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ObjectivesObjectives

• To gain a basic understanding of weights and measures

• To learn practical applications of weights and measures

• To learn how to apply this understanding to FCS

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Basic Measurements

• Three basic measurements:– inches– feet– yards

• These basic units measure length– one foot = 12 inches– one yard = three feet = 36 inches

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How do we measure lengths larger or smaller than the basic units of

measure?• We use fractions

– two halves = one whole

– four fourths or four quarters = one whole

– eight eighths = one whole

– 16 sixteenths = one whole

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Where are fractions represented on a ruler?

• The longest lines on a ruler represent one inch measurements (one whole unit)– so, there is one - ½ inch mark per inch– there are three - ¼ inch marks per inch– there are seven - 1/8 inch marks per inch– there are 15 - 1/16 inch marks per inch

one inch one inch one inch

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How do we find exact measurements?

• 4 inches?

• ½ an inch?

• 4½ inches?

four inches½ inch

4½ inches

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How do we read quarter inch marks?

• ¼ inch mark

• 2- ¼ inch mark = ½ inch mark

• ¾ inch mark

• 4- ¼ inch mark = one inch mark

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How do we find exact measurements?

• ¾ of an inch?

• 2¾ inches?

¾ of an inch 2¾ of an inch

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How do we read eighth inch marks?

• 5/8 = five steps along the eighth inch marks

• 3/8 = three steps along the eighth inch marks

• 2/8 = the ¼ inch mark

• 4/8 = the ½ inch mark

• 6/8 = the ¾ inch mark

• 8/8 = the 1 inch mark

one inch

5/8 of an inch3/8 of an inch

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How do we find exact measurements?

• 7/8 of an inch?

• 1 3/8 inches?

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How do we measure 16th inch marks?

• 7/16 = seven steps along the 16th inch marks

• 8/16 = the ½ inch mark

• 4/16 and 12/16 = the quarter inch marks

• 14/16 = the 7/8 inch mark

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How do we find exact measurements?

• 2 5/16 inches

• 4 3/8 inches

• 3 ¾ inches

• 1 ½ inches

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Metric Measurements

• Majority of countries use the Metric System• Think about how we count our money. . .

– 10 pennies = one dime– 10 dimes = one dollar– then we have 10 dollars, 100 dollars, so forth and so

on. . .

• Let’s think of the meter as the dollar

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Metric Measurements

• One meter is a little less than 39 inches in length• The metric system uses prefixes for measurements

larger or smaller than the basic unit of a meter• Prefixes for smaller numbers:

– 1/10 of a meter = decimeter– 1/100 of a meter = centimeter– 1/1000 of a meter = millimeter

• *note: Mills is the term for 1/10 of a penny. Since a penny is 1/100 of a dollar, a mill is 1/1000 of a dollar. Mills are used when you buy gasoline. Next time you are at a pump, notice the price display has three numbers to the right of the decimal.

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Prefixes for larger numbers:

• x 10 = deka (about 30 feet)• x 100 = hector• x 1000 = Kilo (about 2/3 of a mile)

The thickness of a hamburger is about one decimeter

The thickness of a slice of cheese is about one millimeter

There are 1000 millimeters per meter stick

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• Simply move the decimal point to the right and you have 23 millimeters

• Move the decimal point to the left and you have .23 decimeters

• So, 23 mm = 2.3 cm = .23 dm = .023 meters = .0023 dekameters = .00023 hectometers = .000023 kilometers

• 3 km = 30 hectometers = 300 dekameters = 3,000 meters

Find 2.3 centimeters

2.3 centimeters.23 decimeters23 millimeters

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Metric Measures

• How many cm are in 7 meters?– beginning with 7.0, move the decimal to the

right once to convert meters to decimeters (70.0) and once more to convert decimeters to centimeters (700.0)

• How many meters are in 48.5 cm?– beginning with 48.5, move the decimal left

once to convert centimeters to decimeters (4.85) and once more to convert decimeters to meters (.485)

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• When cooking, you must measure ingredients accurately

• Tools for measuring ingredients include:– liquid measuring cups– cup sets for measuring solids (i.e., flower,

sugar and/or cocoa)– spoon sets for measuring solids

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• Liquid measuring cup– up to one cup– up to two cups– up to four cups

