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Amateur RadioAmateur RadioFCC License FCC License

ClassClassA One-DayA One-Day

Technician-Class License CourseTechnician-Class License CourseBased on the 2014 - 2018 Question PoolBased on the 2014 - 2018 Question Pool

Course Development - Saratoga Amateur Course Development - Saratoga Amateur Radio AssociationRadio Association

Instructors – Licensed Radio Amateurs from Instructors – Licensed Radio Amateurs from Campbell,Campbell,

Los Gatos and SaratogaLos Gatos and Saratoga

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Course DetailsCourse Details This class is designed to prepare you to pass This class is designed to prepare you to pass

the FCC exam for your Technician Class the FCC exam for your Technician Class Amateur Radio LicenseAmateur Radio License

The good news:The good news: The exam is 35 multiple choice question The exam is 35 multiple choice question

and you only need to answer 26 of them and you only need to answer 26 of them (75%) correctly(75%) correctly

The bad news:The bad news: The 35 questions on the exam are selected The 35 questions on the exam are selected

from a pool of 428 so we’ll probably be from a pool of 428 so we’ll probably be here all day!here all day!

Relax: The exam covers 17 different subject Relax: The exam covers 17 different subject areas so you’ll likely find a few that make areas so you’ll likely find a few that make sensesense

We use the ARRL We use the ARRL Ham Radio License Manual Ham Radio License Manual Third Edition Third Edition for guidancefor guidance

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Course DetailsCourse Details We have need to move along quickly, so stay We have need to move along quickly, so stay

tunedtuned Two 10-min “stretch” breaks, morning and Two 10-min “stretch” breaks, morning and

afternoonafternoon 20-min lunch break, mid-day20-min lunch break, mid-day Take restroom breaks on your own as neededTake restroom breaks on your own as needed Open Q&A during the breaks – catch any one of usOpen Q&A during the breaks – catch any one of us

Your instructors will present material by Your instructors will present material by sectionsection Peter Hertan, KJ6HSKPeter Hertan, KJ6HSK Kelly Johnson, N6KJKelly Johnson, N6KJ Yin Shih, N9YSYin Shih, N9YS Barton Smith, N6HDNBarton Smith, N6HDN Don Steinbach, AE6PMDon Steinbach, AE6PM

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What is Amateur What is Amateur Radio?Radio?

Amateur (or Ham) Radio is a personal radio Amateur (or Ham) Radio is a personal radio service authorized by the Federal service authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).Communications Commission (FCC). To encourage the advancement of the art and To encourage the advancement of the art and

science of radio.science of radio. To promote the development of an emergency To promote the development of an emergency

communication capability to assist communities communication capability to assist communities when needed.when needed.

To develop a pool of trained radio operators.To develop a pool of trained radio operators. To promote international good will by connecting To promote international good will by connecting

private citizens in countries around the globe.private citizens in countries around the globe. Governed by Part 97 rules from Title 47 of the Governed by Part 97 rules from Title 47 of the

Code of Federal RegulationsCode of Federal Regulations

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Which agency regulates and Which agency regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United Radio Service in the United States?States?

A. FEMAA. FEMA B. The ITUB. The ITU C. The FCCC. The FCC D. Homeland SecurityD. Homeland Security

[This is one of the questions in the [This is one of the questions in the pool]pool] T1A02 (C)

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What is the FCC Part 97 What is the FCC Part 97 definition of an amateur definition of an amateur

station?station? A. A station in an Amateur Radio Service A. A station in an Amateur Radio Service

consisting of the apparatus necessary for consisting of the apparatus necessary for carrying on radio communicationscarrying on radio communications

B. A building where Amateur Radio receivers, B. A building where Amateur Radio receivers, transmitters, and RF power amplifiers are transmitters, and RF power amplifiers are installedinstalled

C. Any radio station operated by a non-C. Any radio station operated by a non-professionalprofessional

D. Any radio station for hobby useD. Any radio station for hobby use

T1A10 (A)

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Course TopicsCourse Topics

Amateur Radio StationsAmateur Radio Stations Basic Electricity & MathBasic Electricity & Math Radio Waves & Radio Waves &

SpectrumSpectrum Modulation & ModesModulation & Modes Feedlines & SWRFeedlines & SWR AntennasAntennas PropagationPropagation RFI & SolutionsRFI & Solutions Electronic ComponentsElectronic Components

Basic CircuitsBasic Circuits Radio Functions & Radio Functions &

RepeatersRepeaters Operating BasicsOperating Basics Emergency Emergency

CommunicationsCommunications Special Comm ModesSpecial Comm Modes Amateur Licensing & Amateur Licensing &

PrivilegesPrivileges Amateur Amateur

ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities SafetySafety

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Amateur Radio StationsAmateur Radio Stations

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Basic Station ElementsBasic Station Elements

Station EquipmentStation Equipment ReceiverReceiver TransmitterTransmitter AntennaAntenna Power SupplyPower Supply

Accessory Station EquipmentAccessory Station Equipment

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The Basic Radio StationThe Basic Radio Station

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TransmitterTransmitter

Transmitting (sending a signal):Transmitting (sending a signal): Information (voice, data, video, Information (voice, data, video,

commands, etc.) is converted to commands, etc.) is converted to electronic form.electronic form.

The information in electronic form is The information in electronic form is attached or embedded on a radio attached or embedded on a radio wave (a carrier).wave (a carrier).

The radio wave is sent out from the The radio wave is sent out from the station antenna into space.station antenna into space.

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ReceiverReceiver

Receiving a signal:Receiving a signal: The radio wave (carrier) with the The radio wave (carrier) with the

information is intercepted by the information is intercepted by the receiving station antenna.receiving station antenna.

The receiver extracts the information The receiver extracts the information from the carrier wave.from the carrier wave.

The information is then presented to The information is then presented to the user in a format that can be the user in a format that can be understood (sound, picture, words on understood (sound, picture, words on a computer screen, response to a a computer screen, response to a command).command).

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AntennaAntenna

The antenna connects your station to The antenna connects your station to the world.the world. Facilitates the radiation of your signal into Facilitates the radiation of your signal into

space (electromagnetic radiation) when space (electromagnetic radiation) when transmitting.transmitting.

Intercepts someone else’s signal when Intercepts someone else’s signal when receiving.receiving.

Most times the transmitting and Most times the transmitting and receiving antenna are the same receiving antenna are the same antenna, but they don’t need to be.antenna, but they don’t need to be.

Connected to your station by a Connected to your station by a connecting wire or cable called a feed connecting wire or cable called a feed line.line.

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Power SupplyPower Supply The radio station needs some sort The radio station needs some sort

of power to operate.of power to operate. Battery, or household ac converted to Battery, or household ac converted to

proper voltage or alternative sources proper voltage or alternative sources such as a generatorsuch as a generator

Most modern radios operate on “12 Most modern radios operate on “12 volts” direct current (dc) externally or volts” direct current (dc) externally or internally.internally. 13.8 volts dc is the actual voltage.13.8 volts dc is the actual voltage. This is the charging voltage for motorized This is the charging voltage for motorized

vehicles.vehicles. Household electrical power is 120 volts Household electrical power is 120 volts

ac.ac. Power supplies convert 120 volts ac to 13-Power supplies convert 120 volts ac to 13-

14 volts dc.14 volts dc.

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The TransceiverThe Transceiver

Most modern transmitters and Most modern transmitters and receivers are combined in one unit receivers are combined in one unit – called a transceiver.– called a transceiver. Saves spaceSaves space Cost lessCost less

Many common electronic circuits Many common electronic circuits are shared within the transceiver.are shared within the transceiver.

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Basic Station Basic Station AccessoriesAccessories

Human interface Human interface accessories:accessories: MicrophonesMicrophones SpeakersSpeakers EarphonesEarphones ComputerComputer Morse code keyMorse code key TV cameraTV camera Etc.Etc.

Station Station performance performance accessories:accessories: Antenna tunerAntenna tuner SWR meter SWR meter

(antenna match (antenna match checker)checker)

AmplifierAmplifier Antenna rotator Antenna rotator

(turning antenna)(turning antenna) FiltersFilters Etc.Etc.

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Handheld TransceiversHandheld Transceivers

Single, dual and multi-band Single, dual and multi-band versions (with increasing cost and versions (with increasing cost and complexity).complexity). Some have expanded receiver Some have expanded receiver

coverage (wide-band receive).coverage (wide-band receive). Very portable and self-contained.Very portable and self-contained.

Internal microphone and speaker.Internal microphone and speaker. Rubber duck antenna.Rubber duck antenna. Battery powered.Battery powered.

Also called HTsAlso called HTs

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RepeatersRepeaters

Repeaters are unattended stations Repeaters are unattended stations located at high places that receive located at high places that receive and then retransmit your signal – and then retransmit your signal – simultaneously.simultaneously. Dramatically improves range, Dramatically improves range,

particularily from HTs.particularily from HTs. The basic components of a The basic components of a

repeater are the same as your repeater are the same as your station: receiver, transmitter, station: receiver, transmitter, antenna and power supply.antenna and power supply.

A duplexer replaces the antenna A duplexer replaces the antenna switchswitch

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Repeater Block Repeater Block DiagramDiagram

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Basic ElectricityBasic Electricity

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Basic Characteristics of Basic Characteristics of ElectricityElectricity

There are three characteristics to There are three characteristics to electricity:electricity: Voltage (aka Electromotive Force)Voltage (aka Electromotive Force) CurrentCurrent ResistanceResistance

All three must be present for All three must be present for electrons to flow.electrons to flow.

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Ohm’s LawOhm’s Law

E is voltageE is voltage Units - voltsUnits - volts

I is currentI is current Units - amperesUnits - amperes

R is resistanceR is resistance Units - ohmsUnits - ohms

R = E/IR = E/I I = E/RI = E/R E = I x RE = I x R

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Two Basic Kinds of Two Basic Kinds of CurrentCurrent

When current flows in only one When current flows in only one direction, it is called direct direction, it is called direct current (dc).current (dc). Batteries are a common source of dc.Batteries are a common source of dc. Most electronic devices are powered Most electronic devices are powered

by dc.by dc. When current flows alternatively When current flows alternatively

in one direction then in the in one direction then in the opposite direction, it is called opposite direction, it is called alternating current (ac).alternating current (ac). Your household current is ac.Your household current is ac.

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Electrical current is Electrical current is measured in which of the measured in which of the

following units?following units? A. VoltsA. Volts B. WattsB. Watts C. OhmsC. Ohms D. AmperesD. Amperes

T5A01 (D)

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What is the name for the What is the name for the flow of electrons in an flow of electrons in an

electric circuit?electric circuit? A. VoltageA. Voltage B. ResistanceB. Resistance C. CapacitanceC. Capacitance D. CurrentD. Current

T5A03 (D)

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What is the name of a What is the name of a current that flows only in current that flows only in

one direction?one direction? A. An alternating currentA. An alternating current B. A direct currentB. A direct current C. A normal currentC. A normal current D. A smooth currentD. A smooth current

T5A04 (B)

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What is the name of a What is the name of a current that reverses current that reverses

direction on a regular basis?direction on a regular basis? A. An alternating currentA. An alternating current B. A direct currentB. A direct current C. A circular currentC. A circular current D. A vertical currentD. A vertical current

T5A09 (A)

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What term describes the What term describes the number of times per second number of times per second that an alternating current that an alternating current

reverses direction?reverses direction? A. Pulse rateA. Pulse rate B. SpeedB. Speed C. WavelengthC. Wavelength D. FrequencyD. Frequency

T5A12 (D)

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What is the electrical What is the electrical term for the electromotive term for the electromotive force (EMF) that causes force (EMF) that causes

electron flow? electron flow?

A. VoltageA. Voltage B. Ampere-hoursB. Ampere-hours C. CapacitanceC. Capacitance D. Inductance D. Inductance

T5A05 (A)

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What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of electromotive force?electromotive force?

A. The voltA. The volt B. The wattB. The watt C. The ampereC. The ampere D. The ohmD. The ohm

T5A11 (A)

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Which of the following is a Which of the following is a good electrical conductor?good electrical conductor?

A. GlassA. Glass B. WoodB. Wood C. CopperC. Copper D. RubberD. Rubber

T5A07 (C)

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Which of the following is a Which of the following is a good electrical insulator?good electrical insulator?

A. CopperA. Copper B. GlassB. Glass C. AluminumC. Aluminum D. MercuryD. Mercury

T5A08 (B)

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What electrical component is What electrical component is used to oppose the flow of used to oppose the flow of current in a DC circuit?current in a DC circuit?

A. InductorA. Inductor B. ResistorB. Resistor C. VoltmeterC. Voltmeter D. TransformerD. Transformer

T6A01 (B)

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What type of component is What type of component is often used as an adjustable often used as an adjustable

volume control?volume control? A. Fixed resistorA. Fixed resistor B. Power resistorB. Power resistor C. PotentiometerC. Potentiometer D. TransformerD. Transformer

T6A02 (C)

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What electrical parameter is What electrical parameter is controlled by a controlled by a potentiometer?potentiometer?

A. InductanceA. Inductance B. ResistanceB. Resistance C. CapacitanceC. Capacitance D. Field strengthD. Field strength

T6A03 (B)

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What formula is used to What formula is used to calculate current in a calculate current in a

circuit?circuit? A. Current (I) equals voltage (E) A. Current (I) equals voltage (E)

multiplied by resistance (R)multiplied by resistance (R) B. Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided B. Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided

by resistance (R)by resistance (R) C. Current (I) equals voltage (E) added to C. Current (I) equals voltage (E) added to

resistance (R)resistance (R) D. Current (I) equals voltage (E) minus D. Current (I) equals voltage (E) minus

resistance (R)resistance (R)

T5D01 (B)

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What formula is used to What formula is used to calculate voltage in a calculate voltage in a

circuit?circuit? A. Voltage (E) equals current (I) A. Voltage (E) equals current (I)

multiplied by resistance (R)multiplied by resistance (R) B. Voltage (E) equals current (I) divided B. Voltage (E) equals current (I) divided

by resistance (R)by resistance (R) C. Voltage (E) equals current (I) added to C. Voltage (E) equals current (I) added to

resistance (R)resistance (R) D. Voltage (E) equals current (I) minus D. Voltage (E) equals current (I) minus

resistance (R)resistance (R)

T5D02 (A)

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What formula is used to What formula is used to calculate resistance in a calculate resistance in a

circuit?circuit? A. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) A. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E)

multiplied by current (I)multiplied by current (I) B. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) B. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E)

divided by current (I)divided by current (I) C. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) added C. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) added

to current (I)to current (I) D. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) minus D. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) minus

current (I)current (I)

T5D03 (B)

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What is the resistance of a circuit What is the resistance of a circuit when a current of 3 amperes flows when a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor connected to 90 through a resistor connected to 90

volts?volts?

A. 3 ohmsA. 3 ohms B. 30 ohmsB. 30 ohms C. 93 ohmsC. 93 ohms D. 270 ohmsD. 270 ohms

T5D04 (B)

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What is the resistance in a circuit What is the resistance in a circuit where the applied voltage is 12 volts where the applied voltage is 12 volts and the current flow is 1.5 amperes?and the current flow is 1.5 amperes?

A. 18 ohmsA. 18 ohms B. 0.125 ohmsB. 0.125 ohms C. 8 ohmsC. 8 ohms D. 13.5 ohmsD. 13.5 ohms

T5D05 (C)

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What is the resistance of a What is the resistance of a circuit that draws 4 amperes circuit that draws 4 amperes

from a 12-volt source?from a 12-volt source?

A. 3 ohmsA. 3 ohms B. 16 ohmsB. 16 ohms C. 48 ohmsC. 48 ohms D. 8 Ohms D. 8 Ohms

T5D06 (A)

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What is the current flow in a circuit What is the current flow in a circuit with an applied voltage of 120 volts with an applied voltage of 120 volts

and a resistance of 80 ohms?and a resistance of 80 ohms?

A. 9600 amperesA. 9600 amperes B. 200 amperesB. 200 amperes C. 0.667 amperesC. 0.667 amperes D. 1.5 amperesD. 1.5 amperes

T5D07 (D)

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What is the current flowing What is the current flowing through a 100-ohm resistor through a 100-ohm resistor connected across 200 volts?connected across 200 volts?

A. 20,000 amperesA. 20,000 amperes B. 0.5 amperesB. 0.5 amperes C. 2 amperesC. 2 amperes D. 100 amperes D. 100 amperes

T5D08 (C)

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What is the current flowing What is the current flowing through a 24-ohm resistor through a 24-ohm resistor

connected across 240 volts?connected across 240 volts?

A. 24,000 amperesA. 24,000 amperes B. 0.1 amperesB. 0.1 amperes C. 10 amperesC. 10 amperes D. 216 amperesD. 216 amperes

T5D09 (C)

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What is the voltage across a What is the voltage across a 2-ohm resistor if a current of 2-ohm resistor if a current of

0.5 amperes flows through 0.5 amperes flows through it?it?

A. 1 voltA. 1 volt B. 0.25 voltsB. 0.25 volts C. 2.5 voltsC. 2.5 volts D. 1.5 voltsD. 1.5 volts

T5D10 (A)

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What is the voltage across a What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current 10-ohm resistor if a current of 1 ampere flows through of 1 ampere flows through

it?it?

A. 1 voltA. 1 volt B. 10 voltsB. 10 volts C. 11 voltsC. 11 volts D. 9 volts D. 9 volts

T5D11 (B)

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What is the voltage across a What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current 10-ohm resistor if a current of 2 amperes flows through of 2 amperes flows through

it?it?

A. 8 voltsA. 8 volts B. 0.2 voltsB. 0.2 volts C. 12 voltsC. 12 volts D. 20 voltsD. 20 volts

T5D12 (D)

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Power FormulaPower Formula

Electrical power, measured in Electrical power, measured in watts, is the rate at which watts, is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or electrical energy is consumed or produced.produced. P = E x IP = E x I E = P/IE = P/I I = P/EI = P/E

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Electrical Power is measured Electrical Power is measured in which of the following in which of the following

units?units? A. VoltsA. Volts B. WattsB. Watts C. OhmsC. Ohms D. AmperesD. Amperes

T5A02 (B)

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Which term describes the Which term describes the rate at which electrical rate at which electrical

energy is used?energy is used? A. ResistanceA. Resistance B. CurrentB. Current C. PowerC. Power D. VoltageD. Voltage

T5A10 (C)

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What is the formula used to What is the formula used to calculate electrical power in calculate electrical power in

a DC circuit?a DC circuit?

A. Power (P) equals voltage (E) multiplied by A. Power (P) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I)current (I)

B. Power (P) equals voltage (E) divided by B. Power (P) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I)current (I)

C. Power (P) equals voltage (E) minus current (I)C. Power (P) equals voltage (E) minus current (I) D. Power (P) equals voltage (E) plus current (I)D. Power (P) equals voltage (E) plus current (I)

T5C08 (A)

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How much power is being used How much power is being used in a circuit when the applied in a circuit when the applied

voltage is 13.8 volts DC and the voltage is 13.8 volts DC and the current is 10 amperes?current is 10 amperes?

A. 138 wattsA. 138 watts B. 0.7 wattsB. 0.7 watts C. 23.8 wattsC. 23.8 watts D. 3.8 wattsD. 3.8 watts

T5C09 (A)

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How much power is being used How much power is being used in a circuit when the applied in a circuit when the applied voltage is 12 volts DC and the voltage is 12 volts DC and the

current is 2.5 amperes?current is 2.5 amperes?

A. 4.8 wattsA. 4.8 watts B. 30 wattsB. 30 watts C. 14.5 wattsC. 14.5 watts D. 0.208 wattsD. 0.208 watts

T5C10 (B)

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How many amperes are flowing How many amperes are flowing in a circuit when the applied in a circuit when the applied voltage is 12 volts DC and the voltage is 12 volts DC and the

load is 120 watts?load is 120 watts?

A. 0.1 amperesA. 0.1 amperes B. 10 amperesB. 10 amperes C. 12 amperesC. 12 amperes D. 132 amperesD. 132 amperes

T5C11 (B)

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What is meant by the term What is meant by the term impedance?impedance?

A. It is a measure of the opposition to AC A. It is a measure of the opposition to AC current flow in a circuitcurrent flow in a circuit

B. It is the inverse of resistanceB. It is the inverse of resistance C. It is a measure of the Q or Quality Factor C. It is a measure of the Q or Quality Factor

of a componentof a component D. It is a measure of the power handling D. It is a measure of the power handling

capability of a componentcapability of a component

T5C12 (A)

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What are the units of What are the units of impedance?impedance?

A. VoltsA. Volts B. AmperesB. Amperes C. CoulombsC. Coulombs D. OhmsD. Ohms

T5C13 (D)

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Dealing with Very Big and Dealing with Very Big and Very Small Numeric Very Small Numeric

ValuesValues In electronics we deal with In electronics we deal with

incredibly large and incredibly incredibly large and incredibly small numbers.small numbers.

The international metric system The international metric system allows for short hand for dealing allows for short hand for dealing with the range of values.with the range of values.

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Metric UnitsMetric Units

Extensive table to Extensive table to rightright

Most useful Most useful prefixes are:prefixes are: Mega = 1,000,000Mega = 1,000,000 Kilo = 1,000Kilo = 1,000 Milli = 1/1,000Milli = 1/1,000 Micro = Micro =

1/1,000,0001/1,000,000 Pico = Pico =

1/1,000,000,000,01/1,000,000,000,000 (one trillionth)00 (one trillionth)

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How many milliamperes is How many milliamperes is 1.5 amperes?1.5 amperes?

A. 15 milliamperesA. 15 milliamperes B. 150 milliamperesB. 150 milliamperes C. 1500 milliamperesC. 1500 milliamperes D. 15,000 milliamperesD. 15,000 milliamperes

T5B01 (C)

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What is another way to specify What is another way to specify the frequency of a radio signal the frequency of a radio signal that is oscillating at 1,500,000 that is oscillating at 1,500,000

Hertz?Hertz? A. 1500 kHzA. 1500 kHz B. 1500 MHzB. 1500 MHz C. 15 GHzC. 15 GHz D. 150 kHzD. 150 kHz

T5B02 (A)

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Which of the following Which of the following frequencies is equal to 28,400 frequencies is equal to 28,400

kHz?kHz?

A. 28.400 MHzA. 28.400 MHz B. 2.800 MHzB. 2.800 MHz C. 284.00 MHzC. 284.00 MHz D. 28.400 kHzD. 28.400 kHz

T5B12 (A)

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If a frequency readout shows a If a frequency readout shows a reading of 2425 MHz, what reading of 2425 MHz, what frequency is that in GHz?frequency is that in GHz?

A. 0.002425 GHzA. 0.002425 GHz B. 24.25 GHzB. 24.25 GHz C. 2.425 GHzC. 2.425 GHz D. 2425 GHzD. 2425 GHz

T5B13 (C)

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How many volts are equal to How many volts are equal to one kilovolt?one kilovolt?

A. one one-thousandth of a voltA. one one-thousandth of a volt B. one hundred voltsB. one hundred volts C. one thousand voltsC. one thousand volts D. one million voltsD. one million volts

T5B03 (C)

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How many volts are equal to How many volts are equal to one microvolt?one microvolt?

A. one one-millionth of a voltA. one one-millionth of a volt B. one million voltsB. one million volts C. one thousand kilovoltsC. one thousand kilovolts D. one one-thousandth of a voltD. one one-thousandth of a volt

T5B04 (A)

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Which of the following is Which of the following is equivalent to 500 milliwatts?equivalent to 500 milliwatts?

A. 0.02 wattsA. 0.02 watts B. 0.5 wattsB. 0.5 watts C. 5 wattsC. 5 watts D. 50 watts D. 50 watts

T5B05 (B)

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If an ammeter calibrated in If an ammeter calibrated in amperes is used to measure amperes is used to measure a 3000-milliampere current, a 3000-milliampere current, what reading would it show?what reading would it show?

A. 0.003 amperesA. 0.003 amperes B. 0.3 amperesB. 0.3 amperes C. 3 amperesC. 3 amperes D. 3,000,000 amperesD. 3,000,000 amperes

T5B06 (C)

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If a frequency readout If a frequency readout calibrated in megahertz calibrated in megahertz shows a reading of 3.525 shows a reading of 3.525

MHz, what would it show if it MHz, what would it show if it were calibrated in kilohertz?were calibrated in kilohertz? A. 0.003525 kHzA. 0.003525 kHz B. 35.25 kHzB. 35.25 kHz C. 3525 kHzC. 3525 kHz D. 3,525,000 kHzD. 3,525,000 kHz

T5B07 (C)

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How many microfarads are How many microfarads are 1,000,000 picofarads?1,000,000 picofarads?

A. 0.001 microfaradsA. 0.001 microfarads B. 1 microfaradB. 1 microfarad C. 1000 microfaradsC. 1000 microfarads D. 1,000,000,000 microfaradsD. 1,000,000,000 microfarads

T5B08 (B)

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DecibelsDecibels The decibel (dB) is used to compare two The decibel (dB) is used to compare two

power levels using a logarithmic scalepower levels using a logarithmic scale Calculating in decibels (dB) is the same as Calculating in decibels (dB) is the same as

using logarithmsusing logarithms Adding/subtracting logarithms of numbers is Adding/subtracting logarithms of numbers is

equivalent to multiplying or dividing by the equivalent to multiplying or dividing by the numbersnumbers

A ratio of 2:1 is a difference of 3 dBA ratio of 2:1 is a difference of 3 dB A ratio of 10:1 is a difference of 10 dBA ratio of 10:1 is a difference of 10 dB Examples:Examples:

3 dB + 3 dB = 6dB is the same as 2 x 2 or 3 dB + 3 dB = 6dB is the same as 2 x 2 or 4:14:1

3 dB + 10 dB = 13 dB is the same as 2 x 10 3 dB + 10 dB = 13 dB is the same as 2 x 10 or 20:1or 20:1

10 dB + 10 dB + 10 dB = 30 dB is the 10 dB + 10 dB + 10 dB = 30 dB is the same as 10 x 10 x 10 or 1000:1same as 10 x 10 x 10 or 1000:1

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What is the approximate What is the approximate amount of change, measured amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power in decibels (dB), of a power increase from 5 watts to 10 increase from 5 watts to 10

watts?watts? A. 2 dBA. 2 dB B. 3 dBB. 3 dB C. 5 dBC. 5 dB D. 10 dBD. 10 dB

T5B09 (B)

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What is the approximate What is the approximate amount of change, measured amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power in decibels (dB), of a power decrease from 12 watts to 3 decrease from 12 watts to 3

watts?watts? A. -1 dBA. -1 dB B. -3 dBB. -3 dB C. -6 dBC. -6 dB D. -9 dBD. -9 dB

T5B10 (C)

72

What is the approximate What is the approximate amount of change, measured amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power in decibels (dB), of a power increase from 20 watts to increase from 20 watts to

200 watts?200 watts? A. 10 dBA. 10 dB B. 12 dBB. 12 dB C. 18 dBC. 18 dB D. 28 dBD. 28 dB

T5B11 (A)

73

Radio Waves & SpectrumRadio Waves & Spectrum

74

Wave VocabularyWave Vocabulary

Before we study Before we study radio waves, we radio waves, we need to learn need to learn some wave some wave vocabulary.vocabulary. AmplitudeAmplitude FrequencyFrequency PeriodPeriod WavelengthWavelength HarmonicsHarmonics

75

WavelengthWavelength

The distance a The distance a radio wave radio wave travels during travels during one cycle.one cycle. One complete change One complete change

between magnetic between magnetic and electric fields.and electric fields.

Wavelength is Wavelength is related to frequencyrelated to frequency Speed of light / Speed of light /

frequencyfrequency Speed of light is Speed of light is

300,000,000 300,000,000 meters/secmeters/sec

Wavelength (in Wavelength (in meters) = 300 / meters) = 300 / Frequency (in MHz)Frequency (in MHz)

76

Radio Frequency (RF) Radio Frequency (RF) SpectrumSpectrum

Technicians have some privileges in HF and Technicians have some privileges in HF and all privileges in VHF, UHF, SHF and EHF all privileges in VHF, UHF, SHF and EHF (in relation to higher amateur license (in relation to higher amateur license classes)classes)

This extensive range of privileges is why the This extensive range of privileges is why the test is technical, not just rules and test is technical, not just rules and regulations to use repeatersregulations to use repeaters

77

Finding Where You are on Finding Where You are on the the

Radio DialRadio Dial There are two ways to tell someone There are two ways to tell someone

where to meet you on the radio dial where to meet you on the radio dial (spectrum).(spectrum). BandBand Frequency (radio dial)Frequency (radio dial)

Band vs radio dial (most useful Band vs radio dial (most useful examples)examples) 6M Band = 50-54 MHz6M Band = 50-54 MHz

Using the formula: 300 / 50 (MHz) = 6M!Using the formula: 300 / 50 (MHz) = 6M! 2M Band = 144-148 MHz2M Band = 144-148 MHz 1.25M Band = 222-225 MHz1.25M Band = 222-225 MHz 70 cm Band = 420-450 MHz (usually 440-70 cm Band = 420-450 MHz (usually 440-

450 MHz)450 MHz) And others both lower and higherAnd others both lower and higher

78

Another Reason to Another Reason to Understand Frequency Understand Frequency

and Wavelengthand Wavelength For the station antenna to efficiently For the station antenna to efficiently

send the radio wave out into space, the send the radio wave out into space, the antenna must be designed for the antenna must be designed for the specific operating frequency.specific operating frequency. The antenna length needs to closely match The antenna length needs to closely match

the wavelength of the frequency to be used.the wavelength of the frequency to be used. Any mismatch between antenna length and Any mismatch between antenna length and

frequency wavelength will result in radio frequency wavelength will result in radio frequency energy being reflected back to frequency energy being reflected back to the transmitter not radiating into space.the transmitter not radiating into space.

This reflected energy can damage the transmitterThis reflected energy can damage the transmitter

79

What does the abbreviation What does the abbreviation “RF”“RF”

refer to? refer to?

A. Radio frequency signals of all typesA. Radio frequency signals of all types B. The resonant frequency of a tuned circuitB. The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit C. The real frequency transmitted as C. The real frequency transmitted as

opposed to the apparent frequencyopposed to the apparent frequency D. Reflective force in antenna transmission D. Reflective force in antenna transmission

lineslines

T5C06 (A)

80

What is a usual name for What is a usual name for electromagnetic waves that electromagnetic waves that

travel through space?travel through space?

