1. 2 - sources of research problems:- 1. experience 2. nursing literature. 3. theories: through a...
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- Sources of research problems:-
1. Experience
2. Nursing literature.
3. Theories: Through a process of
deduction.
4. Ideas from external sources.
- Researchers often begin with an interest in
some broad topic area.
- Once a broad topic is identified, the researcher
poses questions to transform the topic into
more specific researchable problems.
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Question stems such as, what causes…?
What characteristics are associated
with…?
How effective is …? And what
conditions prevail before…? Can lead
the researcher to a study question.
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The general problem area is discrepancy in complaints from pts regarding pain medications administered by different nurses.
The nurse might ask, what accounts for this discrepancy? Or, how could this situation be improved?
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They may lead the nurse to other questions, such as,
how do the two groups of nurses differ? Or what
characteristics do the complaining pt share?
At this point, the nurse may observe that the cultural
background of the pts and nurses appears to be a
relevant factor.
This may direct you to a review of the literature for
studies concerning ethnic subcultures and their
effect on nursing interventions or it may provoke you
to discuss the observations with peers.
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Is there a relationship between the ethic
background of nurses and the frequency with
which they dispense pain medication?
Is there a relationship between the ethnic
background of pts and their complaints of
having to wait for pain medication?
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Does the number of pt complaints increase
when the pts are of dissimilar ethnic
backgrounds as opposed to when they are of
the same ethnic background as the nurse?
Do nurses’ dispensing behaviors change as a
function of the similarity between their own
ethnic background and that of the pts?
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“ No two studies are ever identical so that
every study has the potential of making
some contribution to knowledge”.
-We must narrowing the scope of the
problem and sharpening and defining the
concepts.
Example:-
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Formulation of a research problem: processExample:-
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Idea emerges
Family relationships change as elderly
relatives frail and infirm
Brainstorming
Do relationships change positively or
negatively?
What factors contribute to the nature of
the relationships in either a positive or
negative direction?
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Review of the literature
The literature suggests that whether the
relationship is positive or negative,
stress is experienced by adult caregivers
of the elderly.
Although factors such as financial
status, length of time in caregiver role,
and cognitive status have been
identified as stressors, none have been
empirically tested.
Identify variables
potential variables:
Amount of stress.
Financial status.
Cognitive status of elderly.
Age of caregiver.
Length of time in caregiver role.
Caretaker health status.
Amount and type of social support
Psychological distress.
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Research problem is formulated
What is the effect of perceived care- giver stress and
social support on the psychological distress of family
care- givers of the elderly?
1. Significance of the problem.
Is the problem an important one? Are there practical applications?
Does the possibility exist that patients, nurses, or the broader health care community will benefit by the knowledge produced?
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Can the findings potentially help to
improve nursing practice?
Will the findings contribute to nursing
theory?
If the answer to all these questions is no, the
worth of the research problem is probably
low.
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2. Feasibility of the study.
Factors of feasibility:-
A. Time
B. Availability of subjects
C. Cooperation of others
D. Facilities, equipment, cost, and other
resources
E. Experience of the researcher
F. Ethical considerations
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3. Researchability
Statement of the research problem The problem should includes the population
Should includes the variable ()and their possible interrelationships.
The problem should be empirically testable. Always state a research problem in a
complete and grammatically correct sentence.
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Declarative:
The problem of this study is to determine the relationship
between anxiety level of nursing students before a
mid term examination and the numbers of hours
they have studied for the examination.
Interrogative :
Example :Is there a relationship between the anxiety
levels of baccalaureate nursing students before a
midterm examination and the number of hours they
have studied for the examination?
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The interrogative form has the advantage of
simplicity and directness.
1. It invite an answer.
2. Help to focus the researcher’s and the reader’s
attention on the kings of data that would have
to be collected to provide that answer
- there fore, recommend the interrogative form for
the statement of the problem.
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The transition from the broad topic to the
final statement usually requires many
attempts,
Examples of problem statement for nursing
Research.
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General TopicFormal problem statement
Early dischargeIs early discharge for hemorrhoidectomy pts related to potop. Problems?
Bladder catheterization Is there a relationship between bladder catheterization and urinary tract infection in pts?
Decubitus ulcersIs there a relationship between the incidence of decubitus ulcers in comatose pts and frequency of turning?
Bp variationsAre month – to- month Bp variations predictive of cerebral vascular accidents in the elderly?
Effects of visitorsDo hospitalized pts who have daily visitors express fewer somatic complaints than pts without daily visitors?
Attitudes toward the mentally ill
Are nurses attitudes toward the mentally ill related to the nurses length of experience in working with them?
Children's hospital adjustment
Do children who are instructed about pain manifest better adjustment to hospitalization than those who are not?
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Guidelines of Critiquing problem
statements.
1. Does the research report clearly
present the research problem, or does
the problem have to be inferred?
2. Was the problem statement
introduced promptly? Was it placed in
a logical and easy to find location?
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3. Is the problem statement clearly and
concisely articulated?
4. Is the problem statement worded
objectively?
5. Has the researcher appropriately delimited
the scope of the problem, or is the problem
too big or complex for a singlc
investigation?
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6. Dose the problem statement clearly identify
the research variables and the nature of the
population being studied?
7. Does the justifiable? Does it flow from prior
scientific information or relevant theory?
8. Does the problem have significance to the
nursing profession, and does the researcher
describe that significance?
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9. Can the research problem be adequately
addressed through the collection of
empirical data, or is it more suitable to a
debate?
10. Did the researcher appear to give
appropriate consideration to such practical
issues as time, facilities, resources, and
securing appropriate permissions?
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What are the influences, of age, coping behavior, and self-care on psychological, social, and physiological adaptation in preadolescents and adolescents with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus?
What role does spiritual health play in the coping responses of pts to devastating physical illness?
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This study investigates the effect of relation
on anxiety and dyspnea in pts with COPD.
What is the optimum frequency of changing
urinary drainage bags in pts with bladder
dysfunction to reduce the incidence of
urinary tract infection?
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Is there a relationship between the nurse’s
attitude toward AIDS and the emotional
status of the AIDS pt?
Does the amount of touching nurses give to
pts speed the pts, recovery?
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