• Cup sets usually come in groups, including:– one cup– ½ cup– 1/3 cup– ¼ cup

• Spoon sets usually come in groups, including:– one tablespoon (tbsp)– ½ tbsp– ¼ tbsp– one teaspoon (tsp)– ½ tsp– ¼ tsp

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• Common abbreviations– tsp- teaspoon– tbsp- tablespoon– c- cup– oz-ounce– g- gram– mg- milligram– l- liter– cal- calorie

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• When do we use a measuring cup sets and when do we use a liquid measuring cup?

• Glass is used for liquids• Plastic is used for solids• Note

– eight ounces (oz) = one cup– canned milk in the grocery store is measured by weight

not mass or volume– do not use silverware when measuring ingredients– do not forget the water displacement method of

measuring

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• When measuring liquid ingredients– always set the measuring cup on a flat surface or counter

top– view at eye level to judge accuracy of measure– in some recipes, the smallest deviation can have a

dramatic impact

• When measuring dry ingredients– sift or fluff flours and powdered sugars– pack butter and brown sugar– make sure you level off before adding to the mixture

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2 1/4 c all-purpose flour 1/3 c Hershey's Cocoa®1 tsp. baking soda1/2 tsp. salt1 c butter; softened3/4 c granulated sugar3/4 c packed light brown sugar1 tsp. vanilla extract2 eggs2 c semi-sweet chocolate chips1 c chopped nuts (optional)

"PERFECTLY CHOCOLATE"CHOCOLATE CHIP COOKIESyields 60 cookies

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Cooking Directions

• Heat oven to 375° Fahrenheit• Stir together flour, baking soda and salt

– remember to sift or fluff the flour– make sure all measurements are leveled off

• In a separate bowl, beat butter, granulated sugar, brown sugar and vanilla on medium speed of electric mixer until creamy– remember to pack the butter and the brown sugar into

the measuring cup– make sure it is level before adding to the mixture– butter may be measured using the water displacement

method

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Cooking Directions– Add eggs

• beat well• beat eggs before adding to the mixture

– Gradually add flour mixture, beating well– Add all ingredients to the large bowl– Stir in chocolate chips and nuts, if desired– Drop dough by rounded teaspoons onto a non greased

cookie sheet– Bake eight to 10 minutes or until lightly browned– Cool slightly; remove from cookie sheet to wire rack– Cool completely– Makes about five dozen cookies

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NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION PER SERVING (1 COOKIE = 1/60 RECIPE)

*Note: these are metric measures

• 100 Calories• 1 g Protein• 13 g Carbohydrate• 5 g Fat• 3 g Saturated Fat• 15 mg Cholesterol• 55 mg Sodium• 5 mgCalcium

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Double the Recipe 16 tablespoons = 1 cup

12 tablespoons = ¾ cup

10 tablespoons + 2 teaspoons = 2/3 cup

8 tablespoons = ½ cup

6 tablespoons = 3/8 cup

5 tablespoons + 1 teaspoon = 1/3 cup

4 tablespoons = ¼ cup

2 tablespoons = 1/8 cup

2 tablespoons + 2 teaspoons = 1/6 cup

1 tablespoon = 1/16 cup

2 cups = 1 pint

2 pints = 1 quart

3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon

48 teaspoons = 1 cup

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"PERFECTLY CHOCOLATE" CHOCOLATE CHIP COOKIES

yields 120 cookies 2¼ c (x2) = 9/4 x 2/1 = 18/4 = 4½ c All-purpose flour1/3 c (x2) = 2/3 c Hershey's Cocoa1 tsp (x2) = 2 tsp Baking soda1/2 tsp (x2) = 2/2 = 1 tsp Salt1 c (x2) = 2 c Butter; softened3/4 c (x2) = ¾ x 2/1 = 6/4 = 1½ c Granulated sugar3/4 c (x2) = ¾ x 2/1 = 6/4 = 1½ c Packed light brown

sugar1 tsp (x2) = 2 tsp Vanilla extract2 (x2) = 4 Eggs2 c (x2) = 4 c Semi-Sweet Chocolate

