1 2 think about… 8.1 the transport system 8.2 the blood 8.3 the blood vessels 8.4 the heart 8.5...
TRANSCRIPT
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Think about…8.1 The transport system8.2 The blood8.3 The blood vessels8.4 The heart8.5 Blood circulationRecall ‘Think about…’Summary concept map
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The patient has lost a lot of blood.
He needs blood transfusion.
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donated blood
blood donor
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donated blood
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artificial blood
bacteria producing haemoglobin
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What are thefunctions of blood in our body
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What is its role in the body
What is haemoglobin2
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Can artificialblood totally replace donated blood
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Why
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8.1 The transport system
In our city:
• transport system to carry goods and people around
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8.1 The transport system
How are substances moved in organisms?
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8.1 The transport system
In very small organisms:
O2
nutrientswaste
• by diffusion
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In multicellular organisms:
substances need to move long distance
8.1 The transport system
• by a transport system
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human transport system
lymphatic system
(淋巴系統 )
circulatory system
(循環系統 )
8.1 The transport system
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Human circulatory system
blood
8.1 The transport system
• carries nutrients and waste
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Human circulatory system
blood vessels (血管 )
8.1 The transport system
• distributed throughout the body
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Human circulatory system
heart
8.1 The transport system
• as a pump to drive blood
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1 Humans are organisms. A is needed to carry substances from one place to another over long distances within the body.
multicellulartransport system
8.1 The transport system
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2 The human circulatory system consists of:
blood
blood vessels
heart
8.1 The transport system
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8.2 The blood
What is the composition?
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centrifugation
Composition of blood8.2 The blood
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Composition of blood
plasma
blood cells
8.2 The blood
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1 Plasma
• 90% water• 10% soluble substances
8.2 The blood
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• 10% soluble substances
- plasma proteins
- nutrients
- waste
- respiratory gases
- hormones
1 Plasma8.2 The blood
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2 Blood cells8.2 The blood
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blood platelet
red blood cellwhite blood cell
2 Blood cells8.2 The blood
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Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Shape Biconcave disc
Irregular Small & irregular
2 Blood cells8.2 The blood
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Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Nucleus
Colour
No Large No
Red Colourless Colourless
2 Blood cells
due to haemoglobin
8.2 The blood
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Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Size Small (7-8 μm)*
Phagocyte: large (10-29 μm)* Lymphocyte: small (6-10 μm)*
< red blood cells (1-4 μm)*
2 Blood cells8.2 The blood
* Diameter
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Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Number (/mm3)
Function
5.4 million 7000 250 000
Carrying oxygen
Killing germs
Blood clotting
2 Blood cells
by haemoglobin
8.2 The blood
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Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Made in
Life span
Bone marrow
Bone marrow, spleen
Bone marrow
120 days A few days A few days
2 Blood cells8.2 The blood
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Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Break down in
Liver and spleen
Killed by germs;
Passed out in faeces
Liver and spleen
2 Blood cells8.2 The blood
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What are the functions of blood?
8.2 The blood
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Functions of blood1 Transport of substances
Red blood cells
oxygen
8.2 The blood
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Functions of blood1 Transport of substances
Plasma
carbon dioxidenutrientsurea
8.2 The blood
hormonesheatantibodies
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Functions of blood2 Protection against diseases
• engulfs and digests germs
Phagocyte
8.2 The blood
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Functions of blood2 Protection against diseases
8.2 The blood
• produces antibodies
Lymphocyte
kill germs or neutralize toxins
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Functions of blood2 Protection against diseases
8.2 The blood
• help in blood clotting
Blood platelets
prevents further blood loss and entry of germs
through the wounds
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blood platelet
red blood cell
white blood cell
blood cellsplasma
blood
8.2 The blood
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carries heat and
2 Functions of blood:
Plasma
dissolvedsubstances
8.2 The blood
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contain to carry oxygen
2 Functions of blood:
Red blood cells
haemoglobin
8.2 The blood
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protect us against
2 Functions of blood:
White blood cells
diseases
8.2 The blood
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help in
2 Functions of blood:
Blood platelets
blood clotting
8.2 The blood
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8.3 The blood vesselsThree types of blood vessels
• arteries• veins• capillaries
heart
aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
veins
venules
venae cavae
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capillary network (微血管網 )
arteriole (小動脈 )
artery (動脈 )
venule (小靜脈 )
vein (靜脈 )
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veins
artery vein
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veins
artery
thin layer of fibrous tissue
smaller lumen
thick layer of muscles and elastic tissue
thicker wall
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veins
vein
thick layer of fibrous tissue
thin layer of muscles and
elastic tissue
thinner wall
larger lumen
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veins8.3 The blood vessels
Why do arteries have a thicker muscular wall?
