

movements of the articulators

BRAIN cortex - billions of highly specialized ceils &

many pathways which interconnects the 2 hemispheres

of the brain & traverse deeper structures (brain stem & cerebellum)excitation of nerve cells provides innervation to

articulators necessary for speech production

3 oral communication centers : anterior; posterior: supplemental

1)POSTERIOR comm. center - receives & interprets oral communication lesion - causes problems in auditory processing or in

WERNICKE’s APHASIA

2)ANTERIOR comm. center - formulates & programs motor speech movements & expressive language lesion - results in VERBAL DYSPRAXIA, or in

BROCKA’s APHASIA

3)SUPPLEMENTAL comm. center - assists ANT. comm. center in carrying out it's expressive, motoric speech & language functions

Arcuate Fasciculus - connects ANT. & POST. comm. centers

Left ½ - controls speechRight ½ - controls reasoning & abstract

thinking

Arcuate fasciculus tracking is

displayed in dark blue

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMbrain cannot perform articulatory functions w/o help from

PNS, specifically cranial nerves (CN's V, VII, VIII. IX, X, XI, XII)

2 pathways descending from cortex to (1) brainstem (corticobulbar) & (2) spinal cord (corticospinal) require connection w/ CN's to move articulators

lesion in upper part of pathway results in muscle SPASTICITY (uncontrollable contraction)

lesion in lower part of pathway results In muscle FLACCIDITY

(lack of tone)

both types of involvement can be symptomatic of motor speech disorders known as DYSARTHRIA (problem in articulation - muscles either too weak or epileptic)

CRANIAL NERVES (CN's) ASSOCIATED WITH SPEECH /ARTICULATION1. CN V TRIGEMINAL (s-m)

largest & most important branch to speech.

sensory to deep structures of face, mouth, mandible; superficial sensation to mucosa of ant. 2/3 of tongue, cheeks, hard palate, lip.

motor to muscles of chewing , soft palate (levator), & suprahyoid muscles (digastric & mylohyoid).

lesion : 1) may affect articulation due to impaired tactile sensation of

ant. 2/3 of tongue & paralysis of muscles of mastication that control jaw movements.

2)resonance may be impaired because of soft palate involvement.

3)hearing may be impaired by paralysis of tensor tympani.

2. CN VII FACIAL (s-m)motor to stapedius muscle (middle ear), superficial

muscles of face & scalpSensory:

a) taste for ant. 2/3 of tongue ; parotid gland; soft palate b) deep pressure & position sense to facial muscles

(proprioception)

lesion: 1) paralysis of muscles of facial expression (Bell's Palsy) 2)pain behind or in ear 3)hearing loss 4)loss of taste 5)unilateral twitching of facial muscles 6)drooling 7)grimaces 8)loss of lacrimation during eating

pathology of nerve also affects verbal aspects of speech (i.e. facial expression)

3. CM VIII ACOUSTIC (s)concerned w/ hearing & balance2 parts :

COCHLEAR part - supplies auditory mechanism in inner ear

VESTIBULAR part - supplies balance mechanism in inner ear

Lesion: 1) auditory acuity deafness 2) word deafness 3) auditory hallucinations 4) tinnitus (ringing in ears) 5) vertigo (dizziness) 6) nystagmus (rapid, involuntary movements of eyeballs)

nerve impairment may seriously affect speech development & maintenance

4. CN IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (s-m)sensory to pharynx, soft palate, posterior 1/3 of

tongue, uvula, pillars of fauces, tonsils, eustachian tube, & tympanic cavity.

motor to pharyngeal & stylopharyngeus muscleslesion :

1) loss of gag reflex 2)loss of sensation to pharynx, tonsils, fauces, back of

tongue 3)loss of constriction of post. pharyngeal wail

movement 4)increased salivation 5)deviation of uvula 6)dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) 7)effect on speech - hypernasality & nasal air flow

associated w/ inadequate velopharyngeal closure related to defective sensory & motor functioning of the velopharyngeal structures; articulation somewhat impaired because of involvement of the back the tongue

5. CN X VAGUS (s-m)sensory to external auditory ear canal & to

various structures of pharynx & larynxmotor to pharynx., larynx, & base of the tonguelesion :

1) loss of voice 2) impaired voice 3) changes in vocal cord position 4) dysphagia 5) loss of gag reflex 6) pain 7) abnormal spontaneous sensation (paresthesia) in

pharynx, larynx, ext. auditory ear canal 8) lack of sensitivity of lower pharynx & larynx 9) speech effects, mainly in voice production, voice

quality, but can mildly affect articulation

6. CN XI SPINAL ACCESSORY (m)motor to intrinsic muscles of upper larynx,

pharynx, uvula, neck muscles (trapezius & sternocleidomastoid)

assists CN's IX & XLesion:

1) may affect phonation, resonation, rotating the head, shrugging the shoulders, raising the chin.

2) effect on phonation - result of intrinsic muscles of larynx unable to make fine adjustments.

3) effect on resonance - lack of pharyngeal constriction.

4) articulation can be affected because of faulty resonation & adverse postural positions of the neck & head.

7. CN XII HYPOGLOSSAL (s-m)provides for proprioceptive & kinesthetic

feedback from the tonguemotor to intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the

tonguemost Important nerve to articulationlesson:

1) unilateral/bilateral paralysis or paresis of the tongue.

2) unilateral upper motor neuronal Involvement (Spastic paralysis).

3) unilateral lower motor neuronal Involvement (Flaccid paralysis), sensory disturbances; arrhythmic tongue movement, & dysarthria.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMdivision of PNS ; supplies smooth muscles, viscera,

glandsdivisions :

sympathetic - prepares body for impending danger & more localized reactions (fight or flight).

parasympathetic - helps to maintain constant Internal body environment (vegetative reflex).

motor system which functions subconsciously, below the level of the cortex.

Lesion: 1) problems of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach,

Intestine, gall bladder, skin, salivary glands, & spleen.

2) effects on speech - suprasegmental features : rate, rhythm, inflection, loudness, pitch, stress, duration, juncture, tempo, voice quality.

OTHER BODILY SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN SPEECH PRODUCTION

in speech science, bodily systems condensed into 5 systemic processes involved in oral communication : 1. cerebration 2.respiration 3.phonation 4. resonation 5. articulation

Skeletal

Articular

Muscular

Vascular

Nervous

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

Endocrine

Integurnentary

anatomy & physiology for speech production

provide functional aspects of speech mechanism

provide structures of speech mechanism

assist in emotional, prosodic, pragmatic, & other non-verbal

aspects of speech

The End