A. Gravity wavesA. Gravity waves B. Sound wavesB. Sound waves C. Radio wavesC. Radio waves D. Pressure wavesD. Pressure waves

T5C07 (C)

81

What is the name for the What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle?during one complete cycle?

A. Wave speedA. Wave speed B. WaveformB. Waveform C. WavelengthC. Wavelength D. Wave spreadD. Wave spread

T3B01 (C)

82

What property of a radio What property of a radio wave is used to describe its wave is used to describe its

polarization?polarization?

A. The orientation of the electric fieldA. The orientation of the electric field B. The orientation of the magnetic fieldB. The orientation of the magnetic field C. The ratio of the energy in the C. The ratio of the energy in the

magnetic field to the energy in the magnetic field to the energy in the electric fieldelectric field

D. The ratio of the velocity to the D. The ratio of the velocity to the wavelengthwavelength

T3B02 (A)

83

What is the unit of What is the unit of frequency?frequency?

A. HertzA. Hertz B. HenryB. Henry C. FaradC. Farad D. TeslaD. Tesla

T5C05 (A)

84

What are the two What are the two components of a radio wave?components of a radio wave?

A. AC and DCA. AC and DC B. Voltage and currentB. Voltage and current C. Electric and magnetic fieldsC. Electric and magnetic fields D. Ionizing and non-ionizing D. Ionizing and non-ionizing

radiationradiation

T3B03 (C)

85

How fast does a radio wave How fast does a radio wave travel through free space?travel through free space?

A. At the speed of lightA. At the speed of light B. At the speed of soundB. At the speed of sound C. Its speed is inversely proportional C. Its speed is inversely proportional

to its wavelengthto its wavelength D. Its speed increases as the D. Its speed increases as the

frequency increasesfrequency increases

T3B04 (A)

86

What is the approximate What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it velocity of a radio wave as it travels through free space?travels through free space?

A. 3000 kilometers per secondA. 3000 kilometers per second B. 300,000,000 meters per secondB. 300,000,000 meters per second C. 300,000 miles per hourC. 300,000 miles per hour D. 186,000 miles per hourD. 186,000 miles per hour

T3B11 (B)

87

How does the wavelength of How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its a radio wave relate to its

frequency?frequency? A. The wavelength gets longer as the A. The wavelength gets longer as the

frequency increasesfrequency increases B. The wavelength gets shorter as the B. The wavelength gets shorter as the

frequency increasesfrequency increases C. There is no relationship between C. There is no relationship between

wavelength and frequencywavelength and frequency D. The wavelength depends on the D. The wavelength depends on the

bandwidth of the signalbandwidth of the signal

T3B05 (B)

88

What is the formula for What is the formula for converting frequency to converting frequency to

approximate wavelength in approximate wavelength in meters?meters? A. Wavelength in meters equals frequency A. Wavelength in meters equals frequency

in hertz multiplied by 300in hertz multiplied by 300 B. Wavelength in meters equals frequency B. Wavelength in meters equals frequency

in hertz divided by 300in hertz divided by 300 C. Wavelength in meters equals frequency C. Wavelength in meters equals frequency

in megahertz divided by 300in megahertz divided by 300 D. Wavelength in meters equals 300 D. Wavelength in meters equals 300

divided by frequency in megahertzdivided by frequency in megahertz

T3B06 (D)

89

What property of radio waves What property of radio waves is often used to identify the is often used to identify the different frequency bands?different frequency bands?

A. The approximate wavelengthA. The approximate wavelength B. The magnetic intensity of wavesB. The magnetic intensity of waves C. The time it takes for waves to C. The time it takes for waves to

travel one miletravel one mile D. The voltage standing wave ratio of D. The voltage standing wave ratio of

waveswaves

T3B07 (A)

90

What are the frequency What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum?limits of the VHF spectrum?

A. 30 to 300 kHzA. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHzB. 30 to 300 MHz C. 300 to 3000 kHzC. 300 to 3000 kHz D. 300 to 3000 MHzD. 300 to 3000 MHz

T3B08 (B)

91

What are the frequency What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum?limits of the UHF spectrum?

A. 30 to 300 kHzA. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHzB. 30 to 300 MHz C. 300 to 3000 kHzC. 300 to 3000 kHz D. 300 to 3000 MHzD. 300 to 3000 MHz

T3B09 (D)

92

What frequency range is What frequency range is referred to as HF?referred to as HF?

A. 300 to 3000 MHzA. 300 to 3000 MHz B. 30 to 300 MHzB. 30 to 300 MHz C. 3 to 30 MHzC. 3 to 30 MHz D. 300 to 3000 kHzD. 300 to 3000 kHz

T3B10 (C)

93

Modulation & ModesModulation & Modes

94

Adding Information - Adding Information - ModulationModulation

In order for a radio wave to be useful, it In order for a radio wave to be useful, it has to carry informationhas to carry information

When we imprint some information on When we imprint some information on the radio wave, we modulate the wave.the radio wave, we modulate the wave. Turn the wave on and offTurn the wave on and off Voice AM and FMVoice AM and FM Data or Video (Video is most complex)Data or Video (Video is most complex)

Different modulation techniques are Different modulation techniques are called modes.called modes. Each mode uses up a different amount of Each mode uses up a different amount of

“bandwidth”“bandwidth” This changes the separation needed This changes the separation needed

between stationsbetween stations Full NTSC Video requires 6 MHz between Full NTSC Video requires 6 MHz between

stationsstations

95

Morse Code – On and Morse Code – On and OffOff

Morse Code Morse Code was the first was the first modulation modulation modemode

Also called CW Also called CW (Continuous (Continuous Wave)Wave) Somewhat Somewhat

misleading as misleading as the wave is the wave is interrupted!interrupted!

CW has narrow CW has narrow bandwidthbandwidth 100-200 Hz100-200 Hz

96

Amplitude Modulation Amplitude Modulation (AM)(AM)

In AM, the In AM, the amplitude of the amplitude of the carrier wave is carrier wave is modified to be modified to be proportional to proportional to the waveform of the waveform of the information the information (voice).(voice).

This is how the This is how the “AM” band got its “AM” band got its namename

97

Characteristics of Voice Characteristics of Voice AMAM

When modulated, When modulated, AM signals actually AM signals actually consist of three consist of three components:components: CarrierCarrier Lower sidebandLower sideband Upper sidebandUpper sideband

Natural voice Natural voice bandwidth is from bandwidth is from 300 Hz to 3 KHz.300 Hz to 3 KHz.

AM bandwidth is AM bandwidth is twice the voice twice the voice bandwidth (or 6 bandwidth (or 6 KHz) due to the KHz) due to the mirror image mirror image sidebands.sidebands.

98

Single Sideband Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)Modulation (SSB)

AM is made up of AM is made up of identical mirror identical mirror image sidebands:image sidebands:

We can improve We can improve efficiency of efficiency of transmission by transmission by transmitting only transmitting only one sideband and one sideband and then reconstruct the then reconstruct the missing sideband at missing sideband at the receiver.the receiver.

This only requires a This only requires a 3KHz bandwidth3KHz bandwidth

99

Frequency Modulation Frequency Modulation (FM)(FM)

Instead of varying Instead of varying amplitude, if we vary the amplitude, if we vary the frequency in step with the frequency in step with the information waveform – FM information waveform – FM is produced.is produced.

FM signals are much more FM signals are much more resistant to the effects of resistant to the effects of noise but require more noise but require more bandwidth.bandwidth.

FM bandwidth (for voice) is FM bandwidth (for voice) is between 5 and 15 kHz.between 5 and 15 kHz.

This is how the “FM” band This is how the “FM” band got its namegot its name

100

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a form of amplitude form of amplitude

modulation?modulation? A. Spread-spectrumA. Spread-spectrum B. Packet radioB. Packet radio C. Single sidebandC. Single sideband D. Phase shift keyingD. Phase shift keying

T8A01 (C)

101

What type of modulation is What type of modulation is most commonly used for most commonly used for

VHF packet radio VHF packet radio transmissions?transmissions?

A. FMA. FM B. SSBB. SSB C. AMC. AM D. Spread SpectrumD. Spread Spectrum

T8A02 (A)

102

Which type of voice mode is most Which type of voice mode is most often used for long-distance (weak often used for long-distance (weak

signal) contacts on the VHF and signal) contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?UHF bands?

A. FMA. FM B. DRMB. DRM C. SSBC. SSB D. PMD. PM

T8A03 (C)

103

Which type of modulation is most Which type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF and UHF commonly used for VHF and UHF

voice repeaters?voice repeaters?

A. AMA. AM B. SSBB. SSB C. PSKC. PSK D. FMD. FM

T8A04 (D)

104

Which of the following types Which of the following types of emission has the of emission has the

narrowest bandwidth?narrowest bandwidth?

A. FM voiceA. FM voice B. SSB voiceB. SSB voice C. CWC. CW D. Slow-scan TVD. Slow-scan TV

T8A05 (C)

105

Which sideband is normally Which sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF used for 10 meter HF, VHF and UHF single-sideband and UHF single-sideband

communications?communications? A. Upper sidebandA. Upper sideband B. Lower sidebandB. Lower sideband C. Suppressed sidebandC. Suppressed sideband D. Inverted sidebandD. Inverted sideband

T8A06 (A)

106

What is the primary advantage of What is the primary advantage of single sideband over FM for voice single sideband over FM for voice

transmissions?transmissions?

A. SSB signals are easier to tuneA. SSB signals are easier to tune B. SSB signals are less susceptible B. SSB signals are less susceptible

to interferenceto interference C. SSB signals have narrower C. SSB signals have narrower

bandwidthbandwidth D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T8A07 (C)

107

What is the approximate What is the approximate bandwidth of a single-sideband bandwidth of a single-sideband

voice signal?voice signal?

A. 1 kHzA. 1 kHz B. 3 kHzB. 3 kHz C. 6 kHzC. 6 kHz D. 15 kHzD. 15 kHz

T8A08 (B)

108

What is the approximate What is the approximate bandwidth of a VHF repeater bandwidth of a VHF repeater

FM phone signal?FM phone signal? A. Less than 500 HzA. Less than 500 Hz B. About 150 kHzB. About 150 kHz C. Between 10 and 15 kHzC. Between 10 and 15 kHz D. Between 50 and 125 kHz D. Between 50 and 125 kHz

T8A09 (C)

109

What is the typical What is the typical bandwidth of analog fast-bandwidth of analog fast-scan TV transmissions on scan TV transmissions on

the 70 cm band?the 70 cm band? A. More than 10 MHzA. More than 10 MHz B. About 6 MHzB. About 6 MHz C. About 3 MHzC. About 3 MHz D. About 1 MHzD. About 1 MHz

T8A10 (B)

110

What is the approximate What is the approximate maximum bandwidth maximum bandwidth

required to transmit a CW required to transmit a CW signal?signal?

A. 2.4 kHzA. 2.4 kHz B. 150 HzB. 150 Hz C. 1000 HzC. 1000 Hz D. 15 kHzD. 15 kHz

T8A11 (B)

111

What determines the amount What determines the amount of deviation of an FM (as of deviation of an FM (as opposed to PM) signal?opposed to PM) signal?

A. Both the frequency and amplitude of A. Both the frequency and amplitude of the modulating signalthe modulating signal

B. The frequency of the modulating signalB. The frequency of the modulating signal C. The amplitude of the modulating signalC. The amplitude of the modulating signal D. The relative phase of the modulating D. The relative phase of the modulating

signal and the carriersignal and the carrier

T2B05 (C)

112

What happens when the What happens when the deviation of an FM deviation of an FM

transmitter is increased?transmitter is increased?

A. Its signal occupies more bandwidthA. Its signal occupies more bandwidth B. Its output power increasesB. Its output power increases C. Its output power and bandwidth C. Its output power and bandwidth

increasesincreases D. Asymmetric modulation occursD. Asymmetric modulation occurs

T2B06 (A)

113

Feedlines & SWRFeedlines & SWR

114

Feed Line typesFeed Line types

The purpose of the feed line is to The purpose of the feed line is to get energy from your station to get energy from your station to the antenna.the antenna.

Basic feed line types.Basic feed line types. Coaxial cable (coax).Coaxial cable (coax). Open-wire or ladder line (less Open-wire or ladder line (less

common).common). Each has a characteristic Each has a characteristic

impedance, each has its unique impedance, each has its unique application.application.

115

CoaxCoax Most common feed Most common feed

line.line. Easy to use.Easy to use. Matches impedance Matches impedance

of modern radio of modern radio equipment (50 equipment (50 ohms).ohms).

Some loss of signal Some loss of signal depending on coax depending on coax quality (cost).quality (cost). Coax connectors Coax connectors terminate each end of a terminate each end of a coax feedlinecoax feedline

PL-259 is used for HF PL-259 is used for HF and VHFand VHF

Type N is used for UHFType N is used for UHF HTs use smaller HTs use smaller

connectorsconnectors

PL-259Type-N

116

Standing Wave Ratio Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)(SWR)

If the antenna and feed line If the antenna and feed line impedances are not perfectly impedances are not perfectly matched, some RF energy is not matched, some RF energy is not radiated into space and is radiated into space and is returned (reflected) back to the returned (reflected) back to the source.source. Something has to happen to this Something has to happen to this

reflected energy – generally reflected energy – generally converted into heat or unwanted converted into heat or unwanted radio energy (bad).radio energy (bad).

A SWR meter is inserted in the feed A SWR meter is inserted in the feed line and indicates the mismatch that line and indicates the mismatch that exists at that point.exists at that point.

117

Nothing is PerfectNothing is Perfect Although the goal is to get 100% of Although the goal is to get 100% of

your radio energy radiated into space, your radio energy radiated into space, that is virtually impossible.that is virtually impossible.

What is an acceptable level of loss What is an acceptable level of loss (reflected power or SWR?)(reflected power or SWR?) 1:1 is perfect.1:1 is perfect. 2:1 should be the max you should accept 2:1 should be the max you should accept

(as a general rule).(as a general rule). Modern radios will start lowering transmitter Modern radios will start lowering transmitter

output power automatically when SWR is above output power automatically when SWR is above 2:1.2:1.

3:1 is when you need to do something to 3:1 is when you need to do something to reduce SWR.reduce SWR.

A “dummy load” is a device that A “dummy load” is a device that provides close to 1:1 SWR and converts provides close to 1:1 SWR and converts RF into heat (doesn’t radiate)RF into heat (doesn’t radiate)

118

Antenna TunerAntenna Tuner One way to make antenna matching One way to make antenna matching

adjustments is to use an antenna tuner.adjustments is to use an antenna tuner. Antenna tuners are impedance Antenna tuners are impedance

transformers (they actually do not tune transformers (they actually do not tune the antenna).the antenna). When used appropriately they are effective.When used appropriately they are effective. When used inappropriately all they do is When used inappropriately all they do is

make a bad antenna look good to the make a bad antenna look good to the transmitter…the antenna is still bad.transmitter…the antenna is still bad.

The desired matching impedance for The desired matching impedance for most ham radio equipment (radios, most ham radio equipment (radios, coax, antennas) is 50 ohmscoax, antennas) is 50 ohms

119

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a common use of coaxial common use of coaxial

cable?cable? A. Carrying dc power from a vehicle battery A. Carrying dc power from a vehicle battery

to a mobile radioto a mobile radio B. Carrying RF signals between a radio and B. Carrying RF signals between a radio and

antennaantenna C. Securing masts, tubing, and other C. Securing masts, tubing, and other

cylindrical objects on towerscylindrical objects on towers D. Connecting data signals from a TNC to a D. Connecting data signals from a TNC to a

computercomputer

T7C12 (B)

120

What is the primary purpose What is the primary purpose of a dummy load?of a dummy load?

A. To prevent the radiation of signals when A. To prevent the radiation of signals when making testsmaking tests

B. To prevent over-modulation of your B. To prevent over-modulation of your transmittertransmitter

C. To improve the radiation from your C. To improve the radiation from your antennaantenna

D. To improve the signal to noise ratio of D. To improve the signal to noise ratio of your receiveryour receiver

T7C01 (A)

121

What does a dummy load What does a dummy load consist of?consist of?

A. A high-gain amplifier and a TR switchA. A high-gain amplifier and a TR switch B. A non-inductive resistor and a heat sinkB. A non-inductive resistor and a heat sink C. A low voltage power supply and a DC C. A low voltage power supply and a DC

relayrelay D. A 50 ohm reactance used to terminate D. A 50 ohm reactance used to terminate

a transmission linea transmission line

T7C13 (B)

122

What, in general terms, is What, in general terms, is standing wave ratio (SWR)?standing wave ratio (SWR)?

A. A measure of how well a load is A. A measure of how well a load is matched to a transmittermatched to a transmitter

B. The ratio of high to low impedance in a B. The ratio of high to low impedance in a feed linefeed line

C. The transmitter efficiency ratioC. The transmitter efficiency ratio D. An indication of the quality of your D. An indication of the quality of your

station ground connectionstation ground connection

T7C03 (A)

123

What reading on a SWR meter What reading on a SWR meter indicates a perfect impedance indicates a perfect impedance

match between the antenna and match between the antenna and the feed line?the feed line?

A. 2 to 1A. 2 to 1 B. 1 to 3B. 1 to 3 C. 1 to 1C. 1 to 1 D. 10 to 1D. 10 to 1

T7C04 (C)

124

What is the approximate SWR What is the approximate SWR value above which the value above which the

protection circuits in most protection circuits in most solid-state transmitters begin to solid-state transmitters begin to

reduce transmitter powerreduce transmitter power?? A. 2 to 1A. 2 to 1 B. 1 to 2B. 1 to 2 C. 6 to 1C. 6 to 1 D. 10 to 1 D. 10 to 1

T7C05 (A)

125

What does an SWR What does an SWR reading of 4:1 indicate?reading of 4:1 indicate?

A. Loss of -4 dBA. Loss of -4 dB B. Good impedance matchB. Good impedance match C. Gain of +4 dBC. Gain of +4 dB D. Impedance mismatchD. Impedance mismatch

T7C06 (D)

126

What happens to the power What happens to the power lost in a feed line?lost in a feed line?

A. It increases the SWRA. It increases the SWR B. It comes back into your B. It comes back into your

transmitter and could cause damagetransmitter and could cause damage C. It is converted into heatC. It is converted into heat D. It can cause distortion of your D. It can cause distortion of your

signalsignal

T7C07 (C)

127

What instrument other than an What instrument other than an SWR meter could you use to SWR meter could you use to determine if a feedline and determine if a feedline and

antenna are properly matched?antenna are properly matched?

A. VoltmeterA. Voltmeter B. OhmmeterB. Ohmmeter C. Iambic pentameterC. Iambic pentameter D. Directional wattmeterD. Directional wattmeter

T7C08 (D)

128

Why is it important to have a Why is it important to have a low SWR in an antenna low SWR in an antenna system that uses coaxial system that uses coaxial

cable feedline?cable feedline?

A. To reduce television interference A. To reduce television interference B. To allow the efficient transfer of B. To allow the efficient transfer of

power and reduce lossespower and reduce losses C. To prolong antenna lifeC. To prolong antenna life D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T9B01 (B)

129

What is the impedance of What is the impedance of the most commonly used the most commonly used coaxial cable in typical coaxial cable in typical

amateur radio installations?amateur radio installations?

A. 8 ohmsA. 8 ohms B. 50 ohmsB. 50 ohms C. 600 ohmsC. 600 ohms D. 12 ohmsD. 12 ohms

T9B02 (B)

130

Why is coaxial cable used Why is coaxial cable used more often than any other more often than any other feedline for amateur radio feedline for amateur radio

antenna systems?antenna systems? A. It is easy to use and requires few special A. It is easy to use and requires few special

installation considerationsinstallation considerations B. It has less loss than any other type of feedlineB. It has less loss than any other type of feedline C. It can handle more power than any other type C. It can handle more power than any other type

of feedlineof feedline D. It is less expensive than any other types of D. It is less expensive than any other types of

feedlinefeedline

T9B03 (A)

131

What does an antenna tuner What does an antenna tuner do?do?

A. It matches the antenna system impedance to A. It matches the antenna system impedance to the transceiver's output impedancethe transceiver's output impedance

B. It helps a receiver automatically tune in weak B. It helps a receiver automatically tune in weak stationsstations

C. It allows an antenna to be used on both C. It allows an antenna to be used on both transmit and receivetransmit and receive

D. It automatically selects the proper antenna D. It automatically selects the proper antenna for the frequency band being usedfor the frequency band being used

T9B04 (A)

132

What generally happens as What generally happens as the frequency of a signal the frequency of a signal passing through coaxial passing through coaxial

cable is increased?cable is increased? A. The apparent SWR increasesA. The apparent SWR increases B. The reflected power increasesB. The reflected power increases C. The characteristic impedance C. The characteristic impedance

increasesincreases D. The loss increasesD. The loss increases

T9B05 (D)

133

Which of the following Which of the following connectors is most suitable connectors is most suitable for frequencies above 400 for frequencies above 400

MHz?MHz? A. A UHF (PL-259/SO-239) A. A UHF (PL-259/SO-239)

connectorconnector B. A Type N connectorB. A Type N connector C. An RS-213 connectorC. An RS-213 connector D. A DB-25 connectorD. A DB-25 connector

T9B06 (B)

134

Which of the following is Which of the following is true of true of

PL-259 type coax PL-259 type coax connectors?connectors?

A. They are preferred for microwave A. They are preferred for microwave operationoperation

B. They are water tightB. They are water tight C. The are commonly used at HF C. The are commonly used at HF

frequenciesfrequencies D. They are a bayonet type connectorD. They are a bayonet type connector

T9B07 (C)

135

Why should coax connectors Why should coax connectors exposed to the weather be exposed to the weather be

sealed against water sealed against water intrusion?intrusion?

A. To prevent an increase in feedline lossA. To prevent an increase in feedline loss B. To prevent interference to telephonesB. To prevent interference to telephones C. To keep the jacket from becoming C. To keep the jacket from becoming

looseloose D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T9B08 (A)

136

What might cause erratic What might cause erratic changes in SWR readings?changes in SWR readings?

A. The transmitter is being modulatedA. The transmitter is being modulated B. A loose connection in an antenna or a B. A loose connection in an antenna or a

feedlinefeedline C. The transmitter is being over-modulatedC. The transmitter is being over-modulated D. Interference from other stations is D. Interference from other stations is

distorting your signaldistorting your signal

T9B09 (B)

137

What electrical difference What electrical difference exists between the smaller exists between the smaller

RG-58 and larger RG-8 RG-58 and larger RG-8 coaxial cables?coaxial cables?

A. There is no significant difference between A. There is no significant difference between the two typesthe two types

B. RG-58 cable has less loss at a given B. RG-58 cable has less loss at a given frequencyfrequency

C. RG-8 cable has less loss at a given frequencyC. RG-8 cable has less loss at a given frequency D. RG-58 cable can handle higher power levelsD. RG-58 cable can handle higher power levels

T9B10 (C)

138

Which of the following types Which of the following types of feedline has the lowest of feedline has the lowest

loss at VHF and UHF?loss at VHF and UHF?

A. 50-ohm flexible coaxA. 50-ohm flexible coax B. Multi-conductor unbalanced cableB. Multi-conductor unbalanced cable C. Air-insulated hard lineC. Air-insulated hard line D. 75-ohm flexible coaxD. 75-ohm flexible coax

T9B11 (C)

139

Which of the following is the Which of the following is the most common cause for most common cause for

failure of coaxial cables?failure of coaxial cables?

A. Moisture contaminationA. Moisture contamination B. Gamma raysB. Gamma rays C. The velocity factor exceeds 1.0C. The velocity factor exceeds 1.0 D. OverloadingD. Overloading

T7C09 (A)

140

Why should the outer jacket Why should the outer jacket of coaxial cable be resistant of coaxial cable be resistant

to ultraviolet light?to ultraviolet light? A. Ultraviolet resistant jackets prevent A. Ultraviolet resistant jackets prevent

harmonic radiationharmonic radiation B. Ultraviolet light can increase losses in B. Ultraviolet light can increase losses in

the cable’s jacketthe cable’s jacket C. Ultraviolet and RF signals can mix C. Ultraviolet and RF signals can mix

together, causing interferencetogether, causing interference D. Ultraviolet light can damage the jacket D. Ultraviolet light can damage the jacket

and allow water to enter the cableand allow water to enter the cableT7C10 (D)

141

What is a disadvantage of air What is a disadvantage of air core coaxial cable when core coaxial cable when

compared to foam or solid compared to foam or solid dielectric types?dielectric types?

A. It has more loss per footA. It has more loss per foot B. It cannot be used for VHF or UHF B. It cannot be used for VHF or UHF

antennasantennas C. It requires special techniques to C. It requires special techniques to

prevent water absorptionprevent water absorption D. It cannot be used at below freezing D. It cannot be used at below freezing

temperaturestemperaturesT7C11 (C)

142

Short BreakShort Break

10 Minute Stretch10 Minute Stretch Open Q&AOpen Q&A

143

AntennasAntennas

144

The DipoleThe Dipole

Most basic antenna.Most basic antenna. Two conductive, equal length parts.Two conductive, equal length parts. Feed line connected in the middle.Feed line connected in the middle.

Total length is ½ wavelength (1/2 Total length is ½ wavelength (1/2 ). ).

Radiates strongest broadside to Radiates strongest broadside to the length, least at the tipsthe length, least at the tips

Use the formulaUse the formula Length (in feet) = 468 / Frequency Length (in feet) = 468 / Frequency

(in MHz).(in MHz).

145

The DipoleThe Dipole

146

The Ground-Plane The Ground-Plane (Vertical)(Vertical)

Simply a dipole that is oriented Simply a dipole that is oriented perpendicular (perpendicular (verticalvertical to the Earth’s to the Earth’s surface).surface).

Shorter than a dipole as one half of the Shorter than a dipole as one half of the dipole is replaced by a ground-planedipole is replaced by a ground-plane Ground plane acts as a “mirror” for the Ground plane acts as a “mirror” for the

missing half).missing half). Groundplane is:Groundplane is:

Earth, Car roof/trunk lid/other metal surface, Earth, Car roof/trunk lid/other metal surface, Radial wires.Radial wires.

Radiates equally toward horizon, least Radiates equally toward horizon, least toward tiptoward tip

Use the formulaUse the formula Length (in feet) = 234 / Frequency Length (in feet) = 234 / Frequency

(in MHz).(in MHz).

147

The Ground-PlaneThe Ground-Plane

148

Directional (Beam) Directional (Beam) AntennasAntennas

Beam antennas focus or direct RF Beam antennas focus or direct RF energy in a desired direction.energy in a desired direction. GainGain An apparent increase in power in the An apparent increase in power in the

desired direction (both transmit and desired direction (both transmit and receive).receive).

Yagi (multiple rod elements – TV Yagi (multiple rod elements – TV antennas).antennas).

Delta & Quad arrays (wire loop Delta & Quad arrays (wire loop elements).elements).

Dishes (microwave and satellite Dishes (microwave and satellite TV)TV)

149

Directional (Beam) Directional (Beam) AntennasAntennas

150

What is a beam antenna?What is a beam antenna?

A. An antenna built from aluminum I-A. An antenna built from aluminum I-beamsbeams

B. An omnidirectional antenna invented B. An omnidirectional antenna invented by Clarence Beamby Clarence Beam

C. An antenna that concentrates signals in C. An antenna that concentrates signals in one directionone direction

D. An antenna that reverses the phase of D. An antenna that reverses the phase of received signalsreceived signals

T9A01 (C)

151

Which of the following is Which of the following is true regarding vertical true regarding vertical

antennas?antennas? A. The magnetic field is perpendicular to A. The magnetic field is perpendicular to

the Earththe Earth B. The electric field is perpendicular to B. The electric field is perpendicular to

the Earththe Earth C. The phase is invertedC. The phase is inverted D. The phase is reversedD. The phase is reversed

T9A02 (B)

152

Which of the following Which of the following describes a simple dipole describes a simple dipole

mounted so the conductor is mounted so the conductor is parallel to the Earth's surface?parallel to the Earth's surface?

A. A ground wave antennaA. A ground wave antenna B. A horizontally polarized antennaB. A horizontally polarized antenna C. A rhombic antennaC. A rhombic antenna D. A vertically polarized antenna D. A vertically polarized antenna

T9A03 (B)

153

What antenna polarization is What antenna polarization is normally used for long-normally used for long-

distance weak-signal CW and distance weak-signal CW and SSB contacts using the VHF SSB contacts using the VHF

and UHF bands?and UHF bands? A. Right-hand circularA. Right-hand circular B. Left-hand circularB. Left-hand circular C. HorizontalC. Horizontal D. VerticalD. Vertical

T3A03 (C)

154

What can happen if the What can happen if the antennas at opposite ends of a antennas at opposite ends of a VHF or UHF line of sight radio VHF or UHF line of sight radio

link are not using the same link are not using the same polarization?polarization?

A. The modulation sidebands might A. The modulation sidebands might become invertedbecome inverted

B. Signals could be significantly weakerB. Signals could be significantly weaker C. Signals have an echo effect on voicesC. Signals have an echo effect on voices D. Nothing significant will happenD. Nothing significant will happen

T3A04 (B)

155

What is a disadvantage of What is a disadvantage of the "rubber duck" antenna the "rubber duck" antenna

supplied with most handheld supplied with most handheld radio transceivers?radio transceivers?

A. It does not transmit or receive as A. It does not transmit or receive as effectively as a full-sized antennaeffectively as a full-sized antenna

B. It transmits a circularly polarized B. It transmits a circularly polarized signalsignal

C. If the rubber end cap is lost it will C. If the rubber end cap is lost it will unravel very quicklyunravel very quickly

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T9A04 (A)

156

How would you change a dipole How would you change a dipole antenna to make it resonant on antenna to make it resonant on

a higher frequency?a higher frequency? A. Lengthen itA. Lengthen it B. Insert coils in series with B. Insert coils in series with

radiating wiresradiating wires C. Shorten itC. Shorten it D. Add capacitive loading to the D. Add capacitive loading to the

ends of the radiating wiresends of the radiating wires

T9A05 (C)

157

Which of the following terms Which of the following terms describes a type of loading describes a type of loading

when referring to an antenna?when referring to an antenna? A. Inserting an inductor in the radiating portion A. Inserting an inductor in the radiating portion

of the antenna to make it electrically longerof the antenna to make it electrically longer B. Inserting a resistor in the radiating portion B. Inserting a resistor in the radiating portion

of the antenna to make it resonantof the antenna to make it resonant C. Installing a spring at the base of the antenna C. Installing a spring at the base of the antenna

to absorb the effects of collisions with other to absorb the effects of collisions with other objectsobjects

D. Making the antenna heavier so it will resist D. Making the antenna heavier so it will resist wind effects in motionwind effects in motion

T9A14 (A)

158

What type of antennas are What type of antennas are the quad, Yagi, and dish?the quad, Yagi, and dish?

A. Non-resonant antennasA. Non-resonant antennas B. Loop antennasB. Loop antennas C. Directional antennasC. Directional antennas D. Isotropic antennasD. Isotropic antennas

T9A06 (C)

159

What is a good reason not to What is a good reason not to use a "rubber duck" antenna use a "rubber duck" antenna

inside your car?inside your car?

A. Signals can be significantly weaker A. Signals can be significantly weaker than when it is outside of the vehiclethan when it is outside of the vehicle

B. It might cause your radio to overheatB. It might cause your radio to overheat C. The SWR might decrease, decreasing C. The SWR might decrease, decreasing

the signal strengththe signal strength D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T9A07 (A)

160

What is the approximate length, What is the approximate length, in inches, of a quarter-in inches, of a quarter-

wavelength vertical antenna for wavelength vertical antenna for 146 MHz?146 MHz?

A. 112A. 112 B. 50B. 50 C. 19C. 19 D. 12D. 12

T9A08 (C)

161

What is the approximate What is the approximate length, in inches, of a 6 length, in inches, of a 6

meter 1/2-wavelength wire meter 1/2-wavelength wire dipole antenna?dipole antenna?

A. 6A. 6 B. 50B. 50 C. 112C. 112 D. 236D. 236

T9A09 (C)

162

In which direction is the In which direction is the radiation strongest from a radiation strongest from a

half-wave dipole antenna in half-wave dipole antenna in free space?free space?

A. Equally in all directionsA. Equally in all directions B. Off the ends of the antennaB. Off the ends of the antenna C. Broadside to the antennaC. Broadside to the antenna D. In the direction of the feedlineD. In the direction of the feedline

T9A10 (C)

163

What is meant by the gain of What is meant by the gain of an antenna?an antenna?

A. The additional power that is added to the A. The additional power that is added to the transmitter powertransmitter power

B. The additional power that is lost in the B. The additional power that is lost in the antenna when transmitting on a higher antenna when transmitting on a higher frequencyfrequency

C. The increase in signal strength in a specified C. The increase in signal strength in a specified direction when compared to a reference antennadirection when compared to a reference antenna

D. The increase in impedance on receive or D. The increase in impedance on receive or transmit compared to a reference antennatransmit compared to a reference antenna

T9A11 (C)

164

What is a reason to use a What is a reason to use a properly mounted 5/8 properly mounted 5/8

wavelength antenna for VHF or wavelength antenna for VHF or UHF mobile service?UHF mobile service?

A. It offers a lower angle of radiation and more A. It offers a lower angle of radiation and more gain than a ¼ wavelength antenna and usually gain than a ¼ wavelength antenna and usually provides improved coverageprovides improved coverage

B. It features a very high angle of radiation and B. It features a very high angle of radiation and is better for communicating via a repeateris better for communicating via a repeater

C. The 5/8 wavelength antenna completely C. The 5/8 wavelength antenna completely eliminates distortion caused by reflected signalseliminates distortion caused by reflected signals

D. The 5/8 wavelength antenna offers a 10-times D. The 5/8 wavelength antenna offers a 10-times power gain over a ¼ wavelength designpower gain over a ¼ wavelength design

T9A12 (A)

165

Why are VHF or UHF mobile Why are VHF or UHF mobile antennas often mounted in antennas often mounted in

the center of the vehicle the center of the vehicle roof?roof?

A. Roof mounts have the lowest possible A. Roof mounts have the lowest possible SWR of any mounting configurationSWR of any mounting configuration

B. Only roof mounting can guarantee a B. Only roof mounting can guarantee a vertically polarized signalvertically polarized signal

C. A roof mounted antenna normally C. A roof mounted antenna normally provides the most uniform radiation patternprovides the most uniform radiation pattern

D. Roof mounted antennas are always the D. Roof mounted antennas are always the easiest to installeasiest to install

T9A13 (C)

166

PropagationPropagation

167

Radio Wave Propagation:Radio Wave Propagation:Getting from Point A to Getting from Point A to

Point BPoint B Radio waves propagate by many Radio waves propagate by many

mechanisms.mechanisms. The science of wave propagation has The science of wave propagation has

many facets.many facets. We will discuss three basic ways:We will discuss three basic ways:

Line of sightLine of sight Ground waveGround wave Sky-waveSky-wave

168

Line-of-SightLine-of-Sight If a source of radio energy can If a source of radio energy can

been seen by the receiver, then been seen by the receiver, then the radio energy will travel in a the radio energy will travel in a straight line from transmitter to straight line from transmitter to receiver.receiver. There is some attenuation of the There is some attenuation of the

signal as the radio wave travelssignal as the radio wave travels This is the primary propagation This is the primary propagation

mode for VHF and UHF signals.mode for VHF and UHF signals.

169

VHF and UHF VHF and UHF PropagationPropagation

VHF & UHF propagation is principally line of VHF & UHF propagation is principally line of sight.sight.

Range is slightly better than visual line of Range is slightly better than visual line of sight.sight.

Buildings may block line of sight, but Buildings may block line of sight, but reflections may help get past obstructions.reflections may help get past obstructions.

““Knife-edge” diffraction (spreading caused by Knife-edge” diffraction (spreading caused by going across a sharp edge) can also occurgoing across a sharp edge) can also occur

Reflections from a transmitter that is moving Reflections from a transmitter that is moving cause multi-path which results in rapid fading cause multi-path which results in rapid fading of signal – known as picket fencing.of signal – known as picket fencing.

UHF signals may work better inside buildings UHF signals may work better inside buildings because of the shorter wavelength compared because of the shorter wavelength compared to VHF.to VHF.

170

VHF and UHF VHF and UHF Propagation (cont)Propagation (cont)

Sometimes unusual propagation conditions Sometimes unusual propagation conditions can increase the range of VHF/UHF signalscan increase the range of VHF/UHF signals Sporadic E occurs due to unusual conditions that Sporadic E occurs due to unusual conditions that

occur in the ionosphere E-layer causing small occur in the ionosphere E-layer causing small ionized cloudsionized clouds

Strongest for 6M and 2M signals, range of 500-1000 Strongest for 6M and 2M signals, range of 500-1000 milesmiles

Tropospheric ducting is caused temperature Tropospheric ducting is caused temperature inversions in the troposphere (10 miles high)inversions in the troposphere (10 miles high)

Strongest for VHF/UHF signals, range of 300-500 Strongest for VHF/UHF signals, range of 300-500 milesmiles

Meteor scatter is caused by reflections from the Meteor scatter is caused by reflections from the ionized trail of meteorsionized trail of meteors

Works best for 6M and 2M signalsWorks best for 6M and 2M signals Auroral reflection can occur Auroral reflection can occur

Shifts and fluctuates (as in videos of aurora)Shifts and fluctuates (as in videos of aurora)

171

Ground WaveGround Wave

Some radio frequency ranges Some radio frequency ranges (lower HF frequencies) will hug (lower HF frequencies) will hug the earth’s surface as they travelthe earth’s surface as they travel

These waves will travel beyond the These waves will travel beyond the range of line-of-sightrange of line-of-sight

A few hundred milesA few hundred miles

172

IonosphereIonosphere

Radiation from the Radiation from the Sun ionizes the Sun ionizes the upper atmosphere.upper atmosphere.

The region where The region where ionization occurs is ionization occurs is called the called the ionosphereionosphere 30-260 Miles high30-260 Miles high

The ionosphere has The ionosphere has multiple layers (D, E, multiple layers (D, E, F)F) These layers change These layers change

throughout the day throughout the day based on incident based on incident sunlightsunlight

173

The Ionosphere – An RF The Ionosphere – An RF MirrorMirror

Layers of the ionosphere behave Layers of the ionosphere behave differently toward RFdifferently toward RF D-layer can absorb RFD-layer can absorb RF F-layer can act as an RF mirrorF-layer can act as an RF mirror

Sky-wave propagation due to F-layer is Sky-wave propagation due to F-layer is responsible for most long-range, over responsible for most long-range, over the horizon communication.the horizon communication. Reflection depends on frequency and angle Reflection depends on frequency and angle

of incidence and time of day.of incidence and time of day. Lower HF bands (160M, 80M, 40M) Lower HF bands (160M, 80M, 40M)

propagate at nightpropagate at night Higher HF bands (20M, 10M) propagate Higher HF bands (20M, 10M) propagate

best in the daybest in the day

174

Why are direct (not via a Why are direct (not via a repeater) UHF signals rarely repeater) UHF signals rarely heard from stations outside heard from stations outside your local coverage area?your local coverage area?

A. They are too weak to go very farA. They are too weak to go very far B. FCC regulations prohibit them B. FCC regulations prohibit them

from going more than 50 milesfrom going more than 50 miles C. UHF signals are usually not C. UHF signals are usually not

reflected by the ionospherereflected by the ionosphere D. They collide with trees and D. They collide with trees and

shrubbery and fade outshrubbery and fade outT3C01 (C)

175

Which of the following might be Which of the following might be happening when VHF signals happening when VHF signals are being received from long are being received from long

distances?distances?

A. Signals are being reflected from outer A. Signals are being reflected from outer spacespace

B. Signals are arriving by sub-surface ductingB. Signals are arriving by sub-surface ducting C. Signals are being reflected by lightning C. Signals are being reflected by lightning

storms in your areastorms in your area D. Signals are being refracted from a sporadic D. Signals are being refracted from a sporadic

E layerE layer

T3C02 (D)

176

What is a characteristic of VHF What is a characteristic of VHF signals received via auroral signals received via auroral

reflection?reflection? A. Signals from distances of 10,000 or A. Signals from distances of 10,000 or

more miles are commonmore miles are common B. The signals exhibit rapid fluctuations of B. The signals exhibit rapid fluctuations of

strength and often sound distortedstrength and often sound distorted C. These types of signals occur only C. These types of signals occur only

during winter nighttime hoursduring winter nighttime hours D. These types of signals are generally D. These types of signals are generally

strongest when your antenna is aimed strongest when your antenna is aimed westwest

T3C03 (B)

177

Which of the following Which of the following propagation types is most propagation types is most commonly associated with commonly associated with occasional strong over-the-occasional strong over-the-horizon signals on the 10, 6, horizon signals on the 10, 6,

and 2 meter bands?and 2 meter bands? A. BackscatterA. Backscatter B. Sporadic EB. Sporadic E C. D layer absorptionC. D layer absorption D. Gray-line propagationD. Gray-line propagation

T3C04 (B)

178

Which of the following effects might Which of the following effects might cause radio signals to be heard cause radio signals to be heard

despite obstructions between the despite obstructions between the transmitting and receiving stations?transmitting and receiving stations?

A. Knife-edge defractionA. Knife-edge defraction B. Faraday rotationB. Faraday rotation C. Quantum tunnelingC. Quantum tunneling D. Doppler shiftD. Doppler shift

T3C05 (A)

179

What mode is responsible for What mode is responsible for allowing over-the-horizon VHF and allowing over-the-horizon VHF and UHF communications to ranges of UHF communications to ranges of

approximately 300 miles on a approximately 300 miles on a

regular basis?regular basis? A. Tropospheric scatterA. Tropospheric scatter B. D layer refractionB. D layer refraction C. F2 layer refractionC. F2 layer refraction D. Faraday rotationD. Faraday rotation

T3C06 (A)

180

What band is best suited for What band is best suited for communicating via meteor communicating via meteor

scatter?scatter? A. 10 metersA. 10 meters B. 6 metersB. 6 meters C. 2 metersC. 2 meters D. 70 cmD. 70 cm

T3C07 (B)

181

What causes tropospheric What causes tropospheric ducting?ducting?

A. Discharges of lightning during electrical A. Discharges of lightning during electrical stormsstorms

B. Sunspots and solar flaresB. Sunspots and solar flares C. Updrafts from hurricanes and tornadoesC. Updrafts from hurricanes and tornadoes D. Temperature inversions in the D. Temperature inversions in the

atmosphereatmosphere

T3C08 (D)

182

What is generally the best time What is generally the best time for long-distance 10 meter for long-distance 10 meter band propagation via the F band propagation via the F

layer?layer? A. During daylight hoursA. During daylight hours B. During nighttime hoursB. During nighttime hours C. When there are coronal mass C. When there are coronal mass

ejectionsejections D. Whenever the solar flux is lowD. Whenever the solar flux is low

T3C09 (A)

183

Which of the following bands Which of the following bands may provide long distance may provide long distance

communications during the communications during the peak of the sunspot cycle?peak of the sunspot cycle?

A. Six or 10 metersA. Six or 10 meters B. 23 centimetersB. 23 centimeters C. 70 centimeters or 1.25 metersC. 70 centimeters or 1.25 meters D. all of these choices are correctD. all of these choices are correct

T3C12 (A)

184

What is the radio horizon?What is the radio horizon?

A. The distance over which two stations can A. The distance over which two stations can communicate by direct pathcommunicate by direct path

B. The distance from the ground to a B. The distance from the ground to a horizontally mounted antennahorizontally mounted antenna

C. The farthest point you can see when C. The farthest point you can see when standing at the base of your antenna towerstanding at the base of your antenna tower

D. The shortest distance between two D. The shortest distance between two points on the Earth's surfacepoints on the Earth's surface

T3C10 (A)

185

Why do VHF and UHF radio Why do VHF and UHF radio signals usually travel somewhat signals usually travel somewhat

farther than the visual line of sight farther than the visual line of sight distance between two stations?distance between two stations?

A. Radio signals move somewhat faster than the A. Radio signals move somewhat faster than the speed of lightspeed of light

B. Radio waves are not blocked by dust particlesB. Radio waves are not blocked by dust particles C. The Earth seems less curved to radio waves C. The Earth seems less curved to radio waves

than to lightthan to light D. Radio waves are blocked by dust particlesD. Radio waves are blocked by dust particles

T3C11 (C)

186

What should you do if another What should you do if another operator reports that your operator reports that your

station’s 2 meter signals were station’s 2 meter signals were strong just a moment ago, but now strong just a moment ago, but now

they are weak or distorted?they are weak or distorted?

A. Change the batteries in your radio to a different typeA. Change the batteries in your radio to a different type B. Turn on the CTCSS toneB. Turn on the CTCSS tone C. Ask the other operator to adjust his squelch controlC. Ask the other operator to adjust his squelch control D. Try moving a few feet or changing the direction of D. Try moving a few feet or changing the direction of

your antenna if possible, as reflections may be causing your antenna if possible, as reflections may be causing multi-path distortionmulti-path distortion

T3A01 (D)

187

Why are UHF signals often Why are UHF signals often more effective from inside more effective from inside

buildings than VHF signals?buildings than VHF signals? A. VHF signals lose power faster over distanceA. VHF signals lose power faster over distance B. The shorter wavelength allows them to more B. The shorter wavelength allows them to more

easily penetrate the structure of buildingseasily penetrate the structure of buildings C. This is incorrect; VHF works better than C. This is incorrect; VHF works better than

UHF inside buildingsUHF inside buildings D. UHF antennas are more efficient than VHF D. UHF antennas are more efficient than VHF

antennasantennas

T3A02 (B)

188

When using a directional antenna, When using a directional antenna, how might your station be able to how might your station be able to

access a distant repeater if access a distant repeater if buildings or obstructions are buildings or obstructions are

blocking the direct line of sight blocking the direct line of sight path?path?

A. Change from vertical to horizontal polarizationA. Change from vertical to horizontal polarization B. Try to find a path that reflects signals to the B. Try to find a path that reflects signals to the

repeaterrepeater C. Try the long pathC. Try the long path D. Increase the antenna SWRD. Increase the antenna SWR

T3A05 (B)

189

What term is commonly used What term is commonly used to describe the rapid fluttering to describe the rapid fluttering sound sometimes heard from sound sometimes heard from

mobile stations that are mobile stations that are moving while transmitting?moving while transmitting?

A. Flip-floppingA. Flip-flopping B. Picket fencingB. Picket fencing C. Frequency shiftingC. Frequency shifting D. PulsingD. Pulsing

T3A06 (B)

190

What type of wave carries What type of wave carries radio signals between radio signals between

transmitting and receiving transmitting and receiving stations?stations?

A. ElectromagneticA. Electromagnetic B. ElectrostaticB. Electrostatic C. Surface acousticC. Surface acoustic D. MagnetostrictiveD. Magnetostrictive

T3A07 (A)

191

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a likely cause of irregular fading likely cause of irregular fading

of signals received by of signals received by ionospheric reflectionionospheric reflection

A. Frequency shift due to Faraday A. Frequency shift due to Faraday rotationrotation

B. Interference from thunderstorms B. Interference from thunderstorms C. Random combining of signals arriving C. Random combining of signals arriving

via different pathsvia different paths D. Intermodulation distortionD. Intermodulation distortion

T3A08 (C)

192

Which of the following results Which of the following results from the fact that skip signals from the fact that skip signals refracted from the ionosphere refracted from the ionosphere

are elliptically polarized?are elliptically polarized? A. Digital modes are unusableA. Digital modes are unusable B. Either vertically or horizontally polarized B. Either vertically or horizontally polarized

antennas may be used for transmission or receptionantennas may be used for transmission or reception C. FM voice is unusableC. FM voice is unusable D. Both the transmitting and receiving antennas D. Both the transmitting and receiving antennas

must be of the same polarizationmust be of the same polarization

T3A09 (B)

193

What may occur if data signals What may occur if data signals propagate over multiple paths?propagate over multiple paths?

A. Transmission rates can be increased by a factor equal to A. Transmission rates can be increased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observedthe number of separate paths observed

B. Transmission rates must be decreased by a factor equal B. Transmission rates must be decreased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observedto the number of separate paths observed

C. No significant changes will occur if the signals are C. No significant changes will occur if the signals are transmitting using FMtransmitting using FM

D. Error rates are likely to increaseD. Error rates are likely to increase

T3A10 (D)

194

Which part of the Which part of the atmosphere enables the atmosphere enables the

propagation of radio signals propagation of radio signals around the world?around the world?

A. The stratosphereA. The stratosphere B. The troposphereB. The troposphere C. The ionosphereC. The ionosphere D. The magnetosphereD. The magnetosphere

T3A11 (C)

195

RFI & SolutionsRFI & Solutions

196

Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)Interference (RFI)

Unwanted, unintentional signals Unwanted, unintentional signals from some electronic device that from some electronic device that interferes with radio wave interferes with radio wave reception.reception.

You can prevent creating RFI by You can prevent creating RFI by operating your transmitting operating your transmitting equipment properly.equipment properly.

197

RFI MitigationRFI Mitigation

FiltersFilters Filters attenuate (reduce) interfering Filters attenuate (reduce) interfering

signals – but do not totally eliminate them.signals – but do not totally eliminate them. High-pass –generally on the receive High-pass –generally on the receive

side.side. Low-pass – generally on the transmit Low-pass – generally on the transmit

side.side. Band-pass – used within most radio Band-pass – used within most radio

equipmentequipment Band-reject – selectively applied as Band-reject – selectively applied as

neededneeded

198

Types of RFITypes of RFI

Direct detection – offending Direct detection – offending signals get into the electronics signals get into the electronics circuits to cause interference.circuits to cause interference.

Overload – strong signal that Overload – strong signal that overwhelms the weaker, wanted overwhelms the weaker, wanted signal.signal.

Harmonics – integer multiples of Harmonics – integer multiples of the offending signal that coincide the offending signal that coincide with the wanted signal.with the wanted signal.

199

Dealing with RFIDealing with RFI

Take interference complaints seriously.Take interference complaints seriously. Make sure that you’re really not the Make sure that you’re really not the

cause (demonstrate that you don’t cause (demonstrate that you don’t interfere within your own home).interfere within your own home).

Offer to help eliminate the RFI, even if Offer to help eliminate the RFI, even if you are not at fault.you are not at fault.

RFI from and to unlicensed devices is RFI from and to unlicensed devices is the responsibility of the users of such the responsibility of the users of such devicesdevices

Bottom line – If your station is Bottom line – If your station is operating properly, you are protected operating properly, you are protected against interference complaintsagainst interference complaints

200

Which of the following meets Which of the following meets the FCC definition of the FCC definition of harmful interference?harmful interference?

A. Radio transmissions that annoy users of a A. Radio transmissions that annoy users of a repeaterrepeater

B. Unwanted radio transmissions that cause B. Unwanted radio transmissions that cause costly harm to radio station apparatuscostly harm to radio station apparatus

C. That which seriously degrades, obstructs, or C. That which seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a radio communication repeatedly interrupts a radio communication service operating in accordance with the Radio service operating in accordance with the Radio RegulationsRegulations

D. Static from lightning stormsD. Static from lightning storms

T1A04 (C) [97.3(a)(23)]

201

Which of the following services Which of the following services are protected from are protected from

interference by amateur interference by amateur signals under all signals under all circumstances?circumstances?

A. Citizen Radio ServiceA. Citizen Radio Service B. Broadcast ServiceB. Broadcast Service C. Land Mobile Radio ServiceC. Land Mobile Radio Service D. Radionavigation ServiceD. Radionavigation Service

T1A06 (D)

202

Where must a filter be installed Where must a filter be installed to reduce harmonic emissions to reduce harmonic emissions

from your station?from your station?

A. Between the transmitter and the A. Between the transmitter and the antennaantenna

B. Between the receiver and the B. Between the receiver and the transmittertransmitter

C. At the station power supplyC. At the station power supply D. At the microphone D. At the microphone

T4A04 (A)

203

What type of filter should be What type of filter should be connected to a TV receiver as connected to a TV receiver as

the first step in trying to the first step in trying to prevent RF overload from a prevent RF overload from a nearby 2 meter transmitter?nearby 2 meter transmitter?

A. Low-pass filterA. Low-pass filter B. High-pass filterB. High-pass filter C. Band-pass filterC. Band-pass filter D. Band-reject filterD. Band-reject filter

T4A05 (D)

204

What can you do if you are What can you do if you are told your FM handheld or told your FM handheld or mobile transceiver is over-mobile transceiver is over-

deviating?deviating?

A. Talk louder into the microphoneA. Talk louder into the microphone B. Let the transceiver cool offB. Let the transceiver cool off C. Change to a higher power levelC. Change to a higher power level D. Talk farther away from the D. Talk farther away from the

microphonemicrophone

T7B01 (D)

205

What would cause a broadcast What would cause a broadcast AM or FM radio to receive an AM or FM radio to receive an amateur radio transmission amateur radio transmission

unintentionally?unintentionally? A. The receiver is unable to reject strong signals A. The receiver is unable to reject strong signals

outside the AM or FM bandoutside the AM or FM band B. The microphone gain of the transmitter is B. The microphone gain of the transmitter is

turned up too highturned up too high C. The audio amplifier of the transmitter is C. The audio amplifier of the transmitter is

overloadedoverloaded D. The deviation of an FM transmitter is set too D. The deviation of an FM transmitter is set too

lowlow

T7B02 (A)

206

Which of the following may Which of the following may be a cause of radio be a cause of radio

frequency interference?frequency interference?

A. Fundamental overloadA. Fundamental overload B. HarmonicsB. Harmonics C. Spurious emissionsC. Spurious emissions D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T7B03 (D)

207

Which of the following is a way Which of the following is a way to reduce or eliminate to reduce or eliminate

interference by an amateur interference by an amateur transmitter to a nearby transmitter to a nearby

telephone?telephone? A. Put a filter on the amateur A. Put a filter on the amateur

transmittertransmitter B. Reduce the microphone gainB. Reduce the microphone gain C. Reduce the SWR of the C. Reduce the SWR of the

transmitter transmission linetransmitter transmission line D. Put a RF filter on the telephoneD. Put a RF filter on the telephone

T7B04 (D)

208

How can overload of a non-How can overload of a non-amateur radio or TV receiver by amateur radio or TV receiver by an amateur signal be reduced or an amateur signal be reduced or

eliminated?eliminated? A. Block the amateur signal with a filter at the A. Block the amateur signal with a filter at the

antenna input of the affected receiverantenna input of the affected receiver B. Block the interfering signal with a filter on the B. Block the interfering signal with a filter on the

amateur transmitteramateur transmitter C. Switch the transmitter from FM to SSBC. Switch the transmitter from FM to SSB D. Switch the transmitter to a narrow-band modeD. Switch the transmitter to a narrow-band mode

T7B05 (A)

209

Which of the following actions Which of the following actions should you take if a neighbor should you take if a neighbor tells you that your station’s tells you that your station’s

transmissions are interfering transmissions are interfering with their radio or TV with their radio or TV

reception?reception? A. Make sure that your station is functioning properly and A. Make sure that your station is functioning properly and

that it does not cause interference to your own radio or that it does not cause interference to your own radio or television when it is tuned to the same channeltelevision when it is tuned to the same channel

B. Immediately turn off your transmitter and contact the B. Immediately turn off your transmitter and contact the nearest FCC office for assistancenearest FCC office for assistance

C. Tell them that your license gives you the right to C. Tell them that your license gives you the right to transmit and nothing can be done to reduce the transmit and nothing can be done to reduce the interferenceinterference

D. Install a harmonic doubler on the output of your D. Install a harmonic doubler on the output of your transmitter and tune it until the interference is eliminatedtransmitter and tune it until the interference is eliminated

T7B06 (A)

210

What might be the first step to What might be the first step to resolve cable TV interference resolve cable TV interference

from your ham radio from your ham radio transmission?transmission?

A. Add a low pass filter to the TV antenna A. Add a low pass filter to the TV antenna inputinput

B. Add a high pass filter to the TV antenna B. Add a high pass filter to the TV antenna inputinput

C. Add a preamplifier to the TV antenna inputC. Add a preamplifier to the TV antenna input D. Be sure all TV coaxial connectors are D. Be sure all TV coaxial connectors are

installed properlyinstalled properly

T7B12 (D)

211

Which of the following may Which of the following may be useful in correcting a be useful in correcting a

radio frequency interference radio frequency interference problem?problem?

A. Snap-on ferrite chokesA. Snap-on ferrite chokes B. Low-pass and high-pass filtersB. Low-pass and high-pass filters C. Band-reject and band-pass filtersC. Band-reject and band-pass filters D. All of these choices are correct D. All of these choices are correct

T7B07 (D)

212

What should you do if What should you do if something in a neighbor’s home something in a neighbor’s home is causing harmful interference is causing harmful interference

to your amateur station?to your amateur station?

A. Work with your neighbor to identify the A. Work with your neighbor to identify the offending deviceoffending device

B. Politely inform your neighbor about the B. Politely inform your neighbor about the rules that prohibit the use of devices which rules that prohibit the use of devices which cause interferencecause interference

C. Check your station and make sure it C. Check your station and make sure it meets the standards of good amateur meets the standards of good amateur practicepractice

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correctT7B08 (D)

213

What is a Part 15 device?What is a Part 15 device?

A. An unlicensed device that may emit low powered A. An unlicensed device that may emit low powered radio signals on frequencies used by a licensed serviceradio signals on frequencies used by a licensed service

B. A type of amateur radio that can legally be used in B. A type of amateur radio that can legally be used in the citizen’s bandthe citizen’s band

C. A device for long distance communications using C. A device for long distance communications using special codes sanctioned by the International Amateur special codes sanctioned by the International Amateur Radio UnionRadio Union

D. A type of test set used to determine whether a D. A type of test set used to determine whether a transmitter is in compliance with FCC regulation 91.15transmitter is in compliance with FCC regulation 91.15

T7B09 (A)

214

What might be the problem if What might be the problem if you receive a report that your you receive a report that your

audio signal through the audio signal through the repeater is distorted or repeater is distorted or

unintelligible?unintelligible? A. Your transmitter may be slightly off A. Your transmitter may be slightly off

frequencyfrequency B. Your batteries may be running lowB. Your batteries may be running low C. You could be in a bad locationC. You could be in a bad location D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T7B10 (D)

215

What is a symptom of RF What is a symptom of RF feedback in a transmitter or feedback in a transmitter or

transceiver?transceiver?

A. Excessive SWR at the antenna A. Excessive SWR at the antenna connectionconnection

B. The transmitter will not stay on the B. The transmitter will not stay on the desired frequencydesired frequency

C. Reports of garbled, distorted, or C. Reports of garbled, distorted, or unintelligible transmissionsunintelligible transmissions

D. Frequent blowing of power supply D. Frequent blowing of power supply fusesfuses

T7B11 (C)

216

Which type of conductor is Which type of conductor is best to use for RF best to use for RF

grounding?grounding? A. Round stranded wire A. Round stranded wire B. Round copper-clad steel wireB. Round copper-clad steel wire C. Twisted-pair cableC. Twisted-pair cable D. Flat strapD. Flat strap

T4A08 (D)

217

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a common reason to use shielded common reason to use shielded

wire?wire?

A. To decrease the resistance of DC power A. To decrease the resistance of DC power connectionsconnections

B. To inctease the current carrying B. To inctease the current carrying capability of the wirecapability of the wire

C. To prevent coupling of unwanted C. To prevent coupling of unwanted signals to or from the wiresignals to or from the wire

D. To couple the wire to other signalsD. To couple the wire to other signals

T6D12 (C)

218

Which of the following could Which of the following could you use to cure distorted audio you use to cure distorted audio caused by RF current flowing on caused by RF current flowing on

the shield of a microphone the shield of a microphone cable? cable?

A. Band-pass filterA. Band-pass filter B. Low-pass filterB. Low-pass filter C. PreamplifierC. Preamplifier D. Ferrite chokeD. Ferrite choke

T4A09 (D)

219

What could be happening if What could be happening if another operator reports a another operator reports a

variable high-pitched whine on variable high-pitched whine on the audio from your mobile the audio from your mobile

transmitter?transmitter? A. Your microphone is picking up noise from an A. Your microphone is picking up noise from an

open windowopen window B. You have the volume on your receiver set too B. You have the volume on your receiver set too

highhigh C. You need to adjust your squelch controlC. You need to adjust your squelch control D. Noise on the vehicle’s electrical system is D. Noise on the vehicle’s electrical system is

being transmitted along with your speech audiobeing transmitted along with your speech audio

T4A12 (D)

220

What is the source of a high-What is the source of a high-pitched whine that varies pitched whine that varies

with engine speed in a with engine speed in a mobile transceiver’s receive mobile transceiver’s receive

audio?audio? A. The ignition systemA. The ignition system B. The alternatorB. The alternator C. The electric fuel pumpC. The electric fuel pump D. Anti-lock braking system D. Anti-lock braking system

controllerscontrollers

T4A10 (B)

221

Where should the negative Where should the negative return connection of a return connection of a

mobile transceiver’s power mobile transceiver’s power cable be connected?cable be connected?

A. At the battery or engine block ground A. At the battery or engine block ground strapstrap

B. At the antenna mountB. At the antenna mount C. To any metal part of the vehicleC. To any metal part of the vehicle D. Through the transceiver’s mounting D. Through the transceiver’s mounting

bracketbracket

T4A11 (A)

222

Which of the following Which of the following methods is used to locate methods is used to locate

sources of noise interference sources of noise interference or jamming?or jamming?

A. EcholocationA. Echolocation B. Doppler radar B. Doppler radar C. Radio direction findingC. Radio direction finding D. Phase lockingD. Phase locking

T8C01 (C)

223

Which of these items would Which of these items would be useful for a hidden be useful for a hidden

transmitter hunt?transmitter hunt?

A. Calibrated SWR meterA. Calibrated SWR meter B. A directional antennaB. A directional antenna C. A calibrated noise bridgeC. A calibrated noise bridge D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T8C02 (B)

224

What could cause your FM signal to What could cause your FM signal to interfere with stations n nearby interfere with stations n nearby

frequencies?frequencies?

A. Microphone gain too high, causing A. Microphone gain too high, causing over-deviationover-deviation

B. SWR too highB. SWR too high C. Incorrect CTCSS ToneC. Incorrect CTCSS Tone D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T2B07 (A)

225

Electronic ComponentsElectronic Components

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Electronic ComponentsElectronic Components There are many types of electronic components There are many types of electronic components Resistors impede the flow of current and are Resistors impede the flow of current and are

measured in Ohmsmeasured in Ohms

Capacitors store energy in an electric field and are Capacitors store energy in an electric field and are measured in Faradsmeasured in Farads

Inductors store energy in a magnetic field and are Inductors store energy in a magnetic field and are measured in Henrysmeasured in Henrys

Transformers change AC voltage levels, up or downTransformers change AC voltage levels, up or down

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Electronic Components Electronic Components (cont)(cont)

Diodes are semiconductors that only allow current Diodes are semiconductors that only allow current to flow one-way, have two terminals (anode and to flow one-way, have two terminals (anode and cathode), and they include types such as rectifiers cathode), and they include types such as rectifiers (power diode) or LEDs (light-emitting diode)(power diode) or LEDs (light-emitting diode)

Transistors are semiconductors that can control Transistors are semiconductors that can control and amplify current (called gain), they have 3 and amplify current (called gain), they have 3 terminals and include many types, two being BJT terminals and include many types, two being BJT and FETand FET BJTs (bipolar junction transistor) have collector, base and BJTs (bipolar junction transistor) have collector, base and

emitteremitter terminals terminals

FETs (field effect transistor) have source, drain and FETs (field effect transistor) have source, drain and gategate terminalsterminals

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Electronic Components Electronic Components (cont)(cont)

There are many other componentsThere are many other components Batteries Batteries AC PowerAC Power

SwitchesSwitches

RelaysRelays FusesFuses LampsLamps

Terminals Terminals GroundGround AntennaAntenna

Microphones or SpeakersMicrophones or Speakers

Integrated circuits (semiconductors containing many Integrated circuits (semiconductors containing many transistors)transistors)

Etc, etcEtc, etc

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What is the ability to store What is the ability to store energy in an electric field energy in an electric field

called?called? A. InductanceA. Inductance B. ResistanceB. Resistance C. Tolerance C. Tolerance D. CapacitanceD. Capacitance

T5C01 (D)

230

What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of capacitance?capacitance?

A. The faradA. The farad B. The ohmB. The ohm C. The voltC. The volt D. The henryD. The henry

T5C02 (A)

231

What electrical component What electrical component stores energy in an electric stores energy in an electric

field?field? A. ResistorA. Resistor B. CapacitorB. Capacitor C. InductorC. Inductor D. DiodeD. Diode

T6A04 (B)

232

What type of electrical What type of electrical component consists of two or component consists of two or

more conductive surfaces more conductive surfaces separated by an insulator?separated by an insulator?

A. ResistorA. Resistor B. PotentiometerB. Potentiometer C. OscillatorC. Oscillator D. CapacitorD. Capacitor

T6A05 (D)

233

What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of inductance?inductance?

A. The coulombA. The coulomb B. The faradB. The farad C. The henryC. The henry D. The ohmD. The ohm

T5C04 (C)

234

What is the ability to store What is the ability to store energy in a magnetic field energy in a magnetic field

called?called? A. AdmittanceA. Admittance B. CapacitanceB. Capacitance C. ResistanceC. Resistance D. InductanceD. Inductance

T5C03 (D)

235

What type of electrical What type of electrical component stores energy in component stores energy in

a magnetic field?a magnetic field? A. ResistorA. Resistor B. CapacitorB. Capacitor C. InductorC. Inductor D. DiodeD. Diode

T6A06 (C)

236

What electrical component What electrical component is usually composed of a coil is usually composed of a coil

of wire?of wire? A. SwitchA. Switch B. CapacitorB. Capacitor C. DiodeC. Diode D. InductorD. Inductor

T6A07 (D)

237

What is a simple resonant or What is a simple resonant or tuned circuit?tuned circuit?

A. An inductor and a capacitor connected A. An inductor and a capacitor connected in series or parallel to form a filterin series or parallel to form a filter

B. A type of voltage regulatorB. A type of voltage regulator C. A resistor circuit used for reducing C. A resistor circuit used for reducing

standing wave ratiostanding wave ratio D. A circuit designed to provide high D. A circuit designed to provide high

fidelity audiofidelity audio

T6D11 (A)

238

What electrical component is What electrical component is used to connect or disconnect used to connect or disconnect

electrical circuits?electrical circuits?

A. MagnetronA. Magnetron B. SwitchB. Switch C. ThermistorC. Thermistor D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T6A08 (B)

239

What electrical component is What electrical component is used to protect other circuit used to protect other circuit

components from current components from current overloads?overloads?

A. FuseA. Fuse B. CapacitorB. Capacitor C. InductorC. Inductor D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T6A09 (A)

240

What class of electronic What class of electronic components is capable of components is capable of using a voltage or current using a voltage or current signal to control current signal to control current

flow?flow? A. CapacitorsA. Capacitors B. InductorsB. Inductors C. ResistorsC. Resistors D. TransistorsD. Transistors

T6B01 (D)

241

What electronic component What electronic component allows current to flow in only allows current to flow in only

one direction?one direction?

A. ResistorA. Resistor B. FuseB. Fuse C. DiodeC. Diode D. Driven ElementD. Driven Element

T6B02 (C)

242

Which of these components can Which of these components can be used as an electronic switch be used as an electronic switch

or amplifier?or amplifier?

A. OscillatorA. Oscillator B. PotentiometerB. Potentiometer C. TransistorC. Transistor D. VoltmeterD. Voltmeter

T6B03 (C)

243

Which of these components can Which of these components can be made of three layers of be made of three layers of semiconductor material?semiconductor material?

A. AlternatorA. Alternator B. TransistorB. Transistor C. TriodeC. Triode D. Pentagrid converterD. Pentagrid converter

T6B04 (B)

244

Which of the following Which of the following electronic components can electronic components can

amplify signals?amplify signals?

A. TransistorA. Transistor B. Variable resistorB. Variable resistor C. Electrolytic capacitorC. Electrolytic capacitor D. Multi-cell battery D. Multi-cell battery

T6B05 (A)

245

How is the cathode lead of a How is the cathode lead of a semiconductor diode usually semiconductor diode usually

identified?identified?

A. With the word cathodeA. With the word cathode B. With a stripeB. With a stripe C. With the letter CC. With the letter C D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T6B06 (B)

246

What does the abbreviation What does the abbreviation LED stand for?LED stand for?

A. Low Emission DiodeA. Low Emission Diode B. Light Emitting DiodeB. Light Emitting Diode C. Liquid Emission DetectorC. Liquid Emission Detector D. Long Echo DelayD. Long Echo Delay

T6B07 (B)

247

What does the abbreviation What does the abbreviation FET stand for?FET stand for?

A. Field Effect TransistorA. Field Effect Transistor B. Fast Electron TransistorB. Fast Electron Transistor C. Free Electron TransitionC. Free Electron Transition D. Field Emission ThicknessD. Field Emission Thickness

T6B08 (A)

248

What are the names of the What are the names of the two electrodes of a diode?two electrodes of a diode?

A. Plus and minusA. Plus and minus B. Source and drainB. Source and drain C. Anode and cathodeC. Anode and cathode D. Gate and baseD. Gate and base

T6B09 (C)

249

What are the three What are the three electrodes of a PNP or NPN electrodes of a PNP or NPN

transistor?transistor?

A. Emitter, base, and collectorA. Emitter, base, and collector B. Source, gate, and drainB. Source, gate, and drain C. Cathode, grid, and plateC. Cathode, grid, and plate D. Cathode, drift cavity, and D. Cathode, drift cavity, and

collectorcollector

T6B10 (A)

250

What are the three What are the three electrodes of a field effect electrodes of a field effect

transistor?transistor?

A. Emitter, base, and collectorA. Emitter, base, and collector B. Source, gate, and drainB. Source, gate, and drain C. Cathode, grid, and plateC. Cathode, grid, and plate D. Cathode, gate, and anodeD. Cathode, gate, and anode

T6B11 (B)

251

What is the term that What is the term that describes a transistor's describes a transistor's

ability to amplify a signal?ability to amplify a signal?

A. GainA. Gain B. Forward resistanceB. Forward resistance C. Forward voltage dropC. Forward voltage drop D. On resistanceD. On resistance

T6B12 (A)

252

Which of the following Which of the following devices or circuits changes devices or circuits changes

an alternating current into a an alternating current into a varying direct current varying direct current

signal?signal? A. TransformerA. Transformer B. RectifierB. Rectifier C. AmplifierC. Amplifier D. ReflectorD. Reflector

T6D01 (B)

253

What best describes a relay?What best describes a relay?

A. A switch controlled by an A. A switch controlled by an electromagnetelectromagnet

B. A current controlled amplifierB. A current controlled amplifier C. An optical sensorC. An optical sensor D. A pass transistorD. A pass transistor

T6D02 (A)

254

Which of the following can Which of the following can be used to display signal be used to display signal

strength on a numeric scale?strength on a numeric scale?

A. PotentiometerA. Potentiometer B. TransistorB. Transistor C. MeterC. Meter D. RelayD. Relay

T6D04 (C)

255

What type of circuit controls What type of circuit controls the amount of voltage from a the amount of voltage from a

power supply?power supply?

A. RegulatorA. Regulator B. OscillatorB. Oscillator C. FilterC. Filter D. Phase inverterD. Phase inverter

T6D05 (A)

256

What component is What component is commonly used to change commonly used to change

120V AC house current to a 120V AC house current to a lower AC voltage for other lower AC voltage for other

uses?uses? A. Variable capacitorA. Variable capacitor B. TransformerB. Transformer C. TransistorC. Transistor D. DiodeD. Diode

T6D06 (B)

257

Which of the following is Which of the following is commonly used as a visual commonly used as a visual

indicator?indicator?

A. LEDA. LED B. FETB. FET C. Zener diodeC. Zener diode D. Bipolar transistorD. Bipolar transistor

T6D07 (A)

258

Which of the following is Which of the following is used together with an used together with an

inductor to make a tuned inductor to make a tuned circuit?circuit?

A. ResistorA. Resistor B. Zener diodeB. Zener diode C. PotentiometerC. Potentiometer D. CapacitorD. Capacitor

T6D08 (D)

259

What is the name of a device What is the name of a device that combines several that combines several

semiconductors and other semiconductors and other components into one components into one

package?package? A. TransducerA. Transducer B. Multi-pole relayB. Multi-pole relay C. Integrated circuitC. Integrated circuit D. TransformerD. Transformer

T6D09 (C)

260

Basic CircuitsBasic Circuits

261

Simple CircuitsSimple Circuits Electronic components are Electronic components are

assembled together into assembled together into circuits to perform a certain circuits to perform a certain functionfunction

The wiring diagram showing The wiring diagram showing the electronic components the electronic components and how they are and how they are interconnected is called a interconnected is called a schematic diagramschematic diagram

This is an example schematic This is an example schematic diagram showing:diagram showing: Input terminalsInput terminals Resistor (#1)Resistor (#1) Transistor (#2)Transistor (#2) Lamp (#3)Lamp (#3) Battery (#4)Battery (#4) Ground (#5, see note)Ground (#5, see note)

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Note: “Ground” is not an electronic componenteven though it has its own symbol! It isa wiring and diagram convention that means acommon wiring point in the circuit as well as areference point for electrical measurements.

262

What is the name for What is the name for standardized representations of standardized representations of

components in an electrical components in an electrical wiring diagram?wiring diagram?

A. Electrical depictionsA. Electrical depictions B. Grey sketchB. Grey sketch C. Schematic symbolsC. Schematic symbols D. Component calloutsD. Component callouts

T6C01 (C)

263

What do the symbols on an What do the symbols on an electrical circuit schematic electrical circuit schematic

diagram represent?diagram represent?

A. Electrical componentsA. Electrical components B. Logic statesB. Logic states C. Digital codesC. Digital codes D. Traffic nodesD. Traffic nodes

T6C12 (A)

264

Which of the following is Which of the following is accurately represented in accurately represented in

electrical circuit schematic electrical circuit schematic diagrams?diagrams?

A. Wire lengthsA. Wire lengths B. Physical appearance of componentsB. Physical appearance of components C. The way components are C. The way components are

interconnectedinterconnected D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T6C13 (C)

265

What is component 1 in What is component 1 in figure T1?figure T1?

A. ResistorA. Resistor B. TransistorB. Transistor C. BatteryC. Battery D. ConnectorD. Connector

T6C02 (A)

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266

What is component 2 in What is component 2 in figure T1?figure T1?

A. ResistorA. Resistor B. TransistorB. Transistor C. Indicator C. Indicator

lamplamp D. ConnectorD. Connector

T6C03 (B)

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267

What is component 3 in What is component 3 in figure T1?figure T1?

A. ResistorA. Resistor B. TransistorB. Transistor C. LampC. Lamp D. Ground D. Ground

symbolsymbol

T6C04 (C)

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What is component 4 in What is component 4 in figure T1?figure T1?

A. ResistorA. Resistor B. TransistorB. Transistor C. BatteryC. Battery D. Ground D. Ground

symbolsymbol

T6C05 (C)

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What is the function of What is the function of component 2 in Figure T1?component 2 in Figure T1?

A. Give off light when A. Give off light when current flows current flows through itthrough it

B. Supply electrical B. Supply electrical energyenergy

C. Control the flow of C. Control the flow of currentcurrent

D. Convert electrical D. Convert electrical energy into radio energy into radio waveswaves

T6D10 (C)

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270

What is component 6 in What is component 6 in figure T2?figure T2?

A. ResistorA. Resistor B. CapacitorB. Capacitor C. Regulator ICC. Regulator IC D. TransistorD. Transistor T6C06 (B)

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What is component 8 in What is component 8 in figure T2?figure T2?

A. ResistorA. Resistor B. InductorB. Inductor C. Regulator ICC. Regulator IC D. Light emitting D. Light emitting

diodediode T6C07 (D)

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What is component 9 in What is component 9 in figure T2?figure T2?

A. Variable capacitorA. Variable capacitor B. Variable inductorB. Variable inductor C. Variable resistorC. Variable resistor D. Variable transformerD. Variable transformer

T6C08 (C)

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What is component 4 in What is component 4 in figure T2?figure T2?

A. Variable inductorA. Variable inductor B. Double-pole switchB. Double-pole switch C. PotentiometerC. Potentiometer D. TransformerD. Transformer

T6C09 (D)

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What type of switch is What type of switch is represented by component represented by component

3 in figure T2?3 in figure T2?

A. Single-pole single-throwA. Single-pole single-throw B. Single-pole double-throwB. Single-pole double-throw C. Double-pole single-throwC. Double-pole single-throw D. Double-pole double-throwD. Double-pole double-throw

T6D03 (A)

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What is component 3 in What is component 3 in figure T3?figure T3?

A. ConnectorA. Connector B. MeterB. Meter C. Variable C. Variable

capacitorcapacitor D. Variable D. Variable

inductorinductor

T6C10 (D)

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What is component 4 in What is component 4 in figure T3?figure T3?

A. AntennaA. Antenna B. TransmitterB. Transmitter C. Dummy loadC. Dummy load D. GroundD. Ground

T6C11 (A)

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Transceiver BasicsTransceiver Basics

The transmitter The transmitter and receiver and receiver sections share a sections share a common antenna common antenna and power supplyand power supply

The transmitter The transmitter and receiver use and receiver use internal rf signals internal rf signals generated by generated by oscillatorsoscillators

Mixers move the Mixers move the oscillator signals to oscillator signals to new frequencies as new frequencies as requiredrequired

PRODUCTDETECTOR

Most modern transmitters Most modern transmitters and receivers are and receivers are combined in one unit – combined in one unit – called a transceiver – to called a transceiver – to reduce cost and reduce cost and physical sizephysical size

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Transceiver Basics (Cont’d)Transceiver Basics (Cont’d) The receiver uses an oscillator and mixer to downconvert the The receiver uses an oscillator and mixer to downconvert the

incoming signal and a demodulator to recover the voice or dataincoming signal and a demodulator to recover the voice or data The primary performance attributes of the receiver are:The primary performance attributes of the receiver are:

Sensitivity – the ability to detect weak signalsSensitivity – the ability to detect weak signals Selectivity – the ability to discriminate between signals of nearly the Selectivity – the ability to discriminate between signals of nearly the

same frequencysame frequency A preamplifier is often used to make the receiver more A preamplifier is often used to make the receiver more

sensitivesensitive

279

Transceiver Basics (Cont’d)Transceiver Basics (Cont’d) The transmitter uses an oscillator (and mixer) to The transmitter uses an oscillator (and mixer) to

generate the carrier frequency and a modulator to generate the carrier frequency and a modulator to add the voice or data to the carrieradd the voice or data to the carrier

A Transverter (short for “transmitting converter”) is A Transverter (short for “transmitting converter”) is sometimes used to convert a transceiver to operate on sometimes used to convert a transceiver to operate on another frequency bandanother frequency band For example, HF SSB/CW at 28 MHz translated to 222 MHzFor example, HF SSB/CW at 28 MHz translated to 222 MHz

280

Transceiver Basics (Cont’d)Transceiver Basics (Cont’d) Most modern radios operate on “12 volts” direct Most modern radios operate on “12 volts” direct

current (DC) for fixed-station or mobile usecurrent (DC) for fixed-station or mobile use The actual voltage is 13.8 Vdc which is the charging voltage The actual voltage is 13.8 Vdc which is the charging voltage

for most motorized vehiclesfor most motorized vehicles Regulated voltage is preferred in order to minimize voltage Regulated voltage is preferred in order to minimize voltage

fluctuationsfluctuations Microphone and power connectors may vary among Microphone and power connectors may vary among

manufacturers and modelsmanufacturers and models

281

Transceiver Basics (Cont’d)Transceiver Basics (Cont’d) A handheld transceiver usually transmits at low A handheld transceiver usually transmits at low

power (5 watts or less)power (5 watts or less) An external amplifier can be used to increase the An external amplifier can be used to increase the

transmitted powertransmitted power A “full size” multi-mode base station can transmit A “full size” multi-mode base station can transmit

at high power and usually has superior receiving at high power and usually has superior receiving capability for intercepting weak signalscapability for intercepting weak signals

282

What is a transceiver?What is a transceiver?

A. A type of antenna switchA. A type of antenna switch B. A unit combining the functions of a B. A unit combining the functions of a

transmitter and a receivertransmitter and a receiver C. A component in a repeater which filters out C. A component in a repeater which filters out

unwanted interferenceunwanted interference D. A type of antenna matching networkD. A type of antenna matching network

T7A02 (B)

283

What is the name of a circuit What is the name of a circuit that generates a signal of a that generates a signal of a

desired frequency?desired frequency?

A. Reactance modulatorA. Reactance modulator B. Product detectorB. Product detector C. Low-pass filterC. Low-pass filter D. OscillatorD. Oscillator

T7A05 (D)

284

Which of the following is used Which of the following is used to convert a radio signal from to convert a radio signal from

one frequency to another?one frequency to another?

A. Phase splitterA. Phase splitter B. MixerB. Mixer C. InverterC. Inverter D. AmplifierD. Amplifier

T7A03 (B)

285

Where is an RF preamplifier Where is an RF preamplifier installed?installed?

A. Between the antenna and receiverA. Between the antenna and receiver B. At the output of the transmitter's B. At the output of the transmitter's

power amplifierpower amplifier C. Between a transmitter and antenna C. Between a transmitter and antenna

tunertuner D. At the receiver's audio outputD. At the receiver's audio output

T7A11 (A)

286

Which term describes the Which term describes the ability of a receiver to detect ability of a receiver to detect

the presence of a signal?the presence of a signal?

A. LinearityA. Linearity B. SensitivityB. Sensitivity C. SelectivityC. Selectivity D. Total harmonic distortionD. Total harmonic distortion

T7A01 (B)

287

Which term describes the Which term describes the ability of a receiver to ability of a receiver to

discriminate between multiple discriminate between multiple signals?signals?

A. Discrimination ratioA. Discrimination ratio B. SensitivityB. Sensitivity C. SelectivityC. Selectivity D. Harmonic distortionD. Harmonic distortion

T7A04 (C)

288

Which of the following Which of the following describes combining speech describes combining speech with an RF carrier signal?with an RF carrier signal?

A. Impedance matchingA. Impedance matching B. OscillationB. Oscillation C. ModulationC. Modulation D. Low-pass filteringD. Low-pass filtering

T7A08 (C)

289

How much voltage does a How much voltage does a mobile transceiver usually mobile transceiver usually

require?require?

A. About 12 voltsA. About 12 volts B. About 30 voltsB. About 30 volts C. About 120 voltsC. About 120 volts D. About 240 volts D. About 240 volts

T5A06 (A)

290

Which is a good reason to Which is a good reason to use a regulated power use a regulated power

supply for communications supply for communications equipment?equipment?

A. It prevents voltage fluctuations from A. It prevents voltage fluctuations from reaching sensitive circuitsreaching sensitive circuits

B. A regulated power supply has FCC B. A regulated power supply has FCC approvalapproval

C. A fuse or circuit breaker regulates the C. A fuse or circuit breaker regulates the powerpower

D. Power consumption is independent of D. Power consumption is independent of loadload

T4A03 (A)

291

Which of the following is Which of the following is true concerning the true concerning the

microphone connectors on microphone connectors on amateur transceivers?amateur transceivers?

A. All transceivers use the same A. All transceivers use the same microphone connector typemicrophone connector type

B. Some connectors include push-to-talk B. Some connectors include push-to-talk and voltages for powering the microphoneand voltages for powering the microphone

C. All transceivers using the same C. All transceivers using the same connector type are wired identicallyconnector type are wired identically

D. Un-keyed connectors allow any D. Un-keyed connectors allow any microphone to be connectedmicrophone to be connected

T4A01 (B)

292

What device takes the output of What device takes the output of a low-powered 28 MHz SSB a low-powered 28 MHz SSB

exciter and produces a 222 MHz exciter and produces a 222 MHz output signal?output signal?

A. High-pass filterA. High-pass filter B. Low-pass filterB. Low-pass filter C. TransverterC. Transverter D. Phase converterD. Phase converter

T7A06 (C)

293

What device increases the low-What device increases the low-power output from a handheld power output from a handheld

transceiver?transceiver?

A. A voltage dividerA. A voltage divider B. An RF power amplifierB. An RF power amplifier C. An impedance networkC. An impedance network D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T7A10 (B)

294

Which of the following devices Which of the following devices is most useful for VHF weak-is most useful for VHF weak-

signal communication?signal communication?

A. A quarter-wave vertical antennaA. A quarter-wave vertical antenna B. A multi-mode VHF transceiverB. A multi-mode VHF transceiver C. An omni-directional antennaC. An omni-directional antenna D. A mobile VHF FM transceiverD. A mobile VHF FM transceiver

T7A09 (B)

295

How might a computer be How might a computer be used as part of an amateur used as part of an amateur

radio station?radio station?

A. For logging contacts and contact A. For logging contacts and contact informationinformation

B. For sending and/or receiving CWB. For sending and/or receiving CW C. For generating and decoding C. For generating and decoding

digital signalsdigital signals D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T4A02 (D)

296

Testing ElectronicsTesting Electronics There is a specialized meter for each of the key There is a specialized meter for each of the key

electrical characteristics (Voltage, Current, Resistance)electrical characteristics (Voltage, Current, Resistance) Voltmeter, Ammeter, OhmmeterVoltmeter, Ammeter, Ohmmeter Voltage and Resistance are measured in parallelVoltage and Resistance are measured in parallel Current is measured in seriesCurrent is measured in series

An ohmmeter works by applying a small voltage and An ohmmeter works by applying a small voltage and measuring the resulting currentmeasuring the resulting current

A type of meter that combines V, I and R measurement A type of meter that combines V, I and R measurement (typically) is called a Multimeter(typically) is called a Multimeter

Other test equipment types include Wattmeter, SWR Other test equipment types include Wattmeter, SWR meter, Antenna Analyzer, etcmeter, Antenna Analyzer, etc

Electronic components are joined with rosin-core Electronic components are joined with rosin-core soldersolder Good solder connections are smooth/shiny, bad ones are Good solder connections are smooth/shiny, bad ones are

grainy/dullgrainy/dull

297

Which of the following Which of the following instruments can be used to instruments can be used to determine if an antenna is determine if an antenna is

resonant at the desired resonant at the desired operating frequency?operating frequency?

A. A VTVMA. A VTVM B. An antenna analyzerB. An antenna analyzer C. A Q meterC. A Q meter D. A frequency counterD. A frequency counter

T7C02 (B)

298

Which instrument would you Which instrument would you use to measure electric use to measure electric

potential or electromotive potential or electromotive force?force?

A. An ammeterA. An ammeter B. A voltmeterB. A voltmeter C. A wavemeterC. A wavemeter D. An ohmmeterD. An ohmmeter

T7D01 (B)

299

What is the correct way to What is the correct way to connect a voltmeter to a connect a voltmeter to a

circuit?circuit?

A. In series with the circuitA. In series with the circuit B. In parallel with the circuitB. In parallel with the circuit C. In quadrature with the circuitC. In quadrature with the circuit D. In phase with the circuitD. In phase with the circuit

T7D02 (B)

300

Which instrument is used to Which instrument is used to measure electric current?measure electric current?

A. An ohmmeterA. An ohmmeter B. A wavemeterB. A wavemeter C. A voltmeterC. A voltmeter D. An ammeterD. An ammeter

T7D04 (D)

301

How is an ammeter usually How is an ammeter usually connected to a circuit?connected to a circuit?

A. In series with the circuitA. In series with the circuit B. In parallel with the circuitB. In parallel with the circuit C. In quadrature with the circuitC. In quadrature with the circuit D. In phase with the circuitD. In phase with the circuit

T7D03 (A)

302

What instrument is used to What instrument is used to measure resistance?measure resistance?

A. An oscilloscopeA. An oscilloscope B. A spectrum analyzerB. A spectrum analyzer C. A noise bridgeC. A noise bridge D. An ohmmeterD. An ohmmeter

T7D05 (D)

303

Which of the following Which of the following precautions should be taken precautions should be taken

when measuring circuit when measuring circuit resistance with an ohmmeter?resistance with an ohmmeter?

A. Ensure that the applied voltages are A. Ensure that the applied voltages are correctcorrect

B. Ensure that the circuit is not poweredB. Ensure that the circuit is not powered C. Ensure that the circuit is groundedC. Ensure that the circuit is grounded D. Ensure that the circuit is operating at D. Ensure that the circuit is operating at

the correct frequencythe correct frequency

T7D11 (B)

304

What is probably happening What is probably happening when an ohmmeter, connected when an ohmmeter, connected across an unpowered circuit, across an unpowered circuit,

initially indicates a low initially indicates a low resistance and then shows resistance and then shows

increasing resistance with time?increasing resistance with time? A. The ohmmeter is defectiveA. The ohmmeter is defective B. The circuit contains a large capacitorB. The circuit contains a large capacitor C. The circuit contains a large inductorC. The circuit contains a large inductor D. The circuit is a relaxation oscillatorD. The circuit is a relaxation oscillator

T7D10 (B)

305

Which of the following Which of the following measurements are measurements are

commonly made using a commonly made using a multimeter?multimeter?

A. SWR and RF powerA. SWR and RF power B. Signal strength and noiseB. Signal strength and noise C. Impedance and reactanceC. Impedance and reactance D. Voltage and resistanceD. Voltage and resistance

T7D07 (D)

306

Which of the following might Which of the following might damage a multimeter?damage a multimeter?

A. Measuring a voltage too small for the A. Measuring a voltage too small for the chosen scalechosen scale

B. Leaving the meter in the milliamps position B. Leaving the meter in the milliamps position overnightovernight

C. Attempting to measure voltage when using C. Attempting to measure voltage when using the resistance settingthe resistance setting

D. Not allowing it to warm up properlyD. Not allowing it to warm up properlyT7D06 (C)

307

Which of the following Which of the following precautions should be taken precautions should be taken

when measuring high voltages when measuring high voltages with a voltmeter?with a voltmeter?

A. Ensure that the voltmeter has very low A. Ensure that the voltmeter has very low impedanceimpedance

B. Ensure that the voltmeter and leads are rated for B. Ensure that the voltmeter and leads are rated for use at the voltages to be measureduse at the voltages to be measured

C. Ensure that the circuit is grounded through the C. Ensure that the circuit is grounded through the voltmetervoltmeter

D. Ensure that the voltmeter is set to the correct D. Ensure that the voltmeter is set to the correct frequencyfrequency

T7D12 (B)

308

Which of the following types of Which of the following types of solder is best for radio and solder is best for radio and

electronic use?electronic use?

A. Acid-core solderA. Acid-core solder B. Silver solderB. Silver solder C. Rosin-core solderC. Rosin-core solder D. Aluminum solderD. Aluminum solder

T7D08 (C)

309

What is the characteristic What is the characteristic appearance of a cold solder appearance of a cold solder

joint?joint?

A. Dark black spotsA. Dark black spots B. A bright or shiny surfaceB. A bright or shiny surface C. A grainy or dull surfaceC. A grainy or dull surface D. A greenish tintD. A greenish tint

T7D09 (C)

310

Lunch BreakLunch Break

20 Minute Meal & Stretch20 Minute Meal & Stretch Open Q&AOpen Q&A

311

Radio Functions & Radio Functions & RepeatersRepeaters

312

Transceiver Front PanelTransceiver Front Panel

313

Transmitter Controls and Transmitter Controls and FunctionsFunctions

Main tuning dial (both TX and RX):Main tuning dial (both TX and RX): Controls the frequency selection via Controls the frequency selection via

the Variable Frequency Oscillator the Variable Frequency Oscillator (VFO).(VFO).

Could be an actual dial or key pad or Could be an actual dial or key pad or programmed channels.programmed channels.

Microphone controlsMicrophone controls GainGain

How loudly you need to talk to be heard.How loudly you need to talk to be heard. Speech Compressor or Speech ProcessorSpeech Compressor or Speech Processor

Compacting your speech into a narrow frequency Compacting your speech into a narrow frequency range to enhance “punch.”range to enhance “punch.”

314

Transmitter Controls and Transmitter Controls and FunctionsFunctions

Mode selector (both TX and RX Mode selector (both TX and RX multi-mode rigs).multi-mode rigs). AM/FM/SSB (LSB or USB)AM/FM/SSB (LSB or USB) CWCW Data (RTTY)Data (RTTY)

Transmitter on/offTransmitter on/off Push-to-Talk (PTT)Push-to-Talk (PTT) Voice-Operated Transmission (VOX)Voice-Operated Transmission (VOX)

315

Receiver Controls and Receiver Controls and FunctionsFunctions

AF Gain or Volume AF Gain or Volume Controls the audio level to the Controls the audio level to the

speaker or headphones.speaker or headphones. RF GainRF Gain

Controls the strength of radio signal Controls the strength of radio signal entering the receiver.entering the receiver.

Used to limit (attenuate) very strong Used to limit (attenuate) very strong local signals.local signals.

Usually operated in the full-open Usually operated in the full-open position.position.

316

Receiver Controls and Receiver Controls and FunctionsFunctions

Automatic Gain Control (AGC)Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Automatically limits the incoming signals during Automatically limits the incoming signals during

signal (voice) peaks.signal (voice) peaks. Prevents peaks from capturing the receiver and Prevents peaks from capturing the receiver and

limiting reception of lower level portions of the limiting reception of lower level portions of the incoming signal.incoming signal.

Not used in FM because of the type of signal used in Not used in FM because of the type of signal used in FM.FM.

SquelchSquelch Turns off audio to speaker when signal is not Turns off audio to speaker when signal is not

present.present. Used in FM primarilyUsed in FM primarily

Open – allows very weak signals to pass through (along Open – allows very weak signals to pass through (along with noise).with noise).

Tight – allows only the strongest signals to pass Tight – allows only the strongest signals to pass through.through.

317

Receiver Controls and Receiver Controls and FunctionsFunctions

FiltersFilters Band-pass filterBand-pass filter

Used to narrow the width of signal that is passed.Used to narrow the width of signal that is passed. Can attenuate adjacent interference.Can attenuate adjacent interference.

Notch filterNotch filter Very narrow filter that can be moved over an Very narrow filter that can be moved over an

interfering signal to attenuate it.interfering signal to attenuate it. Noise blanker or limiterNoise blanker or limiter

Limits signal spikes that are frequently Limits signal spikes that are frequently associated with random naturally generated associated with random naturally generated noise.noise.

318

What is the function of What is the function of automatic gain control or AGC?automatic gain control or AGC?

A. To keep the received audio relatively A. To keep the received audio relatively constantconstant

B. To protect an antenna from lightningB. To protect an antenna from lightning C. To eliminate RF on the station cablingC. To eliminate RF on the station cabling D. An asymmetric goniometer control used D. An asymmetric goniometer control used

for antenna matchingfor antenna matching

T4B12 (A)

319

What may happen if a What may happen if a transmitter is operated with the transmitter is operated with the microphone gain set too high?microphone gain set too high?

A. The output power might be too highA. The output power might be too high B. The output signal might become B. The output signal might become

distorteddistorted C. The frequency might varyC. The frequency might vary D. The SWR might increaseD. The SWR might increase

T4B01 (B)

320

Which of the following can be Which of the following can be used to enter the operating used to enter the operating

frequency on a modern frequency on a modern transceiver?transceiver?

A. The keypad or VFO knobA. The keypad or VFO knob B. The CTCSS or DTMF encoderB. The CTCSS or DTMF encoder C. The Automatic Frequency ControlC. The Automatic Frequency Control D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T4B02 (A)

321

What is the purpose of the What is the purpose of the squelch control on a squelch control on a

transceiver?transceiver?

A. To set the highest level of volume A. To set the highest level of volume desireddesired

B. To set the transmitter power levelB. To set the transmitter power level C. To adjust the automatic gain controlC. To adjust the automatic gain control D. To mute receiver output noise when no D. To mute receiver output noise when no

signal is being receivedsignal is being received

T4B03 (D)

322

What is a way to enable quick What is a way to enable quick access to a favorite frequency access to a favorite frequency

on your transceiver?on your transceiver?

A. Enable the CTCSS tonesA. Enable the CTCSS tones B. Store the frequency in a memory B. Store the frequency in a memory

channelchannel C. Disable the CTCSS tonesC. Disable the CTCSS tones D. Use the scan mode to select the D. Use the scan mode to select the

desired frequencydesired frequency

T4B04 (B)

323

Which of the following would Which of the following would reduce ignition interference to reduce ignition interference to

a receiver?a receiver?

A. Change frequency slightlyA. Change frequency slightly B. Decrease the squelch settingB. Decrease the squelch setting C. Turn on the noise blankerC. Turn on the noise blanker D. Use the RIT controlD. Use the RIT control

T4B05 (C)

324

Which of the following Which of the following controls could be used if the controls could be used if the

voice pitch of a single-voice pitch of a single-sideband signal seems too sideband signal seems too

high or low?high or low? A. The AGC or limiterA. The AGC or limiter B. The bandwidth selectionB. The bandwidth selection C. The tone squelchC. The tone squelch D. The receiver RIT or clarifierD. The receiver RIT or clarifier

T4B06 (D)

325

What does the term "RIT" What does the term "RIT" mean?mean?

A. A. Receiver Input ToneReceiver Input Tone B. Receiver Incremental TuningB. Receiver Incremental Tuning C. Rectifier Inverter TestC. Rectifier Inverter Test D. Remote Input TransmitterD. Remote Input Transmitter

T4B07 (B)

326

What is meant by the term What is meant by the term “PTT”?“PTT”?

A. Pre-transmission tuning to reduce transmitter harmonic A. Pre-transmission tuning to reduce transmitter harmonic emissionemission

B. Precise tone transmissions used to limit repeater access B. Precise tone transmissions used to limit repeater access to only certain signalsto only certain signals

C. A primary transformer tuner use to match antennasC. A primary transformer tuner use to match antennas D. The push to talk function which switches between D. The push to talk function which switches between

receive and transmitreceive and transmit

T7A07 (D)

327

What is the advantage of having What is the advantage of having multiple receive bandwidth multiple receive bandwidth

choices on a multimode choices on a multimode transceiver?transceiver?

A. Permits monitoring several modes at onceA. Permits monitoring several modes at once B. Permits noise or interference reduction by B. Permits noise or interference reduction by

selecting a bandwidth matching the modeselecting a bandwidth matching the mode C. Increases the number of frequencies that can C. Increases the number of frequencies that can

be stored in memorybe stored in memory D. Increases the amount of offset between D. Increases the amount of offset between

receive and transmit frequenciesreceive and transmit frequencies

T4B08 (B)

328

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an appropriate receive filter appropriate receive filter

bandwidth to select in order to bandwidth to select in order to minimize noise and interference minimize noise and interference

for SSB reception?for SSB reception? A. 500 HzA. 500 Hz B. 1000 HzB. 1000 Hz C. 2400 HzC. 2400 Hz D. 5000 HzD. 5000 Hz

T4B09 (C)

329

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an appropriate receive filter appropriate receive filter

bandwidth to select in order to bandwidth to select in order to minimize noise and interference minimize noise and interference

for CW reception?for CW reception? A. 500 HzA. 500 Hz B. 1000 HzB. 1000 Hz C. 2400 HzC. 2400 Hz D. 5000 HzD. 5000 Hz

T4B10 (A)

330

RepeatersRepeaters

Repeaters are amateur stations, usually Repeaters are amateur stations, usually located in high places (hilltops, tall buildings, located in high places (hilltops, tall buildings, towers), that re-transmit your signal to towers), that re-transmit your signal to provide a wider coverage areaprovide a wider coverage area

Generally operated in the VHF or UHF bands Generally operated in the VHF or UHF bands and use FMand use FM

In order for a repeater to receive your signal In order for a repeater to receive your signal and retransmit simultaneously, two different and retransmit simultaneously, two different frequencies must be used at the same timefrequencies must be used at the same time Transmitting and receiving using two frequencies is Transmitting and receiving using two frequencies is

called Duplexcalled Duplex Transmitting and receiving on the same frequency is Transmitting and receiving on the same frequency is

called Simplex (the normal mode when not using a called Simplex (the normal mode when not using a repeater)repeater)

331

Repeater Frequency Repeater Frequency OffsetOffset

The difference The difference between the transmit between the transmit and receive frequency and receive frequency is called the offset is called the offset (also shift or split)(also shift or split)

Different bands have Different bands have different standardized different standardized amounts of offset.amounts of offset.

There are + and – There are + and – offsets depending on offsets depending on the plan.the plan.

The most useful offsets The most useful offsets to remember are:to remember are: 2M (144MHz) = +/- 600 2M (144MHz) = +/- 600

KHzKHz 70 cm (440MHz) = +/- 5 70 cm (440MHz) = +/- 5

MHzMHz

332

Repeater Access Tone Repeater Access Tone or Codeor Code

Sometimes multiple repeaters can be Sometimes multiple repeaters can be accessed at the same time accessed at the same time unintentionally.unintentionally.

To preclude unintentional access, some To preclude unintentional access, some repeaters require a special tone or code repeaters require a special tone or code to be present before the repeater to be present before the repeater controller will recognize the signal as a controller will recognize the signal as a valid signal and turn on the repeater.valid signal and turn on the repeater.

These tones or codes will depend on These tones or codes will depend on the repeater system usagethe repeater system usage CTCSS (Continuous Tone Coded Squelch CTCSS (Continuous Tone Coded Squelch

System)System) DCS (Digital Coded Squelch)DCS (Digital Coded Squelch) Audio Tone Burst (often 1750 Hz, used in Audio Tone Burst (often 1750 Hz, used in

Europe)Europe)

333

What is the term used to What is the term used to describe an amateur station describe an amateur station

that is transmitting and that is transmitting and receiving on the same receiving on the same

frequency?frequency? A. Full duplex communicationA. Full duplex communication B. Diplex communicationB. Diplex communication C. Simplex communicationC. Simplex communication D. Multiplex communicationD. Multiplex communication

T2B01 (C)

334

Which of the following Which of the following describes the common describes the common meaning of the term meaning of the term

“repeater offset”?“repeater offset”? A. The distance between the repeater’s A. The distance between the repeater’s

transmit and receive antennastransmit and receive antennas B. The time delay before the repeater timer B. The time delay before the repeater timer

resetsresets C. The difference between the repeater’s C. The difference between the repeater’s

transmit and receive frequenciestransmit and receive frequencies D. Matching the antenna impedance to the D. Matching the antenna impedance to the

feed line impedancefeed line impedanceT4B11 (C)

335

What is the most common What is the most common repeater frequency offset in repeater frequency offset in

the 2 meter band?the 2 meter band? A. Plus 500 kHzA. Plus 500 kHz B. Plus or minus 600 kHzB. Plus or minus 600 kHz C. Minus 500 kHzC. Minus 500 kHz D. Only plus 600 kHzD. Only plus 600 kHz

T2A01 (B)

336

What is a common repeater What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm frequency offset in the 70 cm

band?band? A. Plus or minus 5 MHzA. Plus or minus 5 MHz B. Plus or minus 600 kHzB. Plus or minus 600 kHz C. Minus 600 kHzC. Minus 600 kHz D. Plus 600 kHzD. Plus 600 kHz

T2A03 (A)

337

What is the term used to What is the term used to describe the use of a sub-describe the use of a sub-

audible tone transmitted with audible tone transmitted with normal voice audio to open the normal voice audio to open the

squelch of a receiver?squelch of a receiver? A. Carrier squelchA. Carrier squelch B. Tone burstB. Tone burst C. DTMFC. DTMF D. CTCSSD. CTCSS

T2B02 (D)

338

Which of the following Which of the following describes the muting of receiver describes the muting of receiver

audio controlled solely by the audio controlled solely by the presence or absence of an RF presence or absence of an RF

signal?signal? A. Tone squelchA. Tone squelch B. Carrier squelchB. Carrier squelch C. CTCSSC. CTCSS D. Modulated carrierD. Modulated carrier

T2B03 (B)

339

Which of the following common Which of the following common problems might cause you to be problems might cause you to be

able to hear but not access a able to hear but not access a repeater even when repeater even when

transmitting with the proper transmitting with the proper offset?offset?

A. The repeater receiver may require an A. The repeater receiver may require an audio tone burst for accessaudio tone burst for access

B. The repeater receiver may require a B. The repeater receiver may require a CTCSS tone for accessCTCSS tone for access

C. The repeater receiver may require a C. The repeater receiver may require a DCS tone sequence for accessDCS tone sequence for access

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correctT2B04 (D)

340

Under what circumstances Under what circumstances should you consider should you consider

communicating via simplex communicating via simplex rather that a repeaterrather that a repeater

A. When the stations can communicate A. When the stations can communicate directly without using a repeaterdirectly without using a repeater

B. Only when you have an endorsement for B. Only when you have an endorsement for simplex operation on your licensesimplex operation on your license

C. Only when third party traffic is not being C. Only when third party traffic is not being passedpassed

D. Only if you have simplex modulation D. Only if you have simplex modulation capabilitycapability

T2B12 (A)

341

Operating BasicsOperating Basics

342

The Typical Ham The Typical Ham Contact (QSO)Contact (QSO)

Greeting.Greeting. Identify who is participating.Identify who is participating. Exchange information, generally Exchange information, generally

taking turns.taking turns. Salutations.Salutations. End the conversation.End the conversation.

343

Radio MannersRadio Manners

Speak clearly and distinctly.Speak clearly and distinctly. Communications is a giant “party line”.Communications is a giant “party line”.

Choose your topics accordingly.Choose your topics accordingly. Shared use of frequencies.Shared use of frequencies. Necessary, but not excessive, power Necessary, but not excessive, power

levels.levels. Ham radio is self-regulated.Ham radio is self-regulated.

ARRL Official Observers.ARRL Official Observers. LoggingLogging QSL’sQSL’s

344

Operating Dos and Operating Dos and Don’tsDon’ts

Use of CQ versus “monitoring.”Use of CQ versus “monitoring.” Use of phonetics.Use of phonetics. Taking turns and breaking-in.Taking turns and breaking-in. Station identification.Station identification. Using repeaters. Using repeaters. Using simplex.Using simplex.

345

Additional Operating Additional Operating TopicsTopics

Q-SignalsQ-Signals Originated in telegraphy as a short hand for common Originated in telegraphy as a short hand for common

phrasesphrases Still used by hams, e.g. QRM, QSYStill used by hams, e.g. QRM, QSY Can be used if two hams don’t share a common Can be used if two hams don’t share a common

languagelanguage International Phonetic AlphabetInternational Phonetic Alphabet

Spoken words and callsigns can be misunderstood Spoken words and callsigns can be misunderstood and sometimes need to be spelled out, the phonetic and sometimes need to be spelled out, the phonetic alphabet minimizes errorsalphabet minimizes errors

Learn the official one, ad hoc alphabets waste time or Learn the official one, ad hoc alphabets waste time or cause confusioncause confusion

A band plan is a way of organizing the use of A band plan is a way of organizing the use of radio frequencies for different modes or radio frequencies for different modes or purposespurposes Formal and legal plan.Formal and legal plan. Informal – gentleman's agreement.Informal – gentleman's agreement.

346

What is an appropriate way What is an appropriate way to call another station on a to call another station on a

repeater if you know the repeater if you know the other station's call sign?other station's call sign?

A. Say break, break then say the station's call A. Say break, break then say the station's call signsign

B. Say the station's call sign then identify with B. Say the station's call sign then identify with your call signyour call sign

C. Say CQ three times then the other station's C. Say CQ three times then the other station's call signcall sign

D. Wait for the station to call CQ then answer itD. Wait for the station to call CQ then answer it

T2A04 (B)

347

How should you respond to a How should you respond to a station calling CQ?station calling CQ?

A. Transmit CQ followed by the other station’s A. Transmit CQ followed by the other station’s call signcall sign

B. Transmit your call sign followed by the B. Transmit your call sign followed by the other station’s call signother station’s call sign

C. The other station’s call sign followed by C. The other station’s call sign followed by your call signyour call sign

D. Transmit a signal report followed by your D. Transmit a signal report followed by your call signcall sign

T2A05 (C)

348

What must an amateur What must an amateur operator do when making operator do when making

on-air transmissions to test on-air transmissions to test equipment or antennas?equipment or antennas?

A. Properly identify the transmitting A. Properly identify the transmitting stationstation

B. Make test transmissions only after B. Make test transmissions only after 10:00 p.m. local time10:00 p.m. local time

C. Notify the FCC of the test transmissionC. Notify the FCC of the test transmission D. State the purpose of the test during the D. State the purpose of the test during the

test proceduretest procedure

T2A06 (A)

349

Which of the following is Which of the following is true when making a test true when making a test

transmission?transmission? A. Station identification is not required if the A. Station identification is not required if the

transmission is less than 15 secondstransmission is less than 15 seconds B. Station identification is not required if the B. Station identification is not required if the

transmission is less than 1 watttransmission is less than 1 watt C. Station identification is required once an C. Station identification is required once an

hour when the transmissions are for test hour when the transmissions are for test purposes onlypurposes only

D. Station identification is required at least D. Station identification is required at least every ten minutes during the test and at the endevery ten minutes during the test and at the end

T2A07 (D)

350

What is the meaning of the What is the meaning of the procedural signal "CQ"?procedural signal "CQ"?

A. Call on the quarter hourA. Call on the quarter hour B. A new antenna is being tested (no B. A new antenna is being tested (no

station should answer)station should answer) C. Only the called station should C. Only the called station should

transmittransmit D. Calling any stationD. Calling any station

T2A08 (D)

351

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a guideline to use when choosing guideline to use when choosing

an operating frequency for an operating frequency for calling CQ?calling CQ?

A. Listen first to be sure that no one else A. Listen first to be sure that no one else is using the frequencyis using the frequency

B. Ask if the frequency is in useB. Ask if the frequency is in use C. Make sure you are in your assigned C. Make sure you are in your assigned

bandband D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T2A12 (D)

352

What brief statement is What brief statement is often transmitted in place of often transmitted in place of "CQ" to indicate that you are "CQ" to indicate that you are

listening on a repeater?listening on a repeater? A. The words "Hello test" followed by your call A. The words "Hello test" followed by your call

signsign B. Your call sign B. Your call sign C. The repeater call sign followed by your call C. The repeater call sign followed by your call

signsign D. The letters "QSY" followed by your call signD. The letters "QSY" followed by your call sign

T2A09 (B)

353

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an FCC rule regarding power FCC rule regarding power levels used in the amateur levels used in the amateur bands, under normal, non-bands, under normal, non-

distress circumstances?distress circumstances? A. There is no limit to power as long as there A. There is no limit to power as long as there

is no interference with other servicesis no interference with other services B. No more than 200 watts PEP may be usedB. No more than 200 watts PEP may be used C. Up to 1500 watts PEP may be used on any C. Up to 1500 watts PEP may be used on any

amateur frequency without restrictionamateur frequency without restriction D. While not exceeding the maximum power D. While not exceeding the maximum power

permitted on a given band, use the minimum permitted on a given band, use the minimum power necessary to carry out the desired power necessary to carry out the desired communicationcommunication

T2A11 (D)

354

What popular operating What popular operating activity involves contacting as activity involves contacting as

many stations as possible many stations as possible during a specified period of during a specified period of

time?time? A. ContestingA. Contesting B. Net operationsB. Net operations C. Public service eventsC. Public service events D. Simulated emergency exercisesD. Simulated emergency exercises

T8C03 (A)

355

Which of the following is good Which of the following is good procedure when contacting procedure when contacting another station in a radio another station in a radio

contest?contest? A. Be sure to sign only the last two letters of A. Be sure to sign only the last two letters of

your call if there is a pileup calling the stationyour call if there is a pileup calling the station B. Work the station twice to be sure that you B. Work the station twice to be sure that you

are in his logare in his log C. Send only the minimum information needed C. Send only the minimum information needed

for proper identification and the contest for proper identification and the contest exchangeexchange

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T8C04 (C)

356

What is a grid locator?What is a grid locator?

A. A letter-number designator assigned to a A. A letter-number designator assigned to a geographic locationgeographic location

B. A letter-number designator assigned to an B. A letter-number designator assigned to an azimuth and elevationazimuth and elevation

C. An instrument for neutralizing a final C. An instrument for neutralizing a final amplifieramplifier

D. An instrument for radio direction findingD. An instrument for radio direction finding

T8C05 (A)

357

Which of the following applies Which of the following applies when two stations transmitting when two stations transmitting on the same frequency interfere on the same frequency interfere

with each other?with each other? A. Common courtesy should prevail, but no one A. Common courtesy should prevail, but no one

has absolute right to an amateur frequencyhas absolute right to an amateur frequency B. Whoever has the strongest signal has B. Whoever has the strongest signal has

priority on the frequencypriority on the frequency C. Whoever has been on the frequency the C. Whoever has been on the frequency the

longest has priority on the frequencylongest has priority on the frequency D. The station which has the weakest signal D. The station which has the weakest signal

has priority on the frequencyhas priority on the frequency

T2B08 (A)

358

Which Q signal indicates that Which Q signal indicates that you are receiving interference you are receiving interference

from other stations?from other stations?

A. QRMA. QRM B. QRNB. QRN C. QTHC. QTH D. QSBD. QSB

T2B10 (A)

359

Which Q signal indicates that Which Q signal indicates that you are changing frequency?you are changing frequency?

A. QRUA. QRU B. QSYB. QSY C. QSLC. QSL D. QRZD. QRZ

T2B11 (B)

360

What is a band plan, beyond What is a band plan, beyond the privileges established by the privileges established by

the FCC?the FCC?

A. A voluntary guideline for using different A. A voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur bandmodes or activities within an amateur band

B. A mandated list of operating schedulesB. A mandated list of operating schedules C. A list of scheduled net frequenciesC. A list of scheduled net frequencies D. A plan devised by a club to indicate D. A plan devised by a club to indicate

frequency band usagefrequency band usage

T2A10 (A)

361

Who selects a Frequency Who selects a Frequency Coordinator?Coordinator?

A. The FCC Office of Spectrum Management A. The FCC Office of Spectrum Management and Coordination Policy and Coordination Policy

B. The local chapter of the Office of National B. The local chapter of the Office of National Council of Independent Frequency Council of Independent Frequency CoordinatorsCoordinators

C. Amateur operators in a local or regional C. Amateur operators in a local or regional area whose stations are eligible to be auxiliary area whose stations are eligible to be auxiliary or repeater stationsor repeater stations

D. FCC Regional Field OfficeD. FCC Regional Field Office

T1A09 (C) [97.3(a)(22)]

362

What is the national calling What is the national calling frequency for FM simplex frequency for FM simplex operations in the 70 cm operations in the 70 cm

band?band?

A. 146.520 MHzA. 146.520 MHz B. 145.000 MHzB. 145.000 MHz C. 432.100 MHzC. 432.100 MHz D. 446.000 MHzD. 446.000 MHz

T2A02 (D)

363

Emergency Emergency CommunicationsCommunications

364

EMCOMM EMCOMM OrganizationsOrganizations

Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES).Service (RACES). Supports governmental entities Supports governmental entities

during civil emergencies.during civil emergencies. National in scope.National in scope.

Amateur Radio Emergency Service Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES).(ARES). Supports non-governmental Supports non-governmental

organizations.organizations. ARRL program; local/regional in ARRL program; local/regional in

scope.scope.

365

Emergency Emergency DeclarationsDeclarations

FCC may declare a Temporary FCC may declare a Temporary State of Communications State of Communications Emergency.Emergency. Includes details of conditions and Includes details of conditions and

rules to be followed.rules to be followed. Specifics communicated through web Specifics communicated through web

sites and ARRL bulletins, the NTS, sites and ARRL bulletins, the NTS, and on-the-air.and on-the-air.

Avoid operating on restricted Avoid operating on restricted frequencies unless engaged in relief frequencies unless engaged in relief efforts.efforts.

366

Making and Answering Making and Answering Distress CallsDistress Calls

Rule number one – speak in plain Rule number one – speak in plain language!language!

Mayday (voice); SOS (Morse code) are Mayday (voice); SOS (Morse code) are flagsflags

IdentifyIdentify Give locationGive location State the situationState the situation Describe assistance requiredDescribe assistance required Provide other important informationProvide other important information

367

NetsNets

Net is short for “Network.”Net is short for “Network.” Share and exchange information in an organized Share and exchange information in an organized

and efficient way with accuracy.and efficient way with accuracy. Traffic refers to formal messages that are Traffic refers to formal messages that are

relayed via ham radio.relayed via ham radio. Formal structure – National Traffic System (NTS).Formal structure – National Traffic System (NTS).

Procedures.Procedures. Accountability.Accountability.

Public Service Nets – training for emergency Public Service Nets – training for emergency nets.nets. Training for ham operators as well as supported Training for ham operators as well as supported

emergency managers.emergency managers. Emergency Nets.Emergency Nets.

368

Net StructureNet Structure

Net Control Station (NCS).Net Control Station (NCS). Traffic cop that controls the flow of Traffic cop that controls the flow of

information.information. Check-in and check-out procedures.Check-in and check-out procedures. Communications discipline vital.Communications discipline vital.

Learn and follow procedures.Learn and follow procedures. Speak only when directed, and only to Speak only when directed, and only to

whom directed.whom directed.

369

When do the FCC rules NOT apply When do the FCC rules NOT apply to the operation of an amateur to the operation of an amateur

station?station?

A. When operating a RACES stationA. When operating a RACES station B. When operating under special B. When operating under special

FEMA rulesFEMA rules C. When operating under special C. When operating under special

ARES rulesARES rules D. Never, FCC rules always applyD. Never, FCC rules always apply

T2C01 (D)

370

What do RACES and ARES have What do RACES and ARES have in common?in common?

A. They represent the two largest ham A. They represent the two largest ham clubs in the United Statesclubs in the United States

B. Both organizations broadcast road and B. Both organizations broadcast road and weather informationweather information

C. Neither may handle emergency traffic C. Neither may handle emergency traffic supporting public service agenciessupporting public service agencies

D. Both organizations may provide D. Both organizations may provide communications during emergenciescommunications during emergencies

T2C04 (D)

371

What is the Amateur Radio What is the Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES)?Emergency Service (ARES)?

A. Licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their A. Licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in qualifications and equipment for communications duty in public servicepublic service

B. Licensed amateurs who are members of the military and B. Licensed amateurs who are members of the military and who voluntarily agreed to provide message handling who voluntarily agreed to provide message handling services in the case of emergencyservices in the case of emergency

C. A training program that provides licensing courses for C. A training program that provides licensing courses for those interested in obtaining an amateur license to use those interested in obtaining an amateur license to use during emergenciesduring emergencies

D. A training program that certifies amateur operators for D. A training program that certifies amateur operators for membership in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Servicemembership in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service

T2C12 (A)

372

Which of the following Which of the following describes the Radio Amateur describes the Radio Amateur

Civil Emergency Service Civil Emergency Service (RACES)?(RACES)?

A. A radio service using amateur frequencies A. A radio service using amateur frequencies for emergency management or civil defense for emergency management or civil defense communicationscommunications

B. A radio service using amateur stations for B. A radio service using amateur stations for emergency management or civil defense emergency management or civil defense communicationscommunications

C. An emergency service using amateur C. An emergency service using amateur operators certified by a civil defense operators certified by a civil defense organization as being enrolled in that organization as being enrolled in that organizationorganization

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correctT2C05 (D)

373

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an accepted practice to get the accepted practice to get the immediate attention of a net immediate attention of a net

control station when reporting control station when reporting an emergency?an emergency?

A. Repeat the words SOS three times followed A. Repeat the words SOS three times followed by the call sign of the reporting stationby the call sign of the reporting station

B. Press the push-to-talk button three timesB. Press the push-to-talk button three times C. Begin your transmission with “Priority” or C. Begin your transmission with “Priority” or

“Emergency” followed by your call sign“Emergency” followed by your call sign D. Play a pre-recorded emergency alert tone D. Play a pre-recorded emergency alert tone

followed by your call signfollowed by your call sign

T2C06 (C)

374

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an accepted practice for an accepted practice for an

amateur operator who has amateur operator who has checked into an emergency checked into an emergency

traffic net?traffic net? A. Provided that the frequency is quiet, A. Provided that the frequency is quiet,

announce the station call sign and location announce the station call sign and location every 5 minutesevery 5 minutes

B. Move 5 kHz away from the net's B. Move 5 kHz away from the net's frequency and use high power to ask other frequency and use high power to ask other hams to keep clear of the net frequencyhams to keep clear of the net frequency

C. Remain on frequency without C. Remain on frequency without transmitting until asked to do so by the net transmitting until asked to do so by the net control stationcontrol station

D. All of the choices are correctD. All of the choices are correctT2C07 (C)

375

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a characteristic of good characteristic of good

emergency traffic handling?emergency traffic handling?