artery vein
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contracts and relaxes
diameter changed
regulates amount of blood flow
8.3 The blood vessels
thick muscular wall
Arteries and veins
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Arteries and veins8.3 The blood vessels
Why do artery walls contain more elastic fibres?
artery vein
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when heart relaxes
arteries recoil (反衝 )
continuous blood flow
8.3 The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
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Arteries and veinsVein Artery
Direction of blood flow
Away from the heart
Towards the heart
arteryvein
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veinsVein Artery
Nature of blood
OxygenatedDeoxygenated
oxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood(not in pulmonary vein and umbilical vein)
(not in pulmonary artery and umbilical artery)
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veinsVein Artery
Wall Thinner Thicker
arteryvein
8.3 The blood vessels
(fewer elastic fibres)
(more elastic fibres)
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Arteries and veinsVein Artery
Lumen Large Small
small lumenlarge lumen (resistance )
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veinsVein Artery
Blood pressure
Low High
due to pumping of heart
due to resistance in capillaries
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veinsVein Artery
Force for blood flow
Contraction of muscles
Pumping of heart
blood flow
pumping contraction
blood flow
squeeze veins
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veinsVein Artery
Presence of valves
Present Absent
except at the base of pulmonary artery and aorta
prevent backflow of blood
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veins
veinvalve
muscle
1 Muscles contract.
2 They press against the vein.
to heart
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veins3 The vein is
squeezed.
4 The blood is forced to flow.
to heart
8.3 The blood vessels
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Arteries and veinsto heart
8.3 The blood vessels
5 Muscles relax.
6 Valves prevent blood from flowing back.
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Arteries and veinsVein Artery
Location Close to body surface
Deep inside the body
8.3 The blood vessels
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capillary network (微血管網 )
arteriole (小動脈 )
artery (動脈 )
venule (小靜脈 )
vein (靜脈 )
8.3 The blood vessels
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Capillaries
small lumen
one-cell thick capillary wall
differentially permeable
8.3 The blood vessels
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Capillaries
outside
inside
capillary wall
8.3 The blood vessels
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Capillaries
• small substances, e.g. O2, glucose and metabolic waste can pass through
8.3 The blood vessels
outside
inside
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Capillaries
• blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through
8.3 The blood vessels
outside
inside
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1 Wrap a small living fish in moist paper towels and put it in a Petri dish. Put a slide over the tail fin.
8.3
Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin
Video
8.3 The blood vessels
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8.3
2 Using low power magnification of a microscope or an image analysing device, observe the movement of blood in the capillary network in the tail fin.
red blood cell
8.3 The blood vessels
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8.3
Results of observation
The blood flow in the capillary network is quite slow. The direction of flow is one way. Red blood cells have a similar diameter to that of the capillaries.
8.3 The blood vessels
red blood cell
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Blood pressurebl
ood
pres
sure
arteryarteriole
pumping of heart:• blood pressure
high & changes periodically
8.3 The blood vessels
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Blood pressurebl
ood
pres
sure
artery
narrow diameter:• high resistance
blood pressure drops
capillaryarteriole
8.3 The blood vessels
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Blood pressurebl
ood
pres
sure
artery
long distance from heart:• great friction
blood pressure further drops
capillaryarteriole venule
vein
8.3 The blood vessels
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heart
aorta arteries
pumps blood into
branches into
branch into
drain blood into
join to form
join to form
8.3 The blood vessels
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arterioles
capillaries
venules
branch into a network of
(exchange of materials)
join to form
8.3 The blood vessels
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heart
aorta arteries
veinsvenae cavae
pumps blood into
branches into
branch into
drain blood into
join to form
join to form
8.3 The blood vessels
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22 Arteries:• carries blood
(except artery and artery)
oxygenated
pulmonaryumbilical
8.3 The blood vessels
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22 Arteries:• wall contains thick layer of muscles to regulate the blood flow
• elastic fibres recoil to maintain blood flow
muscles
elastic
8.3 The blood vessels
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22 Veins:• carries blood
(except vein and vein)
deoxygenated
pulmonaryumbilical
8.3 The blood vessels
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22 Veins:• lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow
• present to prevent backflow of blood
large
valvesbackflow
8.3 The blood vessels
blood flows in one direction
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22 Capillaries:• allows exchange of materials between blood and body cells
exchange
8.3 The blood vessels
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contraction of muscles lying next to the veins
pumping action of the heart
3 Movement of blood:In arteries: pumping action
8.3 The blood vessels
In veins: contraction
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a great due to narrow diameter
4 Blood pressure:high
drops
drop
In arteries:
In arterioles:
In capillaries:
gradually
8.3 The blood vessels