Chips1 c (x2) = 2 c Chopped nuts (optional)

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Half the Recipe yields 30 cookies

2¼ c(x½) = 9/4 x ½ = 9/8 = 1 1/8 c All-purpose flour (or one cup and ½

tablespoon)1/3 c(x½) = 1/6 c Hershey's Cocoa1 tsp(x½) = ½ tsp Baking soda½ tsp(x½) = ¼ tsp Salt1 c(x½) = ½ c Butter; softened3/4 c(x½) = ¾ x ½ = 3/8 c Granulated sugar (or ¾ tbsp)3/4 c(x½) = ¾ x ½ = 3/8 c Packed light brown sugar1 tsp(x½) = ½ tsp Vanilla extract2(x½) = 2/1 x ½ = 1 Egg2 c(x½) = 1 c Semi-Sweet Chocolate Chips1 c(x½) = ½ c Chopped nuts (optional)

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Convert the Following Recipe from the Metric System to the American System

LEBKUCHEN (LUZERN)

• Amount Measure Ingredient -- Preparation Method• 2 dl Fresh cream• 80 g Pear molasses• 150 g Sugar• 20 g Candied lemon peel -- diced• 20 g Candied orange peel -- diced• 1 pinch Ground aniseed• 1 pinch Ground cinnamon• 1 pinch Ground nutmeg• 1 pinch Ground clove• 1 pinch Salt (to taste)• 20 g Baking powder• 500 g Whole meal (or white) flour• 2 dl Warm milk

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Cooking ConversionsU.S. to Metric

Capacity Weight

1/5 cup 1 milliliter 1 oz 28 grams

1 teaspoon 5 ml 1 pound 454 grams

1 tablespoon 15 ml

1 fluid oz 30 ml

1/5 cup 47 ml

1 cup 237 ml

2 cups (1 pint) 473 ml

4 cups (1 quart) .95 liter

4 quarts (1 gal.) 3.8 liters

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Cooking ConversionsMetric to U.S.

Capacity Weight

1 milliliter 1/5 teaspoon 1 gram .035 ounce

5 ml 1 teaspoon 100 grams 3.5 ounces

15 ml 1 tablespoon 500 grams 1.10 pounds

100 ml 3.4 fluid oz 1 kilogram 2.205 pounds

240 ml 1 cup 35 oz

1 liter

34 fluid oz4.2 cups2.1 pints

1.06 quarts0.26 gallon

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Helpful Hints to Basic Conversions

• Units: – 100 g = 1/2 oz– 1 dl = 1/2 fl oz– 1 oz. = 2 tbsp.– 180°C = 50°F– 250°C = 75°F– 2.5 cm = one inch

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ConversionLEBKUCHEN (LUZERN)

• Amount Measure Ingredient -- Preparation Method• 2 dl Fresh cream (is 1oz. or 1/8 cup or 2 tbsp.)• 80 g Pear molasses (.4oz. or about 1 tbsp.)• 150 g Sugar (3/4 oz. or 3 tbsp.)• 20 g Candied lemon peel – diced (1 tsp.)• 20 g Candied orange peel -- diced (1 tsp.)• 1 pinch Ground aniseed (1/2 tsp.)• 1 pinch Ground cinnamon (1/2 tsp.)• 1 pinch Ground nutmeg (1/2 tsp.)• 1 pinch Ground clove (1/2 tsp.)• 1 pinch Salt (to taste) (1/2 tsp.)• 20 g Baking powder (1 tsp.)• 500 g Whole meal flour (1/3 cup)• 2 dl Warm milk (1oz. or 1/8 cup or 2 tbsp.)

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Quiz1.Glass is used for measuring ________

when cooking.

2.Tsp is a common abbreviation for what type of measurement?

3.How many ounces (oz) are in one cup?

4.Flours and powdered sugars should be __________ before measuring.

5.(T/F) Silverware should not be used when measuring ingredients.

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Acknowledgements

Jennifer Donaldson

Jennifer Donaldson

Geoff Scott

G.W. Davis

Production Coordinator

Graphics Editor

Production Manger

Executive Producer

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