A. Passing messages exactly as receivedA. Passing messages exactly as received B. Making decisions as to whether or not B. Making decisions as to whether or not

messages should be relayed or deliveredmessages should be relayed or delivered C. Communicating messages to the news C. Communicating messages to the news

media for broadcast outside the disaster media for broadcast outside the disaster areaarea

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T2C08 (A)

376

What should be done to insure What should be done to insure that voice message traffic that voice message traffic

containing proper names and containing proper names and unusual words are copied unusual words are copied correctly by the receiving correctly by the receiving

station?station? A. The entire message should be repeated A. The entire message should be repeated

at least four timesat least four times B. Such messages must be limited to no B. Such messages must be limited to no

more than 10 wordsmore than 10 words C. Such words and terms should be spelled C. Such words and terms should be spelled

out using a standard phonetic alphabetout using a standard phonetic alphabet D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T2C03 (C)

377

Are amateur station control Are amateur station control operators ever permitted to operators ever permitted to

operate outside the frequency operate outside the frequency privileges of their license class?privileges of their license class? A. NoA. No B. Yes, but only when part of a FEMA B. Yes, but only when part of a FEMA

emergency planemergency plan C. Yes, but only when part of a RACES C. Yes, but only when part of a RACES

emergency planemergency plan D. Yes, but only if necessary in situations D. Yes, but only if necessary in situations

involving the immediate safety of human life involving the immediate safety of human life or protection of propertyor protection of property

T2C09 (D)

378

What is the preamble in a What is the preamble in a formal traffic message?formal traffic message?

A. The first paragraph of the message textA. The first paragraph of the message text B. The message numberB. The message number C. The priority handling indicator for the C. The priority handling indicator for the

messagemessage D. The information needed to track the D. The information needed to track the

message as it passes through the amateur message as it passes through the amateur radio traffic handling systemradio traffic handling system

T2C10 (D)

379

What is meant by the term What is meant by the term "check" in reference to a "check" in reference to a formal traffic message?formal traffic message?

A. The check is a count of the number of A. The check is a count of the number of words or word equivalents in the text portion words or word equivalents in the text portion of the messageof the message

B. The check is the value of a money order B. The check is the value of a money order attached to the messageattached to the message

C. The check is a list of stations that have C. The check is a list of stations that have relayed the messagerelayed the message

D. The check is a box on the message form D. The check is a box on the message form that tells you the message was receivedthat tells you the message was received

T2C11 (A)

380

Special Communication Special Communication ModesModes

381

Transmitting DataTransmitting Data

Data is made up of binary bits 1 and 0.Data is made up of binary bits 1 and 0. On and off statesOn and off states

Modems translate the data into a Modems translate the data into a format capable modulating a carrier format capable modulating a carrier wave.wave.

A terminal node controller (TNC) is a A terminal node controller (TNC) is a specialized modem used in ham radio.specialized modem used in ham radio. There are many more kinds of modems There are many more kinds of modems

developed as data transmission technology developed as data transmission technology advances.advances.

382

Digital TechniquesDigital Techniques

Radio Teletype (RTTY).Radio Teletype (RTTY). Single letters sent as they are typed.Single letters sent as they are typed.

AMTOR and PACTOR.AMTOR and PACTOR. Small grouping of letters sent with error Small grouping of letters sent with error

correction.correction. Packet and Packet Networks.Packet and Packet Networks.

Groups (packets) of collected data sent with Groups (packets) of collected data sent with error correction and automatic forwarding.error correction and automatic forwarding.

More complex modulation techniques.More complex modulation techniques. PSK31 (a type based on Phase Shift Keying)PSK31 (a type based on Phase Shift Keying) MFSK (a type based on Frequency Shift MFSK (a type based on Frequency Shift

Keying)Keying)

383

Amateur Radio and the Amateur Radio and the InternetInternet

EcholinkEcholink Connects two Connects two

amateur stations or amateur stations or repeaters via repeaters via InternetInternet

IRLPIRLP Also connects two Also connects two

amateur stations or amateur stations or repeaters via repeaters via InternetInternet

VoIPVoIP Voice over Internet Voice over Internet

ProtocolProtocol GatewaysGateways

System that links to System that links to the Internetthe Internet

384

APRSAPRS

Automatic Packet Reporting Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS).System (APRS).

Packet based Global Positioning Packet based Global Positioning System (GPS) position reporting.System (GPS) position reporting. Uses a packet-like digipeater system Uses a packet-like digipeater system

to create an APRS network (also to create an APRS network (also Internet connected).Internet connected).

385

Other Special ModesOther Special Modes

VideoVideo Slow Scan TV Slow Scan TV

(SSTV).(SSTV). Sending snap-shot Sending snap-shot

pictures.pictures. Amateur TV Amateur TV

(ATV).(ATV). Similar to Similar to

commercial TV commercial TV imagery.imagery.

386

Other Special ModesOther Special Modes

Meteor Scatter.Meteor Scatter. Reflecting radio signals off of the Reflecting radio signals off of the

ionized trail left by meteors.ionized trail left by meteors. Moonbounce.Moonbounce.

Reflecting radio signals off the Reflecting radio signals off the surface of the moon.surface of the moon.

387

Other Special ModesOther Special Modes

Radio Control Radio Control (RC).(RC). Telecommand.Telecommand. 50 MHz band.50 MHz band.

388

What is the FCC Part 97 What is the FCC Part 97 definition of telecommand?definition of telecommand?

A. An instruction bulleetin issued by the FCCA. An instruction bulleetin issued by the FCC B. A one-way radio transmission of B. A one-way radio transmission of

measurements at a distance from the measurements at a distance from the measuring instrumentmeasuring instrument

C. A one-way transmission to initiate, modify C. A one-way transmission to initiate, modify or terminate functions of a device at a distanceor terminate functions of a device at a distance

D. An instruction from a VECD. An instruction from a VEC

T1A13 (C)

389

What is the FCC Part 97 What is the FCC Part 97 definition of telemetry?definition of telemetry?

A. An information bulletin issued by the FCCA. An information bulletin issued by the FCC B. A one-way transmission to initiate, modify B. A one-way transmission to initiate, modify

or terminate functions of a device at a or terminate functions of a device at a distancedistance

C. A one-way transmission of measurements C. A one-way transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrumentat a distance from the measuring instrument

D. An information bulletin from a VECD. An information bulletin from a VEC

T1A07 (C) [97.3(a)(45)]

390

When is willful interference to When is willful interference to other amateur radio stations other amateur radio stations

permitted?permitted?

A. Only if the station being interfered with A. Only if the station being interfered with is expressing extreme religious or political is expressing extreme religious or political viewsviews

B. At no timeB. At no time C. Only during a contestC. Only during a contest D. At any time, amateurs are not protected D. At any time, amateurs are not protected

from willful interferencefrom willful interferenceT1A11 (B)

391

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of a digital example of a digital

communications methodcommunications method??

A. PacketA. Packet B. PSK31B. PSK31 C. MFSKC. MFSK D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T8D01 (D)

392

How is a computer’s sound How is a computer’s sound card used when conducting card used when conducting

digital communications digital communications using a computer?using a computer?

A. The sound card communicates between A. The sound card communicates between the computer CPU and the video displaythe computer CPU and the video display

B. The sound card records the audio B. The sound card records the audio frequency for video displayfrequency for video display

C. The sound card provides audio to the C. The sound card provides audio to the microphone input and converts received microphone input and converts received audio to digital formaudio to digital form

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T4A07 (C)

393

What does the term APRS What does the term APRS mean?mean?

A. Automatic Packet Reporting A. Automatic Packet Reporting SystemSystem

B. Associated Public Radio StationB. Associated Public Radio Station C. Auto Planning Radio Set-upC. Auto Planning Radio Set-up D. Advanced Polar Radio SystemD. Advanced Polar Radio System

T8D02 (A)

394

Which of the following would be Which of the following would be connected between a connected between a

transceiver and computer in a transceiver and computer in a packet radio station?packet radio station?

A. TransmatchA. Transmatch B. MixerB. Mixer C. Terminal node controllerC. Terminal node controller D. AntennaD. Antenna

T4A06 (C)

395

Which of the following devices Which of the following devices provides data to the transmitter provides data to the transmitter

when sending automatic when sending automatic position reports from a mobile position reports from a mobile

amateur radio station?amateur radio station?

A. The vehicle speedometerA. The vehicle speedometer B. A WWV receiverB. A WWV receiver C. A connection to a broadcast FM C. A connection to a broadcast FM

sub-carrier receiversub-carrier receiver D. A Global Positioning System D. A Global Positioning System

receiverreceiverT8D03 (D)

396

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an application of APRS (Automatic application of APRS (Automatic

Packet Reporting System)?Packet Reporting System)?

A. Providing real time tactical digital communications A. Providing real time tactical digital communications in conjunction with a map showing the location of in conjunction with a map showing the location of stationsstations

B. Showing automatically the number of packets B. Showing automatically the number of packets transmitted via PACTOR during a specific time intervaltransmitted via PACTOR during a specific time interval

C. Providing voice over Internet connection between C. Providing voice over Internet connection between repeatersrepeaters

D. Providing information on the number of stations D. Providing information on the number of stations signed into a repeatersigned into a repeater

T8D05 (A)

397

What is meant by Voice Over What is meant by Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as used Internet Protocol (VoIP) as used

in amateur radio?in amateur radio? A. A set of rules specifying how to identify your A. A set of rules specifying how to identify your

station when linked over the Internet to another station when linked over the Internet to another stationstation

B. A set of guidelines for working DX during B. A set of guidelines for working DX during contests using Internet accesscontests using Internet access

C. A technique for measuring the modulation quality C. A technique for measuring the modulation quality of a transmitter using remote sites monitored via of a transmitter using remote sites monitored via the Internetthe Internet

D. A method of delivering voice communications D. A method of delivering voice communications over the Internet using digital techniquesover the Internet using digital techniques

T8C12 (D)

398

How might you obtain a list How might you obtain a list of active nodes that use of active nodes that use

VoIP?VoIP?

A. From the FCC RulebookA. From the FCC Rulebook B. From your local emergency B. From your local emergency

coordinatorcoordinator C. From a repeater directoryC. From a repeater directory D. From the local repeater frequency D. From the local repeater frequency

coordinatorcoordinatorT8C09 (C)

399

What is the Internet Radio What is the Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP)?Linking Project (IRLP)?

A. A technique to connect amateur radio A. A technique to connect amateur radio systems, such as repeaters, via the Internet systems, such as repeaters, via the Internet using using Voice Over Internet Protocolusing using Voice Over Internet Protocol

B. A system for providing access to websites via B. A system for providing access to websites via amateur radioamateur radio

C. A system for informing amateurs in real time C. A system for informing amateurs in real time of the frequency of active DX stationsof the frequency of active DX stations

D. A technique for measuring signal strength of D. A technique for measuring signal strength of an amateur transmitter via the internetan amateur transmitter via the internet

T8C13 (A)

400

How do you select a specific How do you select a specific IRLP node when using a IRLP node when using a

portable transceiver?portable transceiver?

A. Choose a specific CTCSS toneA. Choose a specific CTCSS tone B. Choose the correct DSC toneB. Choose the correct DSC tone C. Access the repeater autopatchC. Access the repeater autopatch D. Use the keypad to transmit the IRLP D. Use the keypad to transmit the IRLP

node IDnode ID

T8C10 (D)

401

What name is given to an What name is given to an amateur radio station that is amateur radio station that is

used to connect other used to connect other amateur stations to the amateur stations to the

Internet?Internet? A. A gatewayA. A gateway B. A repeaterB. A repeater C. A digipeaterC. A digipeater D. A beaconD. A beacon

T8C11 (A)

402

What type of transmission is What type of transmission is indicated by the term NTSC?indicated by the term NTSC?

A. A Normal Transmission mode in A. A Normal Transmission mode in Static CircuitStatic Circuit

B. A special mode for earth satellite B. A special mode for earth satellite uplinkuplink

C. An analog fast scan color TV signalC. An analog fast scan color TV signal D. A frame compression scheme for TV D. A frame compression scheme for TV

signalssignalsT8D04 (C)

403

What does the abbreviation What does the abbreviation PSK mean?PSK mean?

A. Pulse Shift KeyingA. Pulse Shift Keying B. Phase Shift KeyingB. Phase Shift Keying C. Packet Short KeyingC. Packet Short Keying D. Phased Slide KeyingD. Phased Slide Keying

T8D06 (B)

404

What is PSK31?What is PSK31?

A. A high-rate data transmission modeA. A high-rate data transmission mode B. A method of reducing noise B. A method of reducing noise

interference to FM signalsinterference to FM signals C. A method of compressing digital C. A method of compressing digital

television signalstelevision signals D. A low-rate data transmission mode D. A low-rate data transmission mode

T8D07 (D)

405

Which of the following may Which of the following may be included in packet be included in packet

transmissions?transmissions? A. A check sum which permits error detectionA. A check sum which permits error detection B. A header which contains the call sign of the B. A header which contains the call sign of the

station to which the information is being sentstation to which the information is being sent C. Automatic repeat request in case of errorC. Automatic repeat request in case of error D. All of these choices are correct D. All of these choices are correct

T8D08 (D)

406

What is an ARQ transmission What is an ARQ transmission system?system?

A. A special transmission format limited to video A. A special transmission format limited to video signalssignals

B. A system used to encrypt command signals to an B. A system used to encrypt command signals to an amateur radio satelliteamateur radio satellite

C. A digital scheme whereby the receiving station C. A digital scheme whereby the receiving station detects errors and sends a request to the sending detects errors and sends a request to the sending station to retransmit the informationstation to retransmit the information

D. A method of compressing the data in a message D. A method of compressing the data in a message so more information can be sent in a shorter timeso more information can be sent in a shorter time

T8D11 (C)

407

What is the maximum power What is the maximum power allowed when transmitting allowed when transmitting

telecommand signals to radio telecommand signals to radio controlled models?controlled models?

A. 500 milliwattsA. 500 milliwatts B. 1 wattB. 1 watt C. 25 wattsC. 25 watts D. 1500 wattsD. 1500 watts

T8C07 (B)

408

What is required in place of on-What is required in place of on-air station identification when air station identification when

sending signals to a radio sending signals to a radio control model using amateur control model using amateur

frequencies?frequencies? A. Voice identification must be transmitted every A. Voice identification must be transmitted every

10 minutes10 minutes B. Morse code ID must be sent once per hourB. Morse code ID must be sent once per hour C. A label indicating the licensee’s name, call sign C. A label indicating the licensee’s name, call sign

and address must be affixed to the transmitterand address must be affixed to the transmitter D. A flag must be affixed to the transmitter D. A flag must be affixed to the transmitter

antenna with the station call sign in 1 inch high antenna with the station call sign in 1 inch high letters or largerletters or larger

T8C08 (C)

409

What code is used when What code is used when sending CW in the amateur sending CW in the amateur

bands?bands?

A. BaudotA. Baudot B. HammingB. Hamming C. International MorseC. International Morse D. GrayD. Gray

T8D09 (C)

410

Which of the following can Which of the following can be used to transmit CW in be used to transmit CW in

the amateur bands?the amateur bands?

A. Straight KeyA. Straight Key B. Electronic KeyerB. Electronic Keyer C. Computer KeyboardC. Computer Keyboard D. All of these choices are correct D. All of these choices are correct

T8D10 (D)

411

Amateur Satellites or Amateur Satellites or Space StationSpace Station

TypesTypes OOrbiting rbiting SSatellites atellites CCarrying arrying AAmateur mateur RRadio (OSCAR)adio (OSCAR) International Space Station.International Space Station.

BandsBands 144 MHz/440 MHz available on a number of satellites144 MHz/440 MHz available on a number of satellites

ModesModes FM Voice and Digital PacketFM Voice and Digital Packet Analog (SSB and CW)Analog (SSB and CW)

Some TermsSome Terms Beacon = Signal transmitted by the satellite containing Beacon = Signal transmitted by the satellite containing

information about the satelliteinformation about the satellite Doppler Shift = Frequency shift due to relative velocity Doppler Shift = Frequency shift due to relative velocity

changes as the satellite orbitschanges as the satellite orbits LEO = Low Earth OrbitLEO = Low Earth Orbit Spin Fading = Signal strength changes due to rotation ofSpin Fading = Signal strength changes due to rotation of

the satellitethe satellite

412

Who may be the control Who may be the control operator of a station operator of a station

communicating through an communicating through an amateur satellite or space amateur satellite or space

station?station? A. Only an Amateur Extra Class operatorA. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator B. A General Class licensee or higher licensee B. A General Class licensee or higher licensee

who has a satellite operator certificationwho has a satellite operator certification C. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who C. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who

is also an AMSAT memberis also an AMSAT member D. Any amateur whose license privileges D. Any amateur whose license privileges

allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequencyfrequency

T8B01 (D)

413

How much transmitter How much transmitter power should be used on the power should be used on the

uplink frequency of an uplink frequency of an amateur satellite or space amateur satellite or space

station?station? A. The maximum power of your transmitterA. The maximum power of your transmitter B. The minimum amount of power needed B. The minimum amount of power needed

to complete the contactto complete the contact C. No more than half the rating of your C. No more than half the rating of your

linear amplifierlinear amplifier D. Never more than 1 wattD. Never more than 1 watt

T8B02 (B)

414

Which of the following are Which of the following are provided by satellite provided by satellite tracking programs?tracking programs?

A. Maps showing the real-time position of the A. Maps showing the real-time position of the satellite track over the earthsatellite track over the earth

B. The time, azimuth, and elevation of the start, B. The time, azimuth, and elevation of the start, maximum altitude, and end of a passmaximum altitude, and end of a pass

C. The apparent frequency of the satellite C. The apparent frequency of the satellite transmission, including effects of Doppler shifttransmission, including effects of Doppler shift

D. All of these answers are correctD. All of these answers are correct

T8B03 (A)

415

Which of the following are Which of the following are inputs to a satellite tracking inputs to a satellite tracking

program?program?

A. The weight of the satelliteA. The weight of the satellite B. The Keplerian elementsB. The Keplerian elements C. The last observed time of zero C. The last observed time of zero

Doppler shiftDoppler shift D. All of these answers are correctD. All of these answers are correct

T8B06 (B)

416

Which amateur stations may make Which amateur stations may make contact with an amateur station on contact with an amateur station on

the International Space Station the International Space Station using 2 meter and 70 cm band using 2 meter and 70 cm band

amateur radio frequencies?amateur radio frequencies? A. Only members of amateur radio clubs at A. Only members of amateur radio clubs at

NASA facilitiesNASA facilities B. Any amateur holding a Technician or higher B. Any amateur holding a Technician or higher

class licenseclass license C. Only the astronaut's family members who C. Only the astronaut's family members who

are hamsare hams D. You cannot talk to the ISS on amateur radio D. You cannot talk to the ISS on amateur radio

frequenciesfrequenciesT8B04 (B)

417

What is a satellite beacon?What is a satellite beacon?

A. The primary transmit antenna on the A. The primary transmit antenna on the satellitesatellite

B. An indicator light that that shows B. An indicator light that that shows where to point your antennawhere to point your antenna

C. A reflective surface on the satelliteC. A reflective surface on the satellite D. A transmission from a space station D. A transmission from a space station

that contains information about a satellitethat contains information about a satelliteT8B05 (D)

418

With regard to satellite With regard to satellite communications, what is communications, what is

Doppler shift?Doppler shift? A. A change in the satellite orbitA. A change in the satellite orbit B. A mode where the satellite receives B. A mode where the satellite receives

signals on one band and transmits on signals on one band and transmits on another another

C. An observed change in signal frequency C. An observed change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the caused by relative motion between the satellite and the earth stationsatellite and the earth station

D. A special digital communications mode D. A special digital communications mode for some satellitesfor some satellites

T8B07 (C)

419

What is meant by the What is meant by the statement that a satellite is statement that a satellite is

operating in mode U/V?operating in mode U/V? A. The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band A. The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band

and the downlink is in the 10 meter bandand the downlink is in the 10 meter band B. The satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band B. The satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band

and the downlink is in the 2 meter bandand the downlink is in the 2 meter band C. The satellite operates using ultraviolet C. The satellite operates using ultraviolet

frequenciesfrequencies D. The satellite frequencies are usually D. The satellite frequencies are usually

variablevariable

T8B08 (B)

420

What causes spin fading What causes spin fading when referring to satellite when referring to satellite

signals?signals? A. Circular polarized noise interference A. Circular polarized noise interference

radiated from the sun radiated from the sun B. Rotation of the satellite and its B. Rotation of the satellite and its

antennasantennas C. Doppler shift of the received signalC. Doppler shift of the received signal D. Interfering signals within the satellite D. Interfering signals within the satellite

uplink band uplink band

T8B09 (B)

421

What do the initials LEO tell What do the initials LEO tell you about an amateur you about an amateur

satellite?satellite? A. The satellite battery is in Low Energy A. The satellite battery is in Low Energy

Operation modeOperation mode B. The satellite is performing a Lunar B. The satellite is performing a Lunar

Ejection Orbit maneuverEjection Orbit maneuver C. The satellite is in a Low Earth OrbitC. The satellite is in a Low Earth Orbit D. The satellite uses Light Emitting OpticsD. The satellite uses Light Emitting Optics

T8B10 (C)

422

What is a commonly used What is a commonly used method of sending signals to method of sending signals to and from a digital satellite?and from a digital satellite?

A. USB AFSKA. USB AFSK B. PSK31B. PSK31 C. FM PacketC. FM Packet D. WSJTD. WSJT

T8B11 (C)

423

Amateur Licensing & Amateur Licensing & PrivilegesPrivileges

424

Licensing AuthorityLicensing Authority

Federal Communications Federal Communications CommissionCommission Located in Gettysburg, PA.Located in Gettysburg, PA.

Amateur Radio operations covered Amateur Radio operations covered by FCC rules published in Part 97 by FCC rules published in Part 97 of Title 47 – Code of Federal of Title 47 – Code of Federal Regulations.Regulations. Use Part 97 for shortUse Part 97 for short

425

Why is There Ham Why is There Ham Radio?Radio?

1.1. Providing emergency Providing emergency communication capability.communication capability.

2.2. Advancement of the art and science Advancement of the art and science of radio.of radio.

3.3. Advance communication and Advance communication and technical skills of radio.technical skills of radio.

4.4. Provide a trained reservoir of Provide a trained reservoir of operators, technicians, and operators, technicians, and electronics experts.electronics experts.

5.5. Promote and enhance international Promote and enhance international goodwill.goodwill.

426

Some DefinitionsSome Definitions

Amateur Service – no pecuniary Amateur Service – no pecuniary interest (private and personal, non interest (private and personal, non commercial).commercial).

Amateur Operator – the person Amateur Operator – the person holding authorization (license) to holding authorization (license) to operate an Amateur Radio station.operate an Amateur Radio station.

Amateur Station – equipment Amateur Station – equipment capable of transmitting on capable of transmitting on frequencies authorized for frequencies authorized for Amateur Service.Amateur Service.

427

The Amateur LicenseThe Amateur License

No age limit or citizenship No age limit or citizenship restrictions.restrictions. One exception – foreign One exception – foreign

representatives.representatives. License actually contains two License actually contains two

parts.parts. Operator License.Operator License. Station License (the Call Sign).Station License (the Call Sign).

Three levels of operator Three levels of operator privileges: Technician, General, privileges: Technician, General, Amateur Extra.Amateur Extra.

428

ExaminationsExaminations

PreparationPreparation Study the content.Study the content. Question Pool.Question Pool.

Taking the examTaking the exam Proctored exam.Proctored exam. Multiple choice.Multiple choice. What the fee pays for.What the fee pays for.

Volunteer Examiners (VEs).Volunteer Examiners (VEs). Volunteer Examiner Coordinators Volunteer Examiner Coordinators

(VECs).(VECs).

429

License Term and License Term and RenewalRenewal

The license is free and good for 10 The license is free and good for 10 years.years. Renewable within 2 years of the Renewable within 2 years of the

expiration date.expiration date. Some personal identification Some personal identification

information is required.information is required. Tax ID (Social Security number).Tax ID (Social Security number). Current Mailing Address.Current Mailing Address. Federal Registration Number (FRN).Federal Registration Number (FRN).

430

Responsibilities of Responsibilities of LicenseeLicensee

Prevent unauthorized operation of Prevent unauthorized operation of your station.your station.

Provide personal information as Provide personal information as required – keep a current mailing required – keep a current mailing address on file.address on file.

Make your station available for Make your station available for FCC inspection upon request.FCC inspection upon request.

431

FCC ULS Web SiteFCC ULS Web Site

www.wireless.fcc.gov/ulswww.wireless.fcc.gov/uls Register for on-line access to your Register for on-line access to your

license information.license information. Make changes to your address and Make changes to your address and

other information.other information. Renew your license.Renew your license. Search for other station information.Search for other station information.

432

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a purpose of the Amateur Radio purpose of the Amateur Radio Service as stated in the FCC Service as stated in the FCC

rules and regulations?rules and regulations? A. Providing personal radio A. Providing personal radio

communications for as many citizens as communications for as many citizens as possiblepossible

B. Providing communications for B. Providing communications for international non-profit organizationsinternational non-profit organizations

C. Advancing skills in the technical and C. Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio artcommunication phases of the radio art

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T1A01 (C)

433

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a purpose of the Amateur Radio purpose of the Amateur Radio

Service rules and regulations as Service rules and regulations as defined by the FCC?defined by the FCC?

A. Enhancing international goodwillA. Enhancing international goodwill B. Providing inexpensive communication B. Providing inexpensive communication

for local emergency organizationsfor local emergency organizations C. Training of operators in military radio C. Training of operators in military radio

operating proceduresoperating procedures D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T1A05 (A)

434

Which part of the FCC Which part of the FCC regulations contains the rules regulations contains the rules governing the Amateur Radio governing the Amateur Radio

Service? Service? A. Part 73A. Part 73 B. Part 95B. Part 95 C. Part 90C. Part 90 D. Part 97D. Part 97

T1A03 (D)

435

For which license classes are For which license classes are new licenses currently new licenses currently

available from the FCC?available from the FCC?

A. Novice, Technician, General, AdvancedA. Novice, Technician, General, Advanced B. Technician, Technician Plus, General, B. Technician, Technician Plus, General,

AdvancedAdvanced C. Novice, Technician Plus, General, C. Novice, Technician Plus, General,

AdvancedAdvanced D. Technician, General, Amateur ExtraD. Technician, General, Amateur Extra

T1C13 (D)

436

What may result when What may result when correspondence from the FCC correspondence from the FCC is returned as undeliverable is returned as undeliverable because the grantee failed to because the grantee failed to provide the correct mailing provide the correct mailing

address?address? A. Fine or imprisonmentA. Fine or imprisonment B. Revocation of the station license or B. Revocation of the station license or

suspension of the operator licensesuspension of the operator license C. Require the licensee to be re-examinedC. Require the licensee to be re-examined D. A reduction of one rank in operator D. A reduction of one rank in operator

classclass

T1C07 (B)

437

What is the normal term for What is the normal term for an FCC-issued primary an FCC-issued primary station/operator radio station/operator radio

license grant?license grant? A. Five yearsA. Five years B. LifeB. Life C. Ten yearsC. Ten years D. Twenty yearsD. Twenty years

T1C08 (C)

438

What is the grace period What is the grace period following the expiration of an following the expiration of an amateur license within which amateur license within which the license may be renewed?the license may be renewed?

A. Two yearsA. Two years B. Three yearsB. Three years C. Five yearsC. Five years D. Ten years D. Ten years

T1C09 (A)

439

How soon after passing the How soon after passing the examination for your first examination for your first

amateur radio license may you amateur radio license may you operate a transmitter on an operate a transmitter on an amateur service frequency?amateur service frequency?

A. ImmediatelyA. Immediately B. 30 days after the test dateB. 30 days after the test date C. As soon as your operator/station license C. As soon as your operator/station license

grant appears in the FCC’s license grant appears in the FCC’s license databasedatabase

D. You must wait until you receive your D. You must wait until you receive your license in the mail from the FCClicense in the mail from the FCC

T1C10 (C)

440

If your license has expired and If your license has expired and is still within the allowable is still within the allowable

grace period, may you grace period, may you continue to operate a continue to operate a

transmitter on amateur service transmitter on amateur service frequencies?frequencies?

A. No, transmitting is not allowed until the FCC A. No, transmitting is not allowed until the FCC license database shows that the license has been license database shows that the license has been renewedrenewed

B. Yes, but only if you identify using the suffix GPB. Yes, but only if you identify using the suffix GP C. Yes, but only during authorized netsC. Yes, but only during authorized nets D. Yes, for up to two yearsD. Yes, for up to two years

T1C11 (A)

441

When must the station When must the station licensee make the station and licensee make the station and its records available for FCC its records available for FCC

inspection?inspection?

A. Any time ten days after notification by the FCC A. Any time ten days after notification by the FCC of such an inspectionof such an inspection

B. Any time upon request by an FCC representativeB. Any time upon request by an FCC representative C. Only after failing to comply with an FCC notice C. Only after failing to comply with an FCC notice

of violationof violation D. Only when presented with a valid warrant by an D. Only when presented with a valid warrant by an

FCC official or government agentFCC official or government agent

T1F13(B)

442

Who may select a desired call Who may select a desired call sign under the vanity call sign sign under the vanity call sign

rules?rules?

A. Only licensed amateurs with general or extra A. Only licensed amateurs with general or extra class licensesclass licenses

B. Only licensed amateurs with an extra class B. Only licensed amateurs with an extra class licenselicense

C. Only an amateur licensee who has been licensed C. Only an amateur licensee who has been licensed continuously for more than 10 yearscontinuously for more than 10 years

D. Any licensed amateurD. Any licensed amateur

TIC12(D)

443

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a vanity call sign which a vanity call sign which a

technician class amateur technician class amateur operator might select if operator might select if

available?available? A. K1XXXA. K1XXX B. KA1XB. KA1X C. W1XXC. W1XX D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

TIC05(A)

444

Who may select a vanity call Who may select a vanity call sign for a club station?sign for a club station?

A. Any Extra Class mamber of the clubA. Any Extra Class mamber of the club B. Any member of the clubB. Any member of the club C. Any officer of the clubC. Any officer of the club D. Only the person named as trustee on D. Only the person named as trustee on

the club station license grantthe club station license grant

T1C14(D)

445

How many persons are How many persons are required to be members of a required to be members of a

club for a club station license club for a club station license to be issued by the FCC?to be issued by the FCC?

A. At least 5A. At least 5 B. At least 4B. At least 4 C. A trustee and 2 officersC. A trustee and 2 officers D. At least 2D. At least 2

T1F12 (B)

446

What can you do with a What can you do with a Technician Class License?Technician Class License?