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becomes even as the blood has overcome great friction and travelled a long distance
4 Blood pressure:
friction
In veins: lower
8.3 The blood vessels
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8.4 The heart3D Model
• in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs
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8.4 The heart
• about the size of a fist (拳 )
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8.4 The heart
• weighs about 300 g
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8.4 The heart
• surrounded by pericardium (圍心膜 )
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8.4 The heart
• mainly made up of cardiac muscles (心肌 )
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Structure of the heart
left atrium (左心房 )
left ventricle (左心室 )
right atrium (右心
房 )
right ventricle (右心
室 )
8.4 The heart
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Structure of the heart
aortapulmonary arterypulmonary veins
coronary artery
coronary vein
anterior vena cava
posterior vena cava
8.4 The heart
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Structure of the heart• coronary arteries (冠狀動脈 )
- receive blood from aorta- supply oxygen and nutrients to
cardiac muscles
• coronary veins (冠狀靜脈 )
- carry away carbon dioxide and waste
8.4 The heart
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Structure of the heart8.4 The heart
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Structure of the heart
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
8.4 The heart
right ventricle
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Structure of the heart
aorta
pulmonary veins
pulmonary artery
anterior vena cava
posterior vena cava
8.4 The heart
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Structure of the heart
bicuspid valve
septum
tricuspid valve
semilunar valves
8.4 The heart
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Structure of the heart8.4 The heart
• septum prevents mixing of blood on the two sides
deoxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
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Structure of the heart
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
8.4 The heart
right ventricle
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Atria• thin muscular wall
8.4 The heart
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deoxygenated blood from head & arms
Atria
anterior vena cava
8.4 The heart
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deoxygenated blood from head & arms
Atria
deoxygenated blood from legs & abdomen
oxygenated blood from lungs
posterior vena cava
pulmonary veins
8.4 The heart
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Structure of the heart
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
8.4 The heart
right ventricle
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Ventricles8.4 The heart
• thick muscular wall
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Ventricles8.4 The heart
• left ventricle has thicker muscular wall
right left
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Ventricles
left atriumright atrium
left ventricleright ventricle
pulmonary artery
aorta
lungsrest of body
8.4 The heart
Animation
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Structure of the heart
bicuspid valvetricuspid
valve
semilunar valves
8.4 The heart
septum
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8.4 The heart
Heart valves
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8.4 The heart
Heart valves
tricuspid valve (3 flaps)
bicuspid valve (2 flaps)
aortapulmonary arterysemilunar
valves
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Heart valvesBicuspid valve and tricuspid valve
8.4 The heart
• prevent backflow of blood into atria
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Heart valvesBicuspid valve and tricuspid valve
8.4 The heart
• held by tough heart tendons (心腱索 )
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Heart valvesBicuspid valve and tricuspid valve
8.4 The heart
• held by tough heart tendons (心腱索 )
prevent valves from turning inside out
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Heart valvesSemilunar valves
8.4 The heart
• prevent backflow of blood into ventricles
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1 Identify the left and right sides, the dorsal and ventral sides, and the major blood vessels of a pig heart.
8.4
Dissection and examination of a pig heart
Video
8.4 The heart
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8.4
2 Run water slowly into each of the four major blood vessels in turn. Observe what happens.
8.4 The heart
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8.4
ventral side
8.4 The heart
3 Cut the ventricles from the bottom into two halves horizontally. First along the left side, then along the middle and lastly along the right side. Remove the ventral halves of the ventricles.
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8.4
4 Cut the atria into two halves to show the valves. Remove the ventral halves of the atria. Cut open the base of the pulmonary artery and identify the semilunar valves inside.
pulmonary artery
8.4 The heart
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8.4
5 Move the pulmonary artery sideways to the left. Then cut open the base of the aorta and identify the semilunar valves inside.
aorta
8.4 The heart
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Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
1 Cardiac muscles can contract and relax continuously
8.4 The heart
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2 Ventricles have thick muscular wall
8.4 The heart
Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
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3 Bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve and semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood
8.4 The heart
Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
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4 Heart tendons prevent bicuspid and tricuspid valves from turning inside out
8.4 The heart
Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
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1 The supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscles.