Some HF Some HF privilegesprivileges 80M (limited CW)80M (limited CW) 40M (limited CW)40M (limited CW) 15M (limited CW)15M (limited CW) 10M (limited 10M (limited

CW/Data/Phone)CW/Data/Phone) All from VHF All from VHF

through EHFthrough EHF 50 MHz and up50 MHz and up VHF/UHF table to VHF/UHF table to

rightright

447

What can you do with a What can you do with a Technician Class License?Technician Class License?

Emission Emission Privileges:Privileges:

448

What can you do with a What can you do with a Technician Class License?Technician Class License?

Up to 1500 watts peak envelope power Up to 1500 watts peak envelope power (PEP).(PEP). Will generally require an external amplifier Will generally require an external amplifier

to achieve these power levels. to achieve these power levels. In some special cases or bands, power In some special cases or bands, power

is more restricted.is more restricted. Still required to use the minimum Still required to use the minimum

power needed to get the job done.power needed to get the job done.

449

Primary and Secondary Primary and Secondary AllocationsAllocations

Some authorized amateur Some authorized amateur frequencies are shared.frequencies are shared. Primary UsersPrimary Users

Must be given precedence by secondary Must be given precedence by secondary users users

Secondary UsersSecondary Users Amateurs are secondary on 420-450 Amateurs are secondary on 420-450

MHz, 902-928 MHz, 1240-1300 MHz, MHz, 902-928 MHz, 1240-1300 MHz, 2300-2450 MHz2300-2450 MHz

450

Which frequency is within the Which frequency is within the 6-meter band?6-meter band?

A. 49.00 MHzA. 49.00 MHz B. 52.525 MHzB. 52.525 MHz C. 28.50 MHzC. 28.50 MHz D. 222.15 MHzD. 222.15 MHz

T1B03 (B)

451

Which amateur band are you Which amateur band are you using when transmitting on using when transmitting on

146.52 MHz?146.52 MHz?

A. 2 meter bandA. 2 meter band B. 20 meter bandB. 20 meter band C. 14 meter bandC. 14 meter band D. 6 meter bandD. 6 meter band

T1B04 (A)

452

Which 70-centimeter frequency is Which 70-centimeter frequency is authorized to a Technician class authorized to a Technician class license holder operating in ITU license holder operating in ITU

Region 2?Region 2?

A. 455.350 MHzA. 455.350 MHz B. 146.520 MHzB. 146.520 MHz C. 443.350 MHzC. 443.350 MHz D. 222.520 MHzD. 222.520 MHz

T1B05 (C)

453

Which 23 cm frequency is Which 23 cm frequency is authorized to a Technician authorized to a Technician

Class licensee?Class licensee?

A. 2315 MHzA. 2315 MHz B. 1296 MHzB. 1296 MHz C. 3390 MHzC. 3390 MHz D. 146.52 MHzD. 146.52 MHz

T1B06 (B)

454

What amateur band are you using if What amateur band are you using if you are operating on 223.50 MHz?you are operating on 223.50 MHz?

A. 15 meter bandA. 15 meter band B. 10 meter bandB. 10 meter band C. 2 meter bandC. 2 meter band D. 1.25 meter bandD. 1.25 meter band

T1B07 (D)

455

Which of the following is a result of Which of the following is a result of the fact that the amateur service is the fact that the amateur service is secondary in some portions of the secondary in some portions of the

70 cm band?70 cm band? A. U.S. amateurs may find non-amateur A. U.S. amateurs may find non-amateur

stations in the bands, and must avoid stations in the bands, and must avoid interfering with theminterfering with them

B. U.S. amateurs must give foreign amateur B. U.S. amateurs must give foreign amateur stations priority in those portionsstations priority in those portions

C. International communications are not C. International communications are not permitted on 70 cmpermitted on 70 cm

D. Digital transmissions are not permitted D. Digital transmissions are not permitted on 70 cmon 70 cm

T1B08 (A)

456

Why should you not set your Why should you not set your transmit frequency to be exactly transmit frequency to be exactly at the edge of an amateur band at the edge of an amateur band

or sub-band?or sub-band? A. To allow for calibration error in the A. To allow for calibration error in the

transmitter frequency displaytransmitter frequency display B. So that modulation sidebands do not B. So that modulation sidebands do not

extend beyond the band edgeextend beyond the band edge C. To allow for transmitter frequency driftC. To allow for transmitter frequency drift D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T1B09 (D)

457

Which of the bands above 30 Which of the bands above 30 MHz that are available to MHz that are available to

Technician Class operators have Technician Class operators have mode-restricted sub-bands?mode-restricted sub-bands?

A. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 70 A. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 70 cm bandscm bands

B. The 2 meter and 13 cm bandsB. The 2 meter and 13 cm bands C. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 1.25 C. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 1.25

meter bandsmeter bands D. The 2 meter and 70 cm bandsD. The 2 meter and 70 cm bands

T1B10 (C)

458

What emission modes are What emission modes are permitted in the mode-permitted in the mode-

restricted sub-bands at 50.0 to restricted sub-bands at 50.0 to 50.1 MHz and 144.0 to 144.1 50.1 MHz and 144.0 to 144.1

MHz?MHz?

A. CW onlyA. CW only B. CW and RTTYB. CW and RTTY C. SSB onlyC. SSB only D. CW and SSBD. CW and SSB

T1B11 (A)

459

Which emission may be used Which emission may be used between 219 and 220 MHz?between 219 and 220 MHz?

A. Spread spectrumA. Spread spectrum B. DataB. Data C. SSB voiceC. SSB voice D. Fast-scan televisionD. Fast-scan television

T1B13 (B)

460

Which of the following is true of Which of the following is true of the use of SSB phone in the use of SSB phone in

amateur bands above 50 MHz?amateur bands above 50 MHz?

A. It is permitted only by holders of a A. It is permitted only by holders of a General Class or higher licenseGeneral Class or higher license

B. It is permitted only on repeatersB. It is permitted only on repeaters C. It is permitted in at least some C. It is permitted in at least some

portion of all the amateur bands above portion of all the amateur bands above 50 MHz50 MHz

D. It is permitted only when power is D. It is permitted only when power is limited to no more than 100 wattslimited to no more than 100 watts

T2B13 (C)

461

Amateur Radio - Amateur Radio - InternationallyInternationally

International Telecommunication International Telecommunication Union (ITU).Union (ITU). Regions 1, 2 and 3.Regions 1, 2 and 3.

CONUS hams are in Region 2.CONUS hams are in Region 2. Reciprocal operating Reciprocal operating

authorizations.authorizations. There are times when there are There are times when there are

restrictions on certain countries restrictions on certain countries that we can contact.that we can contact.

462

What is the ITU?What is the ITU?

A. An agency of the United States A. An agency of the United States Department of Telecommunications Department of Telecommunications ManagementManagement

B. A United Nations agency for information B. A United Nations agency for information and communication technology issuesand communication technology issues

C. An independent frequency coordination C. An independent frequency coordination agencyagency

D. A department of the FCCD. A department of the FCC

T1B01 (B)

463

Why are the frequency Why are the frequency assignments for some U.S. assignments for some U.S.

Territories different from those Territories different from those in the 50 U.S. states?in the 50 U.S. states?

A. Some U.S. territories are located in ITU A. Some U.S. territories are located in ITU regions other than region 2regions other than region 2

B. Territorial governments are allowed to select B. Territorial governments are allowed to select their own frequency allocationstheir own frequency allocations

C. Territorial frequency allocations must also C. Territorial frequency allocations must also include those of adjacent countriesinclude those of adjacent countries

D. Any territory that was in existence before the D. Any territory that was in existence before the ratification of the Communications Act of 1934 is ratification of the Communications Act of 1934 is exempt from FCC frequency regulationsexempt from FCC frequency regulations

T1B02 (A)

464

Why are the frequency Why are the frequency assignments for U.S. stations assignments for U.S. stations

operating maritime mobile not operating maritime mobile not the same everywhere in the the same everywhere in the

world?world? A. Amateur maritime mobile stations in A. Amateur maritime mobile stations in international waters must conform to the frequency international waters must conform to the frequency assignments of the country nearest to their vesselassignments of the country nearest to their vessel

B. Amateur frequency assignments can vary among B. Amateur frequency assignments can vary among the three ITU regionsthe three ITU regions

C. Frequency assignments are determined by the C. Frequency assignments are determined by the captain of the vesselcaptain of the vessel

D. Amateur frequency assignments are different in D. Amateur frequency assignments are different in each of the 90 ITU zoneseach of the 90 ITU zones

T1B12 (B)

465

What types of international What types of international communications are communications are permitted by an FCC-permitted by an FCC-

licensed amateur station?licensed amateur station? A. Communications incidental to the purposes of A. Communications incidental to the purposes of

the amateur service and remarks of a personal the amateur service and remarks of a personal charactercharacter

B. Communications incidental to conducting B. Communications incidental to conducting business or remarks of a personal naturebusiness or remarks of a personal nature

C. Only communications incidental to contest C. Only communications incidental to contest exchanges, all other communications are exchanges, all other communications are prohibitedprohibited

D. Any communications that would be permitted D. Any communications that would be permitted by an international broadcast stationby an international broadcast station

T1C03 (A)

466

When are you allowed to When are you allowed to operate your amateur station operate your amateur station

in a foreign country?in a foreign country? A. When the foreign country authorizes itA. When the foreign country authorizes it B. When there is a mutual agreement B. When there is a mutual agreement

allowing third party communicationsallowing third party communications C. When authorization permits amateur C. When authorization permits amateur

communications in a foreign languagecommunications in a foreign language D. When you are communicating with non-D. When you are communicating with non-

licensed individuals in another countrylicensed individuals in another country

T1C04 (A)

467

What must you do if you are What must you do if you are operating on the 23 cm band operating on the 23 cm band

and learn that you are and learn that you are interfering with a interfering with a

radiolocation station outside radiolocation station outside the United States?the United States? A. Stop operating or take steps to eliminate A. Stop operating or take steps to eliminate

the harmful interferencethe harmful interference B. Nothing, because this band is allocated B. Nothing, because this band is allocated

exclusively to the amateur serviceexclusively to the amateur service C. Establissh contact with the radiolocation C. Establissh contact with the radiolocation

station and ask them to change frequencystation and ask them to change frequency D. Change to CW mode, because this would D. Change to CW mode, because this would

not likely cause interferencenot likely cause interferenceT1A14 (A)

468

From which of the following locations From which of the following locations may an FCC-licensed amateur station may an FCC-licensed amateur station

transmit, in addition to places where the transmit, in addition to places where the FCC regulates communications?FCC regulates communications?

A. From within any country that belongs to the A. From within any country that belongs to the International Telecommunications UnionInternational Telecommunications Union

B. From within any country that is a member of B. From within any country that is a member of the United Nations the United Nations

C. From anywhere within in ITU Regions 2 and C. From anywhere within in ITU Regions 2 and 33

D. From any vessel or craft located in D. From any vessel or craft located in international waters and documented or international waters and documented or registered in the United Statesregistered in the United States

T1C06 (D)

469

With which countries are FCC-With which countries are FCC-licensed amateur stations licensed amateur stations

prohibited from exchanging prohibited from exchanging communications?communications?

A. Any country whose administration has notified A. Any country whose administration has notified the ITU that it objects to such communicationsthe ITU that it objects to such communications

B. Any country whose administration has notified B. Any country whose administration has notified the ARRL that it objects to such communicationsthe ARRL that it objects to such communications

C. Any country engaged in hostilities with another C. Any country engaged in hostilities with another countrycountry

D. Any country in violation of the War Powers Act D. Any country in violation of the War Powers Act of 1934of 1934

T1D01 (A)

470

To which foreign stations do the To which foreign stations do the FCC rules authorize the FCC rules authorize the

transmission of non-emergency transmission of non-emergency third party communications?third party communications?

A. Any station whose government A. Any station whose government permits such communicationspermits such communications

B. Those in ITU Region 2 onlyB. Those in ITU Region 2 only C. Those in ITU Regions 2 and 3 onlyC. Those in ITU Regions 2 and 3 only D. Those in ITU Region 3 onlyD. Those in ITU Region 3 only

T1F11 (A)

471

Short BreakShort Break

10 Minute Stretch10 Minute Stretch Open Q&AOpen Q&A

472

Amateur ResponsibilitiesAmateur Responsibilities

473

Most Important Most Important InformationInformation

Control operator responsibilities.Control operator responsibilities. The FCC’s primary concern is that The FCC’s primary concern is that

transmissions are made only under transmissions are made only under the control of a licensed operator.the control of a licensed operator.

Control operator – the licensed Control operator – the licensed amateur responsible for making amateur responsible for making sure transmissions comply with sure transmissions comply with FCC rules.FCC rules.

474

Control OperatorControl Operator

Must have a valid FCC issued Amateur Must have a valid FCC issued Amateur Radio license.Radio license.

Station must operate within the Station must operate within the authorization of the control operator’s authorization of the control operator’s license.license.

Control operator must be present at the Control operator must be present at the control point of the station (the on-off control point of the station (the on-off switch) or remotely connected by a switch) or remotely connected by a control link.control link.

475

Guest OperationsGuest Operations

Non-licensed people can use a Non-licensed people can use a ham radio but only when a control ham radio but only when a control operator is present.operator is present. The control operator is solely The control operator is solely

responsible for station operation.responsible for station operation. Licensed guests can use the ham Licensed guests can use the ham

radio.radio. In this case, both the control In this case, both the control

operator and the guest ham are operator and the guest ham are responsible for station operation.responsible for station operation.

476

Remote and Automatic Remote and Automatic ControlControl

Some stations, repeaters and Some stations, repeaters and beacons operate without the beacons operate without the control operator physically control operator physically present at the control point.present at the control point.

These stations must still comply These stations must still comply with control operator stipulations.with control operator stipulations. Local.Local. Remote.Remote. Automatic.Automatic.

477

When is an amateur station When is an amateur station permitted to transmit permitted to transmit

without a control operator?without a control operator?

A. When using automatic control, such as in the case of a repeater

B. When the station licensee is away and another licensed amateur is using the station

C. When the transmitting station is an auxiliary station

D. Never

T1E01 (D)

478

Who must designate the Who must designate the station control operator?station control operator?

A. The station licenseeA. The station licensee B. The FCCB. The FCC C. The frequency coordinatorC. The frequency coordinator D. The ITUD. The ITU

T1E03 (A)

479

Who may a station licensee Who may a station licensee designate to be the control designate to be the control

operator of an amateur operator of an amateur station?station?

A. Any U.S. citizen or registered alienA. Any U.S. citizen or registered alien B. Any family member of the station B. Any family member of the station

licenseelicensee C. Any person over the age of 18C. Any person over the age of 18 D. Only a person for whom an amateur D. Only a person for whom an amateur

operator/primary station license grant operator/primary station license grant appears in the FCC database or who is appears in the FCC database or who is authorized for alien reciprocal operationauthorized for alien reciprocal operation

T1E02 (D)

480

When, under normal When, under normal circumstancess, may a circumstancess, may a

Technician Class licensee be Technician Class licensee be the control operator of a the control operator of a station operating in an station operating in an

exclusive Extra Class operator exclusive Extra Class operator segment of the amateur segment of the amateur

bands?bands? A. At no timeA. At no time B. When operating a special event stationB. When operating a special event station C. As part of a multi-operator contest C. As part of a multi-operator contest

teamteam D. When using a club station whose D. When using a club station whose

trustee is an Extra Class operator licenseetrustee is an Extra Class operator licensee

T1E12 (A)

481

What determines the What determines the transmitting privileges of an transmitting privileges of an

amateur station?amateur station?

A. The frequency authorized by the A. The frequency authorized by the frequency coordinatorfrequency coordinator

B. The class of operator license held by B. The class of operator license held by the station licenseethe station licensee

C. The highest class of operator license C. The highest class of operator license held by anyone on the premisesheld by anyone on the premises

D. The class of operator license held by D. The class of operator license held by the control operatorthe control operator

T1E04 (D)

482

What is an amateur station What is an amateur station control point?control point?

A. The location of the station’s A. The location of the station’s transmitting antennatransmitting antenna

B. The location of the station B. The location of the station transmitting apparatus transmitting apparatus

C. The location at which the control C. The location at which the control operator function is performedoperator function is performed

D. The mailing address of the station D. The mailing address of the station licenseelicensee

T1E05 (C)

483

Under what type of control do APRS Under what type of control do APRS network digipeaters operate?network digipeaters operate?

A. AutomaticA. Automatic B. RemoteB. Remote C. LocalC. Local D. ManualD. Manual

T1E06 (A)

484

When the control operator is When the control operator is not the station licensee, who is not the station licensee, who is

responsible for the proper responsible for the proper operation of the station?operation of the station?

A. All licensed amateurs who are present A. All licensed amateurs who are present at the operationat the operation

B. Only the station licenseeB. Only the station licensee C. Only the control operatorC. Only the control operator D. The control operator and the station D. The control operator and the station

licensee are equally responsiblelicensee are equally responsible

T1E07 (D)

485

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of automatic control?example of automatic control?

A. A. Repeater operationRepeater operation B. Controlling the station over the internetB. Controlling the station over the internet C. Using a computer or other device to C. Using a computer or other device to

automatically send CWautomatically send CW D. Using a computer or other device to D. Using a computer or other device to

automatically identifyautomatically identify

T1E08 (A)

486

What type of control is being What type of control is being used when the control operator used when the control operator

is at the control pointt?is at the control pointt?

A. Radio controlA. Radio control B. Unattended controlB. Unattended control C. Automatic controlC. Automatic control D. Local controlD. Local control

T1E09 (D)

487

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of remote control as example of remote control as

defined in Part 97?defined in Part 97?

A. Repeater operationA. Repeater operation B. Operating a station over the InternetB. Operating a station over the Internet C. Controlling a model aircraft, boat or C. Controlling a model aircraft, boat or

car by amateur radiocar by amateur radio D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T1E10 (B)

488

Who does the FCC presume to Who does the FCC presume to be the control operator of an be the control operator of an

amateur station, unless amateur station, unless documentation to the contrary documentation to the contrary

is in the station records?is in the station records? A. The station custodianA. The station custodian B. The third party participantB. The third party participant C. The person operating the station C. The person operating the station

equipmentequipment D. The station licenseeD. The station licensee

T1E11 (D)

489

What type of amateur station What type of amateur station simultaneously retransmits the simultaneously retransmits the

signal of another amateur signal of another amateur station on a different channel or station on a different channel or

channels?channels?

A. Beacon stationA. Beacon station B. Earth stationB. Earth station C. Repeater stationC. Repeater station D. Message forwarding stationD. Message forwarding station

T1F09 C

490

Who is accountable should a Who is accountable should a repeater inadvertently repeater inadvertently

retransmit communications that retransmit communications that violate the FCC rules?violate the FCC rules?

A. The control operator of the originating A. The control operator of the originating stationstation

B. The control operator of the repeaterB. The control operator of the repeater C. The owner of the repeaterC. The owner of the repeater D. Both the originating station and the D. Both the originating station and the

repeater ownerrepeater owner

T1F10 (A)

491

Call SignsCall Signs US call signs begin US call signs begin

with: K, N, W, and with: K, N, W, and A.A.

Include a single Include a single US call sign US call sign district: 0-9district: 0-9

Call sign formats:Call sign formats: 1x1 (special event)1x1 (special event) 1x2 or 2x11x2 or 2x1 1x31x3 2x22x2 2x32x3

492

Call SignsCall Signs

Portable – operating away from primary Portable – operating away from primary station location.station location.

If in the different call sign district add:If in the different call sign district add: ““portable 6” if voice.portable 6” if voice. /6 if Morse code or digital./6 if Morse code or digital. Not required, just nice to do.Not required, just nice to do.

If recent upgrade add “AG” or “AE.”If recent upgrade add “AG” or “AE.” Special call signsSpecial call signs

Club and special event call signs.Club and special event call signs. Vanity call signs.Vanity call signs.

493

Station Identification Station Identification (ID)(ID)

Normal ID.Normal ID. Say your call sign every ten minutes during Say your call sign every ten minutes during

and at the end of the contact (QSO).and at the end of the contact (QSO). Use of Tactical Call Signs.Use of Tactical Call Signs.

May be a more useful identifier for the May be a more useful identifier for the purposes of the event.purposes of the event.

Does not substitute for proper station ID.Does not substitute for proper station ID. Ham Guests.Ham Guests.

Guest operators may use their callsign, but are Guest operators may use their callsign, but are limited to the privileges of their call, not the limited to the privileges of their call, not the host ham privileges.host ham privileges.

494

ID Rules ApplyID Rules Apply

Repeaters must also ID using the Repeaters must also ID using the same 10 minute rule.same 10 minute rule. Can be voice or CW (at 20 WPM or Can be voice or CW (at 20 WPM or

less).less). Satellites and ISS have special Satellites and ISS have special

rules.rules. Special event calls.Special event calls.

Normal club call or control operator Normal club call or control operator call given once per hour.call given once per hour.

495

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a valid US amateur radio valid US amateur radio

station call sign?station call sign? A. KMA3505A. KMA3505 B. W3ABCB. W3ABC C. KDKAC. KDKA D. 11Q1176D. 11Q1176

T1C02 (B)

496

Which indicator is required by Which indicator is required by the FCC to be transmitted after the FCC to be transmitted after

a station call sign?a station call sign? A. /M when operating mobileA. /M when operating mobile B. /R when operating a repeaterB. /R when operating a repeater C. / followed by the FCC Region number when operating C. / followed by the FCC Region number when operating

out of the region in which the license was issuedout of the region in which the license was issued D. /KT, /AE, or /AG when using new license privileges D. /KT, /AE, or /AG when using new license privileges

earned by CSCE while waiting for an upgrade to a earned by CSCE while waiting for an upgrade to a previously issued license to appear in the FCC license previously issued license to appear in the FCC license databasedatabase

T1F08 (D)

497

Which type of call sign has a Which type of call sign has a single letter in both its single letter in both its

prefix and suffix?prefix and suffix? A. VanityA. Vanity B. SequentialB. Sequential C. Special eventC. Special event D. In-memoriamD. In-memoriam

T1C01 (C)

498

How is access to an IRLP How is access to an IRLP node accomplished?node accomplished?

A. By obtaining a password which is sent A. By obtaining a password which is sent via voice to the nodevia voice to the node

B. By using DTMF signalsB. By using DTMF signals C. By entering the proper Internet C. By entering the proper Internet

passwordpassword D. By using CTCSS tone codesD. By using CTCSS tone codes

T8C06 (B)

499

What type of identification is What type of identification is being used when identifying a being used when identifying a

station on the air as Race station on the air as Race Headquarters?Headquarters?

A. Tactical call signA. Tactical call sign B. An official call sign reserved for B. An official call sign reserved for

RACES drillsRACES drills C. SSIDC. SSID D. Broadcast stationD. Broadcast station

T1F01 (A)

500

When using tactical identifiers When using tactical identifiers such as “Race Headquarters” such as “Race Headquarters”

during a communiy service net during a communiy service net operation, how often must your operation, how often must your station transmit the station’s station transmit the station’s

FCC-assigned call sign?FCC-assigned call sign? A. Never, the tactical call is sufficientA. Never, the tactical call is sufficient B. Once during every hourB. Once during every hour C. At the end of each communication and C. At the end of each communication and

every ten minutes during a every ten minutes during a communicationcommunication

D. At the end of every transmissionD. At the end of every transmissionT1F02 (C)

501

When is an amateur station When is an amateur station required to transmit its required to transmit its

assigned call sign?assigned call sign?

A. At the beginning of each contact, and A. At the beginning of each contact, and every 10 minutes thereafterevery 10 minutes thereafter

B. At least once during each transmission B. At least once during each transmission C. At least every 15 minutes during and at C. At least every 15 minutes during and at

the end of a communicationthe end of a communication D. At least every 10 minutes during and at D. At least every 10 minutes during and at

the end of a communicationthe end of a communication

T1F03 (D)

502

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an acceptable language for use for acceptable language for use for

station identification when station identification when operating in a phone sub-band?operating in a phone sub-band?

A. Any language recognized by the A. Any language recognized by the United NationsUnited Nations

B. Any language recognized by the ITUB. Any language recognized by the ITU C. The English languageC. The English language D. English, French, or SpanishD. English, French, or Spanish

T1F04 (C) [97.119(b)]

503

What method of call sign What method of call sign identification is required for identification is required for a station transmitting phone a station transmitting phone

signals?signals?

A. Send the call sign followed by the indicator A. Send the call sign followed by the indicator RPTRPT

B. Send the call sign using CW or phone B. Send the call sign using CW or phone emissionemission

C. Send the call sign followed by the indicator RC. Send the call sign followed by the indicator R D. Send the call sign using only phone emissionD. Send the call sign using only phone emission

T1F05 (B)

504

Which of the following formats Which of the following formats of a self-assigned indicator is of a self-assigned indicator is acceptable when identifying acceptable when identifying using a phone transmission?using a phone transmission?

A. KL7CC stroke W3A. KL7CC stroke W3 B. KL7CC slant W3B. KL7CC slant W3 C. KL7CC slash W3C. KL7CC slash W3 D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T1F06 (D)

505

Which of the following Which of the following restrictions apply when a non-restrictions apply when a non-licensed person is allowed to licensed person is allowed to

speak to a foreign station using speak to a foreign station using a station under the control of a a station under the control of a

Technician Class control Technician Class control operator?operator? A. The person must be a U.S. citizenA. The person must be a U.S. citizen

B. The foreign station must be one with B. The foreign station must be one with which the U.S. has a third party which the U.S. has a third party agreementagreement

C. The licensed control operator must do C. The licensed control operator must do the station identificationthe station identification

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correctT1F07 (B)

506

Which of the following methods Which of the following methods is encouraged by the FCC when is encouraged by the FCC when identifying your station when identifying your station when

using phone?using phone? A. Use of a phonetic alphabetA. Use of a phonetic alphabet B. Send your call sign in CW as well as B. Send your call sign in CW as well as

voicevoice C. Repeat your call sign three timesC. Repeat your call sign three times D. Increase your signal to full power D. Increase your signal to full power

when identifyingwhen identifying

T2B09 (A) [97.119(b)(2)]

507

InterferenceInterference

QRNQRN Natural interference Natural interference

(thunderstorms).(thunderstorms). Man-made (appliances and power Man-made (appliances and power

lines).lines). QRMQRM

Interference from nearby signals.Interference from nearby signals. Other hams or other users of the Other hams or other users of the

frequencies.frequencies. Control operators should prevent Control operators should prevent

interfering with other users of the interfering with other users of the frequencies.frequencies.

508

InterferenceInterference

HarmfulHarmful Interference that is disruptive but not Interference that is disruptive but not

intentional.intentional. Deal with it as best you can and help others Deal with it as best you can and help others

avoid harmful interference.avoid harmful interference. WillfulWillful

Intentionally causing interference.Intentionally causing interference. This becomes a legal and law enforcement This becomes a legal and law enforcement

issue.issue. This is rare and there are procedures to This is rare and there are procedures to

deal with this (ARRL Official Observers can deal with this (ARRL Official Observers can help).help).

509

Preventing InterferencePreventing Interference

Use common sense and courtesy.Use common sense and courtesy. Keep equipment in proper Keep equipment in proper

operating order.operating order. No one owns a frequency; be a No one owns a frequency; be a

good neighbor and share.good neighbor and share. Yield to special operations and Yield to special operations and

special circumstances.special circumstances.

510

Third-Party Third-Party CommunicationsCommunications

Third-party means that a non-ham is involved Third-party means that a non-ham is involved in communication via ham radio.in communication via ham radio. Could be actually speaking on the air.Could be actually speaking on the air. Could be passing a message on behalf of the non-Could be passing a message on behalf of the non-

ham.ham. Within the US – no special rules as long as Within the US – no special rules as long as

messages are non-commercialmessages are non-commercial Across international borders.Across international borders.

Make sure that third-party agreement Make sure that third-party agreement exists.exists.

Many countries DO NOT have third-party Many countries DO NOT have third-party agreements with US.agreements with US.

During station identification say both During station identification say both stations’ call signs.stations’ call signs.

511

Prohibited Prohibited TransmissionsTransmissions

Unidentified transmissions .Unidentified transmissions . (not giving your call sign)(not giving your call sign)

False or deceptive signals.False or deceptive signals. (using someone else’s call sign)(using someone else’s call sign)

False distress or emergency signals.False distress or emergency signals. (fake calls for help)(fake calls for help)

Obscene or indecent speech.Obscene or indecent speech. (up to interpretation)(up to interpretation)

Music.Music.

512

No Business No Business CommunicationsCommunications

You can not make a profit through You can not make a profit through the use of transmissions made via the use of transmissions made via ham radio.ham radio.

The exception is teachers using The exception is teachers using ham radio in their classrooms.ham radio in their classrooms.

513

No Encrypted No Encrypted TransmissionsTransmissions

Encryption involves encoding Encryption involves encoding information for transmission that information for transmission that must be decoded upon reception must be decoded upon reception to interpret the information.to interpret the information.

This is okay if:This is okay if: Coding is open source.Coding is open source. Intention is not to hide the message Intention is not to hide the message

or deceive.or deceive.

514

No BroadcastingNo Broadcasting

Broadcasting is sending one-way Broadcasting is sending one-way transmissions with no expectation of transmissions with no expectation of getting a response.getting a response. NewsNews MusicMusic

Exceptions:Exceptions: Code practice.Code practice. Ham radio related bulletins.Ham radio related bulletins. Re-transmission of shuttle communications.Re-transmission of shuttle communications.

515

Special CircumstancesSpecial Circumstances

Ham communication is generally Ham communication is generally intended to be only between hams.intended to be only between hams.

Emergencies and critical Emergencies and critical situations create special situations create special circumstances.circumstances.

Special commemorative events Special commemorative events may also qualify as special may also qualify as special circumstances.circumstances.

Normal rules return when the Normal rules return when the situation returns to normal.situation returns to normal.

516

On which of the following On which of the following occasions may an FCC-licensed occasions may an FCC-licensed

amateur station exchange amateur station exchange messages with a U.S. military messages with a U.S. military

station?station? A. During an Armed Forces Day A. During an Armed Forces Day

Communications TestCommunications Test B. During a Memorial Day CelebrationB. During a Memorial Day Celebration C. During an Independence Day celebrationC. During an Independence Day celebration D. During a propagation testD. During a propagation test

T1D02 (A)

517

When is the transmission of codes When is the transmission of codes or ciphers that hide the meaning of or ciphers that hide the meaning of a message allowed by an amateur a message allowed by an amateur

station?station?

A. Only during contestsA. Only during contests B. Only when operating mobileB. Only when operating mobile C. Only when transmitting control C. Only when transmitting control

commands to space stations or radio commands to space stations or radio control craftcontrol craft

D. Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz D. Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz are usedare used

T1D03 (C)

518

What is the only time an What is the only time an amateur station is authorized to amateur station is authorized to

transmit music?transmit music?

A. When incidental to an authorized retransmission A. When incidental to an authorized retransmission of manned spacecraft communicationsof manned spacecraft communications

B. When the music produces no spurious emissionsB. When the music produces no spurious emissions C. When the purpose is to interfere with an illegal C. When the purpose is to interfere with an illegal

transmissiontransmission D. When the music is transmitted above 1280 MHzD. When the music is transmitted above 1280 MHz

T1D04 (A)

519

When may amateur radio operators When may amateur radio operators use their stations to notify other use their stations to notify other

amateurs of the availability of amateurs of the availability of equipment for sale or trade?equipment for sale or trade?

A. When the equipment is normally used in an amateur A. When the equipment is normally used in an amateur station and such activity is not conducted on a regular station and such activity is not conducted on a regular basisbasis

B. When the asking price is $100.00 or lessB. When the asking price is $100.00 or less C. When the asking price is less than its appraised valueC. When the asking price is less than its appraised value D. When the equipment is not the personal property of D. When the equipment is not the personal property of

either the station licensee or the control operator or either the station licensee or the control operator or their close relativestheir close relatives

T1D05 (A)

520

What, if any, are the What, if any, are the restrictions concerning restrictions concerning

transmission of language that transmission of language that may be considered indecent or may be considered indecent or

obsene?obsene? A. The FCC maintains a list of words that are A. The FCC maintains a list of words that are

not permitted to be used on amateur not permitted to be used on amateur frequenciesfrequencies

B. Any such language is prohibitedB. Any such language is prohibited C. The ITU maintains a list of words that are not C. The ITU maintains a list of words that are not

permitted to be used on amateur frequenciespermitted to be used on amateur frequencies D. There is no such prohibitionD. There is no such prohibition

T1D06 (B)

521

What types of amateur stations What types of amateur stations can automatically retransmit can automatically retransmit the signals of other amateur the signals of other amateur

stations?stations?

A. Auxiliary, beacon, or Earth stationsA. Auxiliary, beacon, or Earth stations B. Auxiliary, repeater, or space stationsB. Auxiliary, repeater, or space stations C. Beacon, repeater, or space stationsC. Beacon, repeater, or space stations D. Earth, repeater, or space stations D. Earth, repeater, or space stations

T1D07 (B)

522

In which of the following In which of the following circumstances may the control circumstances may the control operator of an amateur station operator of an amateur station

receive compensation for receive compensation for

operating the station?operating the station? A. When engaging in communications on behalf of A. When engaging in communications on behalf of

their employertheir employer B. When the communication is incidental to B. When the communication is incidental to

classroom instruction at an educational institutionclassroom instruction at an educational institution C. When re-broadcasting weather alerts during a C. When re-broadcasting weather alerts during a

RACES netRACES net D. When notifying other amateur operators of the D. When notifying other amateur operators of the

availability for sale or trade of apparatusavailability for sale or trade of apparatus

T1D08 (B)

523

Under which of the following Under which of the following circumstances are amateur stations circumstances are amateur stations

authorized to transmit signals authorized to transmit signals related to broadcasting, program related to broadcasting, program production, or news gathering, production, or news gathering,

assuming no other means is assuming no other means is available?available?

A. Only where such communications directly relate to the A. Only where such communications directly relate to the immediate safety of human life or protection of propertyimmediate safety of human life or protection of property

B. Only when broadcasting communications to or from the B. Only when broadcasting communications to or from the space shuttle.space shuttle.

C. Only where noncommercial programming is gathered C. Only where noncommercial programming is gathered and supplied exclusively to the National Public Radio and supplied exclusively to the National Public Radio network network

D. Only when using amateur repeaters linked to the D. Only when using amateur repeaters linked to the InternetInternet

T1D09 (A)

524

What is the meaning of the What is the meaning of the term “broadcasting” in the FCC term “broadcasting” in the FCC rules for the amateur services?rules for the amateur services?

A. Two-way transmissions by amateur stationsA. Two-way transmissions by amateur stations B. Transmission of musicB. Transmission of music C. Transmission of messages directed only to C. Transmission of messages directed only to

amateur operators amateur operators D. Transmissions intended for reception by the D. Transmissions intended for reception by the

general public general public

T1D10 (D)

525

Under which of the following Under which of the following circumstances may an amateur circumstances may an amateur

radio station engage in radio station engage in broadcastingbroadcasting

A. Under no circumstancesA. Under no circumstances B. When transmitting code practice, information B. When transmitting code practice, information

bulletins, or transmissions necessary to provide bulletins, or transmissions necessary to provide emergency communicationsemergency communications

C. At any time as long as no music is transmittedC. At any time as long as no music is transmitted D. At any time as long as the material D. At any time as long as the material

transmitted did not originate from a commercial transmitted did not originate from a commercial broadcast stationbroadcast station

T1D12 (B)

526

When may an amateur station When may an amateur station transmit without identifying?transmit without identifying?

A. When the transmissions are of a brief A. When the transmissions are of a brief nature to make station adjustmentsnature to make station adjustments

B. When the transmisions are unmodulatedB. When the transmisions are unmodulated C. When the transmitted power level is C. When the transmitted power level is

below 1 wattbelow 1 watt D. When transmitting signals to control a D. When transmitting signals to control a

model craftmodel craft

T1D11 (D)

527

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a permissible use of the Amateur permissible use of the Amateur

Radio Service?Radio Service? A. Broadcasting music and videos to friendsA. Broadcasting music and videos to friends B. Providing a way for amateur radio operators B. Providing a way for amateur radio operators

to earn additional income by using their stations to earn additional income by using their stations to pass messagesto pass messages

C. Providing low-cost communications for start-C. Providing low-cost communications for start-up businessesup businesses

D. Allowing a person to conduct radio D. Allowing a person to conduct radio experiments and to communicate with other experiments and to communicate with other licensed hams around the worldlicensed hams around the world

T1A12 (D)

528

SafetySafety

529

Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety

Avoiding contact is the most Avoiding contact is the most effective way of practicing effective way of practicing electrical safety.electrical safety.

Most modern radio equipment Most modern radio equipment uses currents that are not as uses currents that are not as dangerous as older equipment but dangerous as older equipment but precautions still must be taken.precautions still must be taken.

530

Electrical InjuriesElectrical Injuries

Shocks.Shocks. Burns.Burns. Even small Even small

levels can cause levels can cause problemsproblems 30 Volts can 30 Volts can

cause burnscause burns 10-20 mA can 10-20 mA can

cause cause contractionscontractions

100 mA or more 100 mA or more can be lethalcan be lethal

531

Mitigating Electrical Mitigating Electrical HazardsHazards

TURN OFF POWER WHEN WORKING TURN OFF POWER WHEN WORKING INSIDE EQUIPMENT!!!!!!INSIDE EQUIPMENT!!!!!!

MAKE SURE EQUIPMENT IS PROPERLY MAKE SURE EQUIPMENT IS PROPERLY GROUNDED AND CIRCUIT GROUNDED AND CIRCUIT PROTECTED!!!!!PROTECTED!!!!!

If power is required:If power is required: Remove jewelry.Remove jewelry. Avoid unintentional touching of circuitry.Avoid unintentional touching of circuitry. Never bypass safety interlocks.Never bypass safety interlocks. Capacitors hold a charge even when power is off.Capacitors hold a charge even when power is off. Storage batteries are dangerous when shorted.Storage batteries are dangerous when shorted.

532

BatteriesBatteries Create current through a chemical Create current through a chemical

reaction.reaction. Made up of individual cells (typically 1.2 to Made up of individual cells (typically 1.2 to

1.5 volts per cell depending on type) 1.5 volts per cell depending on type) connected in series or parallel.connected in series or parallel.

Battery types.Battery types. Disposable (Carbon-Zinc, Alkaline, Disposable (Carbon-Zinc, Alkaline,

Lithium).Lithium). Rechargeable (NiCd, NiMH, Li-Ion).Rechargeable (NiCd, NiMH, Li-Ion). Storage (Lead Acid, usually 12-14 volts).Storage (Lead Acid, usually 12-14 volts).

Power capabilities rated in Ampere-Power capabilities rated in Ampere-hours.hours. Amps x time.Amps x time.

533

Battery ChargingBattery Charging

Some batteries can be recharged, some Some batteries can be recharged, some cannot.cannot.

Use the proper charger for the battery Use the proper charger for the battery being charged.being charged.

Batteries will wear out over time.Batteries will wear out over time. Best if batteries are maintained fully Best if batteries are maintained fully

charged.charged. Over-charging will cause heating and could Over-charging will cause heating and could

damage the battery.damage the battery. Some batteries (lead-acid) will release Some batteries (lead-acid) will release

toxic fumes during charging so require toxic fumes during charging so require ventilation.ventilation.

534

How does current flowing How does current flowing through the body cause a through the body cause a

health hazard?health hazard?

A. By heating tissueA. By heating tissue B. It disrupts the electrical B. It disrupts the electrical

functions of cellsfunctions of cells C. It causes involuntary muscle C. It causes involuntary muscle

contractionscontractions D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0A02 (D)

535

What is connected to the What is connected to the green wire in a three-wire green wire in a three-wire

electrical AC plug?electrical AC plug?

A. NeutralA. Neutral B. HotB. Hot C. GroundC. Ground D. The white wireD. The white wire

T0A03 (C)

536

What is the purpose of a fuse What is the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?in an electrical circuit?

A. To prevent power supply ripple from A. To prevent power supply ripple from damaging a circuitdamaging a circuit

B. To interrupt power in case of overloadB. To interrupt power in case of overload C. To limit current to prevent shocksC. To limit current to prevent shocks D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0A04 (B)

537

Why is it unwise to install a 20-Why is it unwise to install a 20-ampere fuse in the place of a 5-ampere fuse in the place of a 5-

ampere fuse?ampere fuse?

A. The larger fuse would be likely to blow A. The larger fuse would be likely to blow because it is rated for higher currentbecause it is rated for higher current

B. The power supply ripple would greatly B. The power supply ripple would greatly increaseincrease

C. Excessive current could cause a fireC. Excessive current could cause a fire D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0A05 (C)

538

What is a good way to guard What is a good way to guard against electrical shock at your against electrical shock at your

station?station?

A. Use three-wire cords and plugs for all AC A. Use three-wire cords and plugs for all AC powered equipmentpowered equipment

B. Connect all AC powered station equipment to a B. Connect all AC powered station equipment to a common safety groundcommon safety ground

C. Use a circuit protected by a ground-fault C. Use a circuit protected by a ground-fault interrupterinterrupter

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0A06 (D)

539

Which of these precautions should Which of these precautions should be taken when installing devices be taken when installing devices

for lightning protection in a for lightning protection in a coaxial cable feedline?coaxial cable feedline?

A. Include a parallel bypass switch for each A. Include a parallel bypass switch for each protector so that it can be switched out of the protector so that it can be switched out of the circuit when running high powercircuit when running high power

B. Include a series switch in the ground line B. Include a series switch in the ground line of each protector to prevent RF overload from of each protector to prevent RF overload from inadvertently damaging the protectorinadvertently damaging the protector

C. Keep the ground wires from each protector C. Keep the ground wires from each protector separate and connected to station groundseparate and connected to station ground

D. Ground all of the protectors to a common D. Ground all of the protectors to a common plate which is in turn connected to an plate which is in turn connected to an external groundexternal ground

T0A07 (D)

540

Which of the following Which of the following battery types is battery types is rechargeable?rechargeable?

A. Nickel-metal hydrideA. Nickel-metal hydride B. Lithium-ionB. Lithium-ion C. Lead-acid gel-cellC. Lead-acid gel-cell D. All of these choices are correct D. All of these choices are correct

T6A10 (D)

541

Which of the following Which of the following battery types is not battery types is not

rechargeable?rechargeable? A. Nickel-cadmiumA. Nickel-cadmium B. Carbon-zincB. Carbon-zinc C. Lead-acid C. Lead-acid D. Lithium-ion D. Lithium-ion

T6A11 (B)

542

What is one way to recharge a a What is one way to recharge a a 12-volt lead-acid station battery 12-volt lead-acid station battery if the commercial power is out?if the commercial power is out?

A. Cool the battery in ice for several hoursA. Cool the battery in ice for several hours B. Add acid to the batteryB. Add acid to the battery C. Connect the battery in parallel with a C. Connect the battery in parallel with a

vehicle’s battery and run the enginevehicle’s battery and run the engine D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T2C02 (C)

543

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a safety hazard of a 12-volt safety hazard of a 12-volt

storage battery?storage battery?

A. Touching both terminals with the A. Touching both terminals with the hands can cause electrical shockhands can cause electrical shock

B. Shorting the terminals can cause B. Shorting the terminals can cause burns, fire, or an explosionburns, fire, or an explosion

C. RF emissions from the batteryC. RF emissions from the battery D. Allof these choices are correctD. Allof these choices are correct

T0A01 (B)

544

What kind of hazard is What kind of hazard is presented by a conventional 12-presented by a conventional 12-

volt storage battery?volt storage battery?

A. It emits ozone which can be harmful to A. It emits ozone which can be harmful to the atmospherethe atmosphere

B. Shock hazard due to high voltageB. Shock hazard due to high voltage C. Explosive gas can collect if not C. Explosive gas can collect if not

properly ventedproperly vented D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0A09 (C)

545

What can happen if a lead-acid What can happen if a lead-acid storage battery is charged or storage battery is charged or

discharged too quickly?discharged too quickly?

A. The battery could overheat and give off A. The battery could overheat and give off flammable gas or explodeflammable gas or explode

B. The voltage can become reversedB. The voltage can become reversed C. The memory effect will reduce the C. The memory effect will reduce the

capacity of the batterycapacity of the battery D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0A10 (A)

546

What kind of hazard might exist What kind of hazard might exist in a power supply when it is in a power supply when it is

turned off and disconnected?turned off and disconnected?

A. Static electricity could damage the A. Static electricity could damage the grounding systemgrounding system

B. Circulating currents inside the transformer B. Circulating currents inside the transformer might cause damagemight cause damage

C. The fuse might blow if you remove the coverC. The fuse might blow if you remove the cover D. You might receive an electric shock from D. You might receive an electric shock from

stored charge in large capacitorsstored charge in large capacitors

T0A11 (D)

547

What safety equipment should What safety equipment should always be included in home-always be included in home-

built equipment that is powered built equipment that is powered from 120V AC power circuits?from 120V AC power circuits?

A. A fuse or circuit breaker in series with the A. A fuse or circuit breaker in series with the AC hot conductorAC hot conductor

B. An AC voltmeter across the incoming power B. An AC voltmeter across the incoming power sourcesource

C. An inductor in series with the AC power C. An inductor in series with the AC power sourcesource

D. A capacitor across the AC power sourceD. A capacitor across the AC power source

T0A08 (A)

548

RF SafetyRF Safety

Proper Grounding.Proper Grounding. Important not only for protection Important not only for protection

of equipment and people, any of equipment and people, any wires connected to the radio wires connected to the radio potentially becomes part of the potentially becomes part of the antenna and can radiate RF where antenna and can radiate RF where it is not intended.it is not intended.

549

Lightning SafetyLightning Safety

Antennas are not struck any more Antennas are not struck any more frequently than trees or tall frequently than trees or tall structures.structures.

Ground all antennas.Ground all antennas. Use lightning arrestors.Use lightning arrestors. Disconnect antenna cables and Disconnect antenna cables and

power cords during storms.power cords during storms. Disconnect telephone lines from Disconnect telephone lines from

computer modems.computer modems.

550

RF ExposureRF Exposure

Exposure to high levels of RF can Exposure to high levels of RF can cause problems.cause problems.

If equipment is operated properly, If equipment is operated properly, RF exposure is minimal and not RF exposure is minimal and not dangerous.dangerous.

Problem is RF energy can heat Problem is RF energy can heat body tissues.body tissues. Heating depends on the RF intensity Heating depends on the RF intensity

and frequency.and frequency.

551

RF IntensityRF Intensity

Power DensityPower Density Actual transmitter power.Actual transmitter power.

Higher power, higher risk.Higher power, higher risk. Antenna gain and proximity.Antenna gain and proximity.

Beam antennas focus available energy.Beam antennas focus available energy. Being physically close or standing in the beam Being physically close or standing in the beam

direction increases risk.direction increases risk. Mode duty cycle.Mode duty cycle.

The more time the power output is at high level, The more time the power output is at high level, the higher the risk.the higher the risk.

552

Mode Duty CycleMode Duty Cycle

The more time The more time the transmitted the transmitted power is at high power is at high levels, the levels, the greater the duty greater the duty cycle, and the cycle, and the greater the greater the exposure risk.exposure risk.

553

RF Exposure and RF Exposure and FrequencyFrequency

554

How does RF radiation differ How does RF radiation differ from ionizing radiation from ionizing radiation

(radioactivity)?(radioactivity)?

A. RF radiation does not have sufficient A. RF radiation does not have sufficient energy to cause genetic damageenergy to cause genetic damage

B. RF radiation can only be detected with B. RF radiation can only be detected with an RF dosimeteran RF dosimeter

C. RF radiation is limited in range to a few C. RF radiation is limited in range to a few feetfeet

D. RF radiation is perfectly safeD. RF radiation is perfectly safe

T0C12 (A)

555

What type of radiation are VHF What type of radiation are VHF and UHF radio signals?and UHF radio signals?

A. Gamma radiationA. Gamma radiation B. Ionizing radiationB. Ionizing radiation C. Alpha radiationC. Alpha radiation D. Non-ionizing radiationD. Non-ionizing radiation

T0C01 (D)

556

Which of the following Which of the following frequencies has the lowest value frequencies has the lowest value

for Maximum Permissible for Maximum Permissible Exposure limit?Exposure limit?

A. 3.5 MHzA. 3.5 MHz B. 50 MHzB. 50 MHz C. 440 MHzC. 440 MHz D. 1296 MHzD. 1296 MHz

T0C02 (B)

557

What is the maximum power level that What is the maximum power level that an amateur radio station may use at an amateur radio station may use at

VHF frequencies before an RF exposure VHF frequencies before an RF exposure evaluation is required?evaluation is required?

A. 1500 watts PEP transmitter outputA. 1500 watts PEP transmitter output B. 1 watt forward powerB. 1 watt forward power C. 50 watts PEP at the antennaC. 50 watts PEP at the antenna D. 50 watts PEP reflected powerD. 50 watts PEP reflected power

T0C03 (C)

558

What factors affect the RF What factors affect the RF exposure of people near an exposure of people near an amateur station antenna?amateur station antenna?

A. Frequency and power level of the A. Frequency and power level of the RF fieldRF field

B. Distance from the antenna to a B. Distance from the antenna to a personperson

C. Radiation pattern of the antennaC. Radiation pattern of the antenna D. All of these answers are correctD. All of these answers are correct

T0C04 (D)

559

Why do exposure limits vary Why do exposure limits vary with frequency?with frequency?

A. Lower frequency RF fields have more A. Lower frequency RF fields have more energy than higher frequency fieldsenergy than higher frequency fields

B. Lower frequency RF fields do not B. Lower frequency RF fields do not penetrate the human body penetrate the human body

C. Higher frequency RF fields are C. Higher frequency RF fields are transient in nature transient in nature

D. The human body absorbs more RF D. The human body absorbs more RF energy at some frequencies than at othersenergy at some frequencies than at others

T0C05 (D)

560

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an acceptable method to determine acceptable method to determine that your station complies with that your station complies with FCC RF exposure regulations?FCC RF exposure regulations?

A. By calculation based on FCC OET A. By calculation based on FCC OET Bulletin 65Bulletin 65

B. By calculation based on computer B. By calculation based on computer modelingmodeling

C. By measurement of field strength using C. By measurement of field strength using calibrated equipmentcalibrated equipment

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correctT0C06 (D)

561

What could happen if a person What could happen if a person accidentally touched your antenna accidentally touched your antenna

while you were transmitting?while you were transmitting?

A. Touching the antenna could cause A. Touching the antenna could cause television interferencetelevision interference

B. They might receive a painful RF burnB. They might receive a painful RF burn C. They might develop radiation poisoning C. They might develop radiation poisoning D. All of these choices are correct D. All of these choices are correct

T0C07 (B)

562

Which of the following actions Which of the following actions might amateur operators take to might amateur operators take to prevent exposure to RF radiation prevent exposure to RF radiation in excess of FCC-supplied limits?in excess of FCC-supplied limits?

A. Relocate antennasA. Relocate antennas B. Relocate the transmitterB. Relocate the transmitter C. Increase the duty cycleC. Increase the duty cycle D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0C08 (A)

563

How can you make sure your station How can you make sure your station stays in compliance with RF safety stays in compliance with RF safety

regulations?regulations?

A. By informing the FCC of any changes A. By informing the FCC of any changes made in your stationmade in your station

B. By re-evaluating the station whenever B. By re-evaluating the station whenever an item of equipment is changedan item of equipment is changed

C. By making sure your antennas have low C. By making sure your antennas have low SWRSWR

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0C09 (B)

564

Why is duty cycle one of the Why is duty cycle one of the factors used to determine safe factors used to determine safe RF radiation exposure levels?RF radiation exposure levels?

A. It affects the average exposure of people to A. It affects the average exposure of people to radiationradiation

B. It affects the peak exposure of people to B. It affects the peak exposure of people to radiationradiation

C. It takes into account the antenna feedline C. It takes into account the antenna feedline lossloss

D. It takes into account the thermal effects of D. It takes into account the thermal effects of the final amplifierthe final amplifier

T0C10 (A)

565

What is the definition of duty What is the definition of duty cycle during the averaging time cycle during the averaging time

for RF exposure?for RF exposure? A. The difference between lowest power A. The difference between lowest power

output and the highest power output of a output and the highest power output of a transmittertransmitter

B. The difference between the PEP and B. The difference between the PEP and average power output of a transmitteraverage power output of a transmitter

C. The percentage of time that a C. The percentage of time that a transmitter is transmittingtransmitter is transmitting

D. The percentage of time that a D. The percentage of time that a transmitter is not transmittingtransmitter is not transmitting

T0C11 (C)

566

If the averaging time for exposure is If the averaging time for exposure is 6 minutes, how much power density 6 minutes, how much power density is permitted if the signal is present is permitted if the signal is present

for 3 minutes and absent for 3 for 3 minutes and absent for 3 minutes rather than being present minutes rather than being present

for the entire 6 minutes?for the entire 6 minutes? A. 3 times as muchA. 3 times as much B. ½ as muchB. ½ as much C. 2 times as muchC. 2 times as much D. There is no adjustment allowed for D. There is no adjustment allowed for

shorter exposure timesshorter exposure times

T0C13 (C)

567

Physical SafetyPhysical Safety

Mobile Installations.Mobile Installations. Secure all equipment.Secure all equipment. Location, location, location.Location, location, location.

Antenna installation.Antenna installation. Clear of trees and power lines.Clear of trees and power lines. If it falls it won’t hit anyone or cross If it falls it won’t hit anyone or cross

power lines.power lines. Tower climbing considerations.Tower climbing considerations.

568

When should members of a When should members of a tower work team wear a hard tower work team wear a hard

hat and safety glasses?hat and safety glasses?

A. At all times except when climbing the A. At all times except when climbing the towertower

B. At all times except when belted firmly to B. At all times except when belted firmly to the towerthe tower

C. At all times when any work is being done C. At all times when any work is being done on the toweron the tower

D. Only when the tower exceeds 30 feet in D. Only when the tower exceeds 30 feet in heightheight

T0B01 (C)

569

What is a good precaution to What is a good precaution to observe before climbing an observe before climbing an

antenna tower?antenna tower?

A. Make sure that you wear a grounded A. Make sure that you wear a grounded wrist strapwrist strap

B. Remove all tower grounding B. Remove all tower grounding connectionsconnections

C. Put on a climbing harness and safety C. Put on a climbing harness and safety glassesglasses

D. All of the these choices are correctD. All of the these choices are correct

T0B02 (C)

570

Under what circumstances is it Under what circumstances is it safe to climb a tower without a safe to climb a tower without a

helper or observer?helper or observer?

A. When no electrical work is being A. When no electrical work is being performedperformed

B. When no mechanical work is being B. When no mechanical work is being performedperformed

C. When the work being done is not more C. When the work being done is not more than 20 feet above the groundthan 20 feet above the ground

D. NeverD. Never

T0B03 (D)

571

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an important safety precaution to important safety precaution to

observe when putting up an observe when putting up an antenna tower?antenna tower?

A. Wear a ground strap connected to your A. Wear a ground strap connected to your wrist at all timeswrist at all times

B. Insulate the base of the tower to avoid B. Insulate the base of the tower to avoid lightning strikeslightning strikes

C. Look for and stay clear of any overhead C. Look for and stay clear of any overhead electrical wireselectrical wires

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0B04 (C)

572

What is the purpose of a gin What is the purpose of a gin pole?pole?

A. To temporarily replace guy wiresA. To temporarily replace guy wires B. To be used in place of a safety B. To be used in place of a safety

harnessharness C. To lift tower sections or antennasC. To lift tower sections or antennas D. To provide a temporary groundD. To provide a temporary ground

T0B05 (C)

573

What is the minimum safe What is the minimum safe distance from a power line to distance from a power line to

allow when installing an allow when installing an antenna?antenna?

A. Half the width of your propertyA. Half the width of your property B. The height of the power line above groundB. The height of the power line above ground C. 1/2 wavelength at the operating frequencyC. 1/2 wavelength at the operating frequency D. So that if the antenna falls unexpectedly, D. So that if the antenna falls unexpectedly,

no part of it can come closer than 10 feet to no part of it can come closer than 10 feet to the power wiresthe power wires

T0B06 (D)

574

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an important safety rule to important safety rule to

remember when using a crank-remember when using a crank-up tower?up tower?

A. This type of tower must never be paintedA. This type of tower must never be painted B. This type of tower must never be groundedB. This type of tower must never be grounded C. This type of tower must never be climbed C. This type of tower must never be climbed

unless it is in the fully retracted positionunless it is in the fully retracted position D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0B07 (C)

575

What is considered to be a What is considered to be a proper grounding method for a proper grounding method for a

tower?tower?

A. A single four-foot ground rod, driven into the A. A single four-foot ground rod, driven into the ground no more than 12 inches from the baseground no more than 12 inches from the base

B. A ferrite-core RF choke connected between B. A ferrite-core RF choke connected between the tower and groundthe tower and ground

C. Separate eight-foot long ground rods for C. Separate eight-foot long ground rods for each tower leg, bonded to the tower and each each tower leg, bonded to the tower and each otherother

D. A connection between the tower base and a D. A connection between the tower base and a cold water pipecold water pipe

T0B08 (C)

576

Why should you avoid Why should you avoid attaching an antenna to a attaching an antenna to a

utility pole?utility pole?

A. The antenna will not work properly A. The antenna will not work properly because of induced voltagesbecause of induced voltages

B. The utility company will charge you an B. The utility company will charge you an extra monthly feeextra monthly fee

C. The antenna could contact high-voltage C. The antenna could contact high-voltage power wirespower wires

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0B09 (C)

577

Which of the following is true Which of the following is true concerning grounding concerning grounding

conductors used for lightning conductors used for lightning protection?protection?

A. Only non-insulated wire must be usedA. Only non-insulated wire must be used B. Wires must be carefully routed with B. Wires must be carefully routed with

precise right-angle bendsprecise right-angle bends C. Sharp bends must be avoidedC. Sharp bends must be avoided D. Common grounds must be avoidedD. Common grounds must be avoided

T0B10 (C)

578

Which of the following is good Which of the following is good practice when installing ground practice when installing ground wires on a tower for lightning wires on a tower for lightning

protection?protection?

A. Put a loop in the ground connection to A. Put a loop in the ground connection to prevent water damage to the ground systemprevent water damage to the ground system

B. Make sure that all bends in the ground B. Make sure that all bends in the ground wires are clean, right angle bendswires are clean, right angle bends

C. Ensure that connections are short and C. Ensure that connections are short and directdirect

D. All of these choices are correctD. All of these choices are correct

T0B12(C)

579

Which of the following Which of the following establishes grounding establishes grounding

requirements for an amateur requirements for an amateur radio tower or antenna?radio tower or antenna?

A. FCC Part 97 RulesA. FCC Part 97 Rules B. Local electrical codesB. Local electrical codes C. FAA tower lighting regulationsC. FAA tower lighting regulations D. Underwriters Laboratories' D. Underwriters Laboratories'

recommended practicesrecommended practices

T0B11 (B)

580

That’s It!That’s It! Remember basic principles and a few Remember basic principles and a few

formulasformulas If you have problems with a questionIf you have problems with a question

Use common sense and exclude nonsense Use common sense and exclude nonsense answersanswers

No penalty for guessing, don’t leave blanksNo penalty for guessing, don’t leave blanks If you’re not sure, go with your first answer (VE’s If you’re not sure, go with your first answer (VE’s

have said changed answers are usually wrong) have said changed answers are usually wrong) You only need to get 75%You only need to get 75% No score is kept except PASSNo score is kept except PASS Relax & Good Luck!Relax & Good Luck!

581

Formula SummaryFormula Summary Ohm’s Law: E (volts) = I (amps) x R (ohms)Ohm’s Law: E (volts) = I (amps) x R (ohms) Power: P (watts) = E (volts) x I (amps)Power: P (watts) = E (volts) x I (amps) Wavelength (meters) = 300 / Frequency (in Wavelength (meters) = 300 / Frequency (in

MHz)MHz) Antennas:Antennas:

Vertical: Vertical: Length (in feet) = 234 / Frequency (in MHz)Length (in feet) = 234 / Frequency (in MHz) Dipole: Dipole: Length (in feet) = 468 / Frequency (in MHz)Length (in feet) = 468 / Frequency (in MHz)

Scale prefixes:Scale prefixes: Mega = 1,000,000, Kilo = 1,000Mega = 1,000,000, Kilo = 1,000 milli = 1 thousandth, micro = 1 millionth, pico = 1 milli = 1 thousandth, micro = 1 millionth, pico = 1

trillionthtrillionth DecibelsDecibels

3 dB = 2x; 10dB = 10x; additive3 dB = 2x; 10dB = 10x; additive

582

EndEnd