The carry away carbon dioxide and other waste from the cardiac muscles.
coronary arteries
coronary veins
8.4 The heart
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2 The heart consists of four chambers:
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
8.4 The heart
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2 Valves also present to prevent backflow of blood:
bicuspid valve
semilunar valves
tricuspid valve
8.4 The heart
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3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
carry deoxygenated blood into the heart
venae cavae
8.4 The heart
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3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
pulmonary artery
8.4 The heart
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3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
carry oxygenated blood into the heart
pulmonary veins
8.4 The heart
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3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
carries oxygenated blood to all parts of body
aorta
8.4 The heart
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8.5 Blood circulation
blood circulation
pulmonary circulation (肺循環 )
systemic circulation (體循環 )
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aorta
pulmonary veins
venae cavae
8.5 Blood circulation
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary artery
right left
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aorta
pulmonary veins
venae cavae
pulmonary artery
all other parts of the body
systemic circulation
8.5 Blood circulation
right left
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blood circulation
pulmonary circulation (肺循環 )
systemic circulation (體循環 )
8.5 Blood circulation
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1 Pulmonary circulation
1 Right ventricle contracts.
8.5 Blood circulation
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1 Pulmonary circulation
2 Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs.
8.5 Blood circulation
pulmonary artery
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1 Pulmonary circulation
3 Gas exchange takes place.
8.5 Blood circulation
lungs
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1 Pulmonary circulation
4 Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium.
8.5 Blood circulation
pulmonary veins
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2 Systemic circulation
1 Oxygenated blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle.
8.5 Blood circulation
body parts (except lungs)
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2 Systemic circulation
2 Left ventricle contracts.
8.5 Blood circulation
body parts (except lungs)
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2 Systemic circulation
3 Blood is pumped to all body parts (except the lungs).
8.5 Blood circulation
body parts (except lungs)
aorta
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2 Systemic circulation
4 Exchange of materials takes place, the blood becomes deoxygenated.
8.5 Blood circulation
body parts (except lungs)
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2 Systemic circulation
5 Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through veins.
8.5 Blood circulation
body parts (except lungs)
venae cavae
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aorta
8.5 Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
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head, neck, arms
8.5 Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
anterior vena cava
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8.5 Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulationaorta
posterior vena cava
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8.5 Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
hepatic artery
liverhepatic vein
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8.5 Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
small intestine
liver
hepatic portal vein(nutrient-rich blood)
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8.5 Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulationaorta
posterior vena cava
1 After digestion, nutrient-rich blood is passed to liver through hepatic portal vein.
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8.5 Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulationaorta
posterior vena cava2 The blood then
flows through hepatic vein and posterior vena cava to the heart.
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The pumps deoxygenated blood through the to the lungs for gas exchange.
1a In the pulmonary circulation:
right ventricle
pulmonary arterylungs
8.5 Blood circulation
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The oxygenated blood flows through to the .
1a In the pulmonary circulation:
left atriumpulmonary veins
8.5 Blood circulation
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1b In the systemic circulation:
The oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle .left ventricle
8.5 Blood circulation
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1b In the systemic circulation:
The left ventricle then pumps the blood through to all parts of the body except the lungs .lungs
aorta
8.5 Blood circulation
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1b In the systemic circulation:
Exchange of materials takes place in the capillary bed. The blood becomes .deoxygenated
8.5 Blood circulation
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1b In the systemic circulation:
The deoxygenated blood returns to the through the .
right atriumvenae cavae
8.5 Blood circulation
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What are the functions of blood in our body?1
Blood is the transport medium in our body. It is also important in protecting us against diseases.
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What is haemoglobin? What is itsrole in the body?2Haemoglobin in red blood cells acts as oxygen carriers.
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Can artificial blood totally replacedonated blood? Why?3
Artificial blood consisting mainly of haemoglobin can carry oxygen to the organs. However, it cannot serve for other functions of blood, such as defence against diseases and blood clotting.
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is provided by
Transport in humans
circulatory system
heart
consists of
blood blood vessels
lymphatic system
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made up of
blood
plasma blood cells
red blood cells
include
blood platelets
white